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{{Short description|Battle between the Roman armies of Gordian II and Capelianus (238)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Carthage
| conflict = Battle of Carthage
|partof=
| partof =
| image = GordianusIIsest.jpg
|image=
| caption = Portrait of Gordian II on a denarius.
|caption=
| date = {{circa}} April 238<ref name=Rea>The exact chronology of events is unknown. See: Rea, J. (1972). "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/20180380 O. Leid. 144 and the Chronology of A.D. 238]". ''[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|ZPE]]'' '''9''', 1-19.</ref>
|date=238 AD
|place=Near [[Carthage]]
| place = Near [[Carthage]]
|casus=
| casus =
|territory=
| territory =
|result=Maximinus victory
| result = Maximinus victory
|combatant1=Numidian forces loyal to [[Roman Emperor]] [[Maximinus Thrax]]
| combatant1 = Numidian forces loyal to [[Maximinus Thrax]]
|combatant2=Forces of [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]]
| combatant2 = Forces of [[Gordian I]]<br/>and [[Gordian II]]
|commander1=Cappelianus
| commander1 = [[Capelianus]]
|commander2=Gordian II †
| commander2 = Gordian II †
|strength1=one [[Roman legion|legion]]<br/>other veteran units
| strength1 = One [[Roman legion|legion]]<br/>other veteran units
|strength2=larger army of untrained militia
| strength2 = Larger army of<br/>untrained militia
|casualties1=
| casualties1 =
|casualties2=
| casualties2 =
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Crisis of the Third Century}}
The '''Battle of Carthage''' was fought in 238 AD between a Roman army loyal to [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Maximinus Thrax]] and the forces of Emperors [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]].
The '''Battle of Carthage''' was fought in 238 AD between a Roman army loyal to [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Maximinus Thrax]] and the forces of Emperors [[Gordian I]] and [[Gordian II]].


==Background==
Gordian I and II were father and son, and both Emperors, supported by the [[Roman Senate]] and based in [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa Province]]. The battle was part of a rebellion against Emperor Maximinus Thrax started by landowners who felt they had been overly and unfairly taxed. These landowners assassinated the [[Procurator (Roman fiscal)|procurator]] in [[Thysdrus]] and called on Gordian I to be their emperor. Gordian I marched from Thysdrus to Carthage, where news of the rebellion was welcomed.<ref name="Meckler" /> [[Capelianus]], governor of [[Numidia]] and enemy of the Gordians, led the only legion in Africa, [[Legio III Augusta|Legio III ''Augusta'']], in battle against the two emperors.<ref>{{cite book | last = Brent| first = Allen| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Cyprian and Roman Carthage| publisher = Cambridge University Press| series = | volume = | edition = | year = 2010| location = New York| pages = 118| language = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pGAThuzyVXcC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Legio+III+Augusta+at+carthage&source=bl&ots=QJeYEzQuug&sig=zbJehkqdwqsLxdLBpPB16BnXNqM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4n4ZUJ7fJ8Tl0QHF84CIBQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Legio%20III%20Augusta%20at%20carthage&f=false| doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}</ref>
Gordian I and II were father and son, both supported by the [[Roman Senate]] and based in [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa Province]]. The battle was part of a rebellion against Emperor Maximinus Thrax started by landowners who felt they had been overly and unfairly taxed. These landowners assassinated the [[Procurator (Roman fiscal)|procurator]] in [[Thysdrus]] and called on Gordian I and his son Gordian II to be their emperors.<ref name="The Revolution of A.D 238">{{cite book|last1=Townsend|first1=Prescott|title=The revolution of A.D. 238: the leaders and their aims|publisher=Yale Classical Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgScXwAACAAJ&q=The+revolution+of+A.D.+238:+the+leaders+and+their+aims|access-date=9 October 2014|year=1955}}</ref>


[[Capelianus]] was the governor of [[Numidia]] who had a previous grudge against Gordian I according to [[Herodian]]. Herodian says this grudge was developed after a lawsuit involving the two. Soon after being elected emperor, Gordian I sent a replacement to Numidia to replace his old enemy Capelianus. This action would eventually lead to his untimely demise.<ref name="Gordian Emperors">{{cite web|last1=Wasson|first1=Donald|title=Gordian Emperors|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Gordian_Emperors/|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
⚫
The two armies met near [[Carthage]]. Gordian II personally led his army, consisting of militiamen without military training: he was defeated and killed, and, upon learning of his son's death, [[Gordian I]] committed suicide.<ref name="Meckler">{{cite web | last = Meckler| first = Michael A.| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Gordian I (238 A.D.)| work = Die Imperatoribus Romanis| publisher = Salve Regina University| date = 26 June 2001| url = http://www.roman-emperors.org/gordo1.htm| doi = | accessdate = 1 August 2012}}</ref>

Gordian I and II were not only supported by the Roman Senate but also enjoyed popular support in Africa Province, where they were seen as champions of the people against the oppressive taxation policies of Emperor Maximinus Thrax.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moralee |first=Jason |date=2008 |title=Maximinus Thrax and the Politics of Race in Late Antiquity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20204200 |journal=Greece & Rome |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=55–82 |issn=0017-3835}}</ref> The rebellion against Maximinus Thrax was sparked by a deep-seated discontent among landowners who felt burdened by heavy taxes. This discontent culminated in the assassination of the procurator in Thysdrus and the subsequent proclamation of Gordian I and Gordian II as emperors by the rebellious landowners.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grasby |first=K. D. |date=1975 |title=The Age, Ancestry, and Career of Gordian I |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/638250 |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=123–130 |issn=0009-8388}}</ref>

Capelianus, the governor of Numidia, played a pivotal role in the conflict, as he had a longstanding grudge against Gordian I. According to Herodian, this grudge stemmed from a previous lawsuit between the two men. When Gordian I became emperor, he sought to replace Capelianus, which further fueled the governor's animosity. This antagonism between Capelianus and Gordian I eventually led to the governor's involvement in the events that culminated in the Battle of Carthage and the demise of Gordian I.

==Battle==
Gordian I marched from Thysdrus to Carthage, where news of the rebellion was welcomed.<ref name="Meckler" /> Capelianus led the only legion in Africa, [[Legio III Augusta|Legio III ''Augusta'']], in battle against the two emperors.<ref>{{cite book | last = Brent| first = Allen| title = Cyprian and Roman Carthage| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2010| location = New York| pages = 118| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pGAThuzyVXcC&q=Legio+III+Augusta+at+carthage&pg=PA118| isbn = 9780521515474}}</ref>

⚫
The two armies met near [[Carthage]]. Gordian II personally led his army, consisting of militiamen without military training: he was defeated and killed. Upon learning of his son's death, Gordian I committed suicide.<ref name="Meckler">{{cite web | last = Meckler| first = Michael A.| title = Gordian I (238 A.D.)| work = Die Imperatoribus Romanis| publisher = Salve Regina University| date = 26 June 2001| url = http://www.roman-emperors.org/gordo1.htm| access-date = 1 August 2012}}</ref>

==Lasting effects==
With the death of the two Gordians the Roman senate elected two new emperors that were not popular with the public. The senate then decided to turn to the 13-year-old [[Gordian III]] to become the new Caesar.<ref name="Gordian Emperors"/><ref name="Meckler"/>

The deaths of Gordian I and II in the Battle of Carthage had a profound impact on the political landscape of the Roman Empire. The Roman Senate, faced with the task of electing new emperors, chose two individuals who were not well-liked by the public. Their unpopular reigns further damaged an already hectic empire,<ref>{{Citation |last=Mulligan |first=Bret |title=Historical Context and Hannibal |date=2015 |work=Cornelius Nepos, Life of Hannibal |volume=1 |pages=21–42 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17w8gvz.9 |access-date=2024-05-15 |series=Latin Text, Notes, Maps, Illustrations and Vocabulary |edition=1 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |isbn=978-1-78374-133-5}}</ref> leading to increased internal and external threats.

During this turmoil, the Senate made the unprecedented decision to appoint Gordian III, a 13-year-old, as the new Caesar. This choice was likely influenced by a desire to restore a sense of order. However, Gordian III's youth and inexperience made him a puppet emperor, with real power often lying in the hands of advisors and military commanders. This period of uncertainty and political maneuvering set the stage for further conflicts and power struggles within the Roman Empire,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scullard |first=H. H. |date=1955 |title=Carthage |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/641578 |journal=Greece & Rome |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=98–107 |issn=0017-3835}}</ref> contributing to its eventual decline.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tunisia}}
{{coord missing|Tunisia}}


[[Category:Battles involving the Roman Empire|Carthage 238]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Roman Empire|Carthage 238]]
[[Category:238 in Africa]]
[[Category:238]]
[[Category:230s conflicts]]
[[Category:230s conflicts|Carthage 238]]
[[Category:3rd century in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:230s in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:3rd century in Africa]]
[[Category:238 in the Roman Empire]]

{{AncientRome-battle-stub}}
{{Africa-hist-stub}}

Latest revision as of 15:06, 4 October 2024

Battle of Carthage

Portrait of Gordian II on a denarius.
Datec. April 238[1]
Location
Near Carthage
Result Maximinus victory
Belligerents
Numidian forces loyal to Maximinus Thrax Forces of Gordian I
and Gordian II
Commanders and leaders
Capelianus Gordian II †
Strength
One legion
other veteran units		 Larger army of
untrained militia

The Battle of Carthage was fought in 238 AD between a Roman army loyal to Emperor Maximinus Thrax and the forces of Emperors Gordian I and Gordian II.

Background

[edit]

Gordian I and II were father and son, both supported by the Roman Senate and based in Africa Province. The battle was part of a rebellion against Emperor Maximinus Thrax started by landowners who felt they had been overly and unfairly taxed. These landowners assassinated the procurator in Thysdrus and called on Gordian I and his son Gordian II to be their emperors.[2]

Capelianus was the governor of Numidia who had a previous grudge against Gordian I according to Herodian. Herodian says this grudge was developed after a lawsuit involving the two. Soon after being elected emperor, Gordian I sent a replacement to Numidia to replace his old enemy Capelianus. This action would eventually lead to his untimely demise.[3]

Gordian I and II were not only supported by the Roman Senate but also enjoyed popular support in Africa Province, where they were seen as champions of the people against the oppressive taxation policies of Emperor Maximinus Thrax.[4] The rebellion against Maximinus Thrax was sparked by a deep-seated discontent among landowners who felt burdened by heavy taxes. This discontent culminated in the assassination of the procurator in Thysdrus and the subsequent proclamation of Gordian I and Gordian II as emperors by the rebellious landowners.[5]

Capelianus, the governor of Numidia, played a pivotal role in the conflict, as he had a longstanding grudge against Gordian I. According to Herodian, this grudge stemmed from a previous lawsuit between the two men. When Gordian I became emperor, he sought to replace Capelianus, which further fueled the governor's animosity. This antagonism between Capelianus and Gordian I eventually led to the governor's involvement in the events that culminated in the Battle of Carthage and the demise of Gordian I.

Battle

[edit]

Gordian I marched from Thysdrus to Carthage, where news of the rebellion was welcomed.[6] Capelianus led the only legion in Africa, Legio III Augusta, in battle against the two emperors.[7]

The two armies met near Carthage. Gordian II personally led his army, consisting of militiamen without military training: he was defeated and killed. Upon learning of his son's death, Gordian I committed suicide.[6]

Lasting effects

[edit]

With the death of the two Gordians the Roman senate elected two new emperors that were not popular with the public. The senate then decided to turn to the 13-year-old Gordian III to become the new Caesar.[3][6]

The deaths of Gordian I and II in the Battle of Carthage had a profound impact on the political landscape of the Roman Empire. The Roman Senate, faced with the task of electing new emperors, chose two individuals who were not well-liked by the public. Their unpopular reigns further damaged an already hectic empire,[8] leading to increased internal and external threats.

During this turmoil, the Senate made the unprecedented decision to appoint Gordian III, a 13-year-old, as the new Caesar. This choice was likely influenced by a desire to restore a sense of order. However, Gordian III's youth and inexperience made him a puppet emperor, with real power often lying in the hands of advisors and military commanders. This period of uncertainty and political maneuvering set the stage for further conflicts and power struggles within the Roman Empire,[9] contributing to its eventual decline.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The exact chronology of events is unknown. See: Rea, J. (1972). "O. Leid. 144 and the Chronology of A.D. 238". ZPE 9, 1-19.
  2. ^ Townsend, Prescott (1955). The revolution of A.D. 238: the leaders and their aims. Yale Classical Studies. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  3. ^ a b Wasson, Donald. "Gordian Emperors". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  4. ^ Moralee, Jason (2008). "Maximinus Thrax and the Politics of Race in Late Antiquity". Greece & Rome. 55 (1): 55–82. ISSN 0017-3835.
  5. ^ Grasby, K. D. (1975). "The Age, Ancestry, and Career of Gordian I". The Classical Quarterly. 25 (1): 123–130. ISSN 0009-8388.
  6. ^ a b c Meckler, Michael A. (26 June 2001). "Gordian I (238 A.D.)". Die Imperatoribus Romanis. Salve Regina University. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  7. ^ Brent, Allen (2010). Cyprian and Roman Carthage. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780521515474.
  8. ^ Mulligan, Bret (2015), "Historical Context and Hannibal", Cornelius Nepos, Life of Hannibal, Latin Text, Notes, Maps, Illustrations and Vocabulary, vol. 1 (1 ed.), Open Book Publishers, pp. 21–42, ISBN 978-1-78374-133-5, retrieved 2024-05-15
  9. ^ Scullard, H. H. (1955). "Carthage". Greece & Rome. 2 (3): 98–107. ISSN 0017-3835.

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