Lithium titanate: Difference between revisions

Lithium titanate
	; __Li+ __ Ti4+ __ O2−
Names
	Other names Lithium metatitanate
Identifiers
CAS Number	12031-82-2 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ECHA InfoCard	100.031.586
PubChem CID	160968;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID20923323 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/2Li.3O.Ti/q2+1;3-2;+4 Key: AXQWGBXVDWYWDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES [Li+].[Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4];
Properties
Chemical formula	Li2TiO3
Molar mass	109.76
Appearance	White powder
Density	3.43 g/cm3
Melting point	1,533 °C (2,791 °F; 1,806 K)
Structure
Crystal structure	Monoclinic, mS48, No. 15
Space group	C2/c
Lattice constant	a = 0.505 nm, b = 0.876 nm, c = 0.968 nm α = 90°°, β = 100°°, γ = 90°°
Lattice volume (V)	0.4217 nm3
Formula units (Z)	8
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

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Lithium titanates are chemical compounds of lithium, titanium and oxygen. They are mixed oxides and belong to the titanates. The most important lithium titanates are:

lithium titanate spinel, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ and the related compounds up to Li₇Ti₅O₁₂. These titanates are used in lithium-titanate batteries.
lithium metatitanate, a compound with the chemical formula Li₂TiO₃ and a melting point of 1,533 °C (2,791 °F)^[4] It is a white powder with possible applications in tritium breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications.

Other lithium titanates, i.e. mixed oxides of the system Li₂O–TiO₂, are:

Lithium orthotitanate Li₄TiO₄, melting point of 1,200 °C (2,190 °F)^[4]
Ramsdellite lithium titanate Li₂Ti₃O₇ and Li_xTiO₂ (0 ≦ x ≦ 0.57) with ramsdellite structure.^[5]

Lithium metatitanate

Lithium metatitanate is a compound with the chemical formula Li₂TiO₃. It is a white powder with a melting point of 1,533 °C (2,791 °F).^[4] It is also used as an additive in porcelain enamels and ceramic insulating bodies based on titanates. It is frequently utilized as a flux due to its good stability.^[6] In recent years, along with other lithium ceramics, metatitanate pebbles have been the subject of research efforts towards tritium breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications.^[7]

Crystallization

The most stable lithium titanate phase is β-Li₂TiO₃ that belongs to the monoclinic system.^[8] A high-temperature cubic phase exhibiting solid-solution type behavior is referred to as γ-Li₂TiO₃ and is known to form reversibly above temperatures in the range 1150-1250 °C.^[9] A metastable cubic phase, isostructural with γ-Li₂TiO₃ is referred to as α-Li₂TiO₃; it is formed at low temperatures, and transforms to the more stable β-phase upon heating to 400 °C.^[10]

Uses in sintering

The sintering process is taking a powder, putting it into a mold and heating it to below its melting point. Sintering is based on atomic diffusion, the atoms in the powder particle diffuse into surrounding particles eventually forming a solid or porous material.

It has been discovered that Li₂TiO₃ powders have a high purity and good sintering ability.^[11]

Uses as a cathode

Molten carbonate fuel cells

Lithium titanate is used as a cathode in layer one of a double layer cathode for molten carbonate fuel cells. These fuel cells have two material layers, layer 1 and layer 2, which allow for the production of high power molten carbonate fuel cells that work more efficiently.^[12]

Lithium-ion batteries

Li₂TiO₃ is used in the cathode of some lithium-ion batteries, along with an aqueous binder and a conducting agent. Li₂TiO₃ is used because it is capable of stabilizing the high capacity cathode conducting agents; LiMO₂ (M=Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni). Li₂TiO₃ and the conduction agents (LiMO₂) are layered in order to create the cathode material. These layers allow for the occurrence of lithium diffusion.

Lithium-titanate battery

The lithium-titanate battery is a rechargeable battery that is much faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries. It differs from other lithium-ion batteries because it uses lithium-titanate on the anode surface rather than carbon. This is advantageous because it does not create a solid electrolyte interface layer, which acts as a barrier to the ingress and egress of Li-ion to and from the anode. This allows lithium-titanate batteries to be recharged more quickly and provide higher currents when necessary. A disadvantage of the lithium-titanate battery is a much lower capacity and voltage than the conventional lithium-ion battery. The lithium-titanate battery is currently being used in battery electric vehicles^{[citation needed]} and other specialist applications.

Tritium breeding

Fusion reactions, such as those in the proposed ITER thermonuclear demonstrator reactor, are fueled by tritium and deuterium. Tritium resources are extremely limited in their availability, with total resources currently estimated at twenty kilograms. Lithium-containing ceramic pebbles can be used as solid breeder materials in a component known as a helium-cooled breeder blanket for the production of tritium.^[13] The breeding blanket constitutes a key component of the ITER reactor design. In such reactor designs tritium is produced by neutrons leaving the plasma and interacting with lithium in the blanket. Li₂TiO₃ along with Li₄SiO₄ are attractive as tritium breeding materials because they exhibit high tritium release, low activation, and chemical stability.^[7]

Synthesis of lithium-titanate breeder powder

Li₂TiO₃ powder is most commonly prepared by the mixing of lithium carbonate, Ti-nitrate solution, and citric acid followed by calcination, compaction, and sintering. The nanocrystalline material created is used as a breeder powder due to its high purity and activity.^[14]^[12]^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b Hanaor, Dorian A.H.; Kolb, Matthias H.H.; Gan, Yixiang; Kamlah, Marc; Knitter, Regina (2014). "Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li₂TiO₃-Li₄SiO₄ system". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 456: 151–161. arXiv:1410.7128. Bibcode:2015JNuM..456..151H. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.028. S2CID 94426898.
^ Van Der Laan, J.G; Muis, R.P (1999). "Properties of lithium metatitanate pebbles produced by a wet process". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 271–272: 401–404. Bibcode:1999JNuM..271..401V. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00794-6.
^ Claverie J., Foussier C., Hagenmuller P. (1966) Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 244-246
^ ^a ^b ^c Dorian Hanaor; Matthias Kolb; Yixiang Gan; Marc Kamlah; Regina Knitter (2014). "Mixed phase materials in the Li₄SiO₄ Li₂TiO₃ system". Journal of Nucl Materials. 456: 151–166.
^ Tsuyumoto, Isao; Moriguchi, Takumi (October 2015). "Synthesis and lithium insertion properties of ramsdellite LixTiO2 anode materials". Materials Research Bulletin. 70: 748–752. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.06.014.
^ "Lithium Titanate Fact Sheet". Product Code: LI2TI03. Thermograde. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
^ ^a ^b Hanaor, D. A. H.; Kolb, M. H. H.; Gan, Y.; Kamlah, M.; Knitter, R. (2014). "Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li₂TiO₃-Li₄SiO₄ system". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 456: 151–161. arXiv:1410.7128. Bibcode:2015JNuM..456..151H. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.028. S2CID 94426898.
^ Vijayakumar M.; Kerisit, S.; Yang, Z.; Graff, G. L.; Liu, J.; Sears, J. A.; Burton, S. D.; Rosso, K. M.; Hu, J. (2009). "Combined 6,7Li NMR and Molecular Dynamics Study of Li Diffusion in Li₂TiO₃". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 113 (46): 20108–20116. doi:10.1021/jp9072125.
^ Kleykamp, H (2002). "Phase equilibria in the Li–Ti–O system and physical properties of Li2TiO3". Fusion Engineering and Design. 61: 361–366. doi:10.1016/S0920-3796(02)00120-5.
^ Laumann, Andreas; Jensen, Ørnsbjerg; Kirsten, Marie; Tyrsted, Christoffer (2011). "In-situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of the Formation of Cubic Li₂TiO₃ Under Hydrothermal Conditions". Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011 (14): 2221–2226. doi:10.1002/ejic.201001133.
^ A. Shrivastava; T. Kumar; R. Shukla; P. Chaudhuri (July 2021). "Li₂TiO₃ pebble fabrication by freeze granulation & freeze drying method". Fusion Eng. Des. 168: 112411. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112411. S2CID 233544019. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ ^a ^b Prohaska, Armin et al. (1997) U.S. patent 6,420,062 "Double layer cathode for molten carbonate fuel cells and method for producing the same"
^ A. Shrivastava; R. Shukla; P. Chaudhuri (May 2021). "Effect of porosity on thermal conductivity of Li₂TiO₃ ceramic compact". Fusion Eng. Des. 166: 112318. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112318. S2CID 234865541.
^ A. Shrivastava, T. Kumar, R. Shukla, P. Chaudhuri, Li2TiO3 pebble fabrication by freeze granulation & freeze drying method, Fusion Eng. Des. 168 (2021) 112411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112411.
^ Shrivastava, A.; Makwana, M.; Chaudhuri, P.; Rajendrakumar, E. (2014). "Preparation and Characterization of the Lithium Metatitanate Ceramics by Solution-Combustion Method for Indian LLCB TBM". Fusion Science and Technology. 65 (2): 319–324. Bibcode:2014FuST...65..319S. doi:10.13182/FST13-658. S2CID 123286397.

[crc-1] Hanaor, Dorian A.H.; Kolb, Matthias H.H.; Gan, Yixiang; Kamlah, Marc; Knitter, Regina (2014). "Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li₂TiO₃-Li₄SiO₄ system". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 456: 151–161. arXiv:1410.7128. Bibcode:2015JNuM..456..151H. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.028. S2CID 94426898.

[Laan-2] Van Der Laan, J.G; Muis, R.P (1999). "Properties of lithium metatitanate pebbles produced by a wet process". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 271–272: 401–404. Bibcode:1999JNuM..271..401V. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00794-6.

[3] Claverie J., Foussier C., Hagenmuller P. (1966) Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 244-246

[Knitter-4] Dorian Hanaor; Matthias Kolb; Yixiang Gan; Marc Kamlah; Regina Knitter (2014). "Mixed phase materials in the Li₄SiO₄ Li₂TiO₃ system". Journal of Nucl Materials. 456: 151–166.

[5] Tsuyumoto, Isao; Moriguchi, Takumi (October 2015). "Synthesis and lithium insertion properties of ramsdellite LixTiO2 anode materials". Materials Research Bulletin. 70: 748–752. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.06.014.

[Thermograde-6] "Lithium Titanate Fact Sheet". Product Code: LI2TI03. Thermograde. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.

[l2s-7] Hanaor, D. A. H.; Kolb, M. H. H.; Gan, Y.; Kamlah, M.; Knitter, R. (2014). "Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li₂TiO₃-Li₄SiO₄ system". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 456: 151–161. arXiv:1410.7128. Bibcode:2015JNuM..456..151H. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.028. S2CID 94426898.

[Vijayakumar-8] Vijayakumar M.; Kerisit, S.; Yang, Z.; Graff, G. L.; Liu, J.; Sears, J. A.; Burton, S. D.; Rosso, K. M.; Hu, J. (2009). "Combined 6,7Li NMR and Molecular Dynamics Study of Li Diffusion in Li₂TiO₃". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 113 (46): 20108–20116. doi:10.1021/jp9072125.

[9] Kleykamp, H (2002). "Phase equilibria in the Li–Ti–O system and physical properties of Li2TiO3". Fusion Engineering and Design. 61: 361–366. doi:10.1016/S0920-3796(02)00120-5.

[10] Laumann, Andreas; Jensen, Ørnsbjerg; Kirsten, Marie; Tyrsted, Christoffer (2011). "In-situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of the Formation of Cubic Li₂TiO₃ Under Hydrothermal Conditions". Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011 (14): 2221–2226. doi:10.1002/ejic.201001133.

[Sahu-11] A. Shrivastava; T. Kumar; R. Shukla; P. Chaudhuri (July 2021). "Li₂TiO₃ pebble fabrication by freeze granulation & freeze drying method". Fusion Eng. Des. 168: 112411. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112411. S2CID 233544019. Retrieved 27 March 2022.

[EPO-12] Prohaska, Armin et al. (1997) U.S. patent 6,420,062 "Double layer cathode for molten carbonate fuel cells and method for producing the same"

[13] A. Shrivastava; R. Shukla; P. Chaudhuri (May 2021). "Effect of porosity on thermal conductivity of Li₂TiO₃ ceramic compact". Fusion Eng. Des. 166: 112318. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112318. S2CID 234865541.

[14] A. Shrivastava, T. Kumar, R. Shukla, P. Chaudhuri, Li2TiO3 pebble fabrication by freeze granulation & freeze drying method, Fusion Eng. Des. 168 (2021) 112411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112411.

[Aroh-15] Shrivastava, A.; Makwana, M.; Chaudhuri, P.; Rajendrakumar, E. (2014). "Preparation and Characterization of the Lithium Metatitanate Ceramics by Solution-Combustion Method for Indian LLCB TBM". Fusion Science and Technology. 65 (2): 319–324. Bibcode:2014FuST...65..319S. doi:10.13182/FST13-658. S2CID 123286397.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Split|date=May 2022|lithium titanate|lithium titanate spinel|lithium metatitanate|discuss=Talk:lithium titanate#Split}}
 {{Chembox
 | Verifiedfields = changed
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
 | Appearance = White powder<ref name=crc/>
 | Density = 3.43&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name="Laan">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00794-6|title=Properties of lithium metatitanate pebbles produced by a wet process|journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials|volume=271-272|pages=401–404|year=1999|last1=Van Der Laan|first1=J.G|last2=Muis|first2=R.P|bibcode=1999JNuM..271..401V}}</ref>
-| MeltingPtC = 1325
+| MeltingPtC = 1533
+| MeltingPt_ref=<ref name=crc>{{cite journal| title= Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>-Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> system | journal= Journal of Nuclear Materials| year=2014| volume=456| pages=151–161
-| MeltingPt_ref=<ref name=crc>{{cite book | editor= Haynes, William M. | year = 2011 | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 92nd | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | isbn = 978-1439855119|page=4.72| title-link = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics }}</ref>
+| doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.028 | arxiv=1410.7128| last1= Hanaor| first1= Dorian A.H.| last2= Kolb| first2= Matthias H.H.| last3= Gan| first3= Yixiang| last4= Kamlah| first4= Marc| last5= Knitter| first5= Regina| bibcode= 2015JNuM..456..151H| s2cid= 94426898}}</ref>
 | BoilingPt =
 | Solubility = }}
@@ Line 48: / Line 50: @@
 }}
+'''Lithium titanates''' are [[chemical compound]]s of [[lithium]], [[titanium]] and [[oxygen]]. They are [[mixed oxide]]s and belong to the [[titanate]]s. The most important lithium titanates are:
-'''Lithium titanate''' is a compound with the [[chemical formula]] Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>. It is a white powder with a melting point of {{convert|1533|C|F}} <ref>[https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1410/1410.7128.pdf mixed-phase materials in the Li2TiO3 -
+* [[lithium titanate spinel]], Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> and the related compounds up to Li<sub>7</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>. These titanates are used in [[Lithium-titanate battery|lithium-titanate batteries]].
-Li4SiO4 system] ''J. Nucl. Materials'' </ref>.
+* lithium metatitanate, a compound with the [[chemical formula]] Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> and a melting point of {{convert|1533|C|F}}<ref name="Knitter">{{cite journal|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02307643/document|author1=Dorian Hanaor|author2=Matthias Kolb|author3=Yixiang Gan|author4=Marc Kamlah|author5=Regina Knitter|title=Mixed phase materials in the Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> system|journal=Journal of Nucl Materials|year=2014|volume=456|pages=151–166}}</ref> It is a white powder with possible applications in [[tritium]] breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications.
+Other lithium titanates, i.e. mixed oxides of the system Li<sub>2</sub>O–TiO<sub>2</sub>, are:
+* Lithium orthotitanate Li<sub>4</sub>TiO<sub>4</sub>, melting point of {{convert|1200|C|F}}<ref name="Knitter" />
+* Ramsdellite lithium titanate Li<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> and Li<sub>''x''</sub>TiO<sub>2</sub> (0 ≦ ''x'' ≦ 0.57)  with ramsdellite structure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsuyumoto |first1=Isao |last2=Moriguchi |first2=Takumi |date=October 2015 |title=Synthesis and lithium insertion properties of ramsdellite LixTiO2 anode materials |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025540815003840 |journal=Materials Research Bulletin |language=en |volume=70 |pages=748–752 |doi=10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.06.014}}</ref>
+== Lithium metatitanate ==
-Lithium titanate is the anode component of the fast recharging [[lithium-titanate battery]]. It is also used as an additive in [[porcelain]] [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]]s and [[ceramic]] insulating bodies based on titanates. It is frequently utilized as a [[flux (metallurgy)|flux]] due to its good stability.<ref name="Thermograde">{{cite web|url=http://www.thermograde.com/our-products/lithium-titanate/prod_16.html|title=Lithium Titanate Fact Sheet|work=Product Code: LI2TI03|publisher=Thermograde|accessdate=24 June 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323125234/http://www.thermograde.com/our-products/lithium-titanate/prod_16.html|archivedate=23 March 2011}}</ref> In recent years, along with other lithium ceramics, metatitanate pebbles have been the subject of research efforts towards [[tritium]] breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications.<ref name="l2s">{{cite journal| last1=Hanaor| first1=D. A. H.| last2=Kolb| first2=M. H. H.| last3=Gan| first3=Y.| last4=Kamlah| first4=M.| last5=Knitter| first5=R.| title= Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>-Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> system | journal= Journal of Nuclear Materials | year=2014| volume=456| pages=151–161| doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.028| arxiv=1410.7128| bibcode=2015JNuM..456..151H}}</ref>
+'''Lithium metatitanate''' is a compound with the [[chemical formula]] Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>. It is a white powder with a melting point of {{convert|1533|C|F}}.<ref name="Knitter"/> It is also used as an additive in [[porcelain]] [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]]s and [[ceramic]] insulating bodies based on titanates. It is frequently utilized as a [[flux (metallurgy)|flux]] due to its good stability.<ref name="Thermograde">{{cite web|url=http://www.thermograde.com/our-products/lithium-titanate/prod_16.html|title=Lithium Titanate Fact Sheet|work=Product Code: LI2TI03|publisher=Thermograde|access-date=24 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323125234/http://www.thermograde.com/our-products/lithium-titanate/prod_16.html|archive-date=23 March 2011}}</ref> In recent years, along with other lithium ceramics, metatitanate pebbles have been the subject of research efforts towards [[tritium]] breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications.<ref name="l2s">{{cite journal| last1=Hanaor| first1=D. A. H.| last2=Kolb| first2=M. H. H.| last3=Gan| first3=Y.| last4=Kamlah| first4=M.| last5=Knitter| first5=R.| title= Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>-Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> system | journal= Journal of Nuclear Materials | year=2014| volume=456| pages=151–161| doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.028| arxiv=1410.7128| bibcode=2015JNuM..456..151H| s2cid=94426898}}</ref>
 ==Crystallization==
-The most stable lithium titanate phase is β-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> that belongs to the [[monoclinic system]].<ref name=Vijayakumar>{{cite journal |author1=Vijayakumar M. |author2=Kerisit, S. |author3=Yang, Z. |author4=Graff, G. L. |author5=Liu, J. |author6=Sears, J. A. |author7=Burton, S. D. |author8=Rosso, K. M. |author9=Hu, J. |title = Combined 6,7Li NMR and Molecular Dynamics Study of Li Diffusion in Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>| journal = Journal of Physical Chemistry | volume = 113 |issue=46 | pages = 20108–20116 | year = 2009 | doi=10.1021/jp9072125}}</ref> A high-temperature cubic phase exhibiting solid-solution type behavior is referred to as γ-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> and is known to form reversibly above temperatures in the range 1150-1250&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Kleykamp| first1=H | title= Phase equilibria in the Li–Ti–O system and physical properties of Li2TiO3 | journal= Fusion Engineering and Design. |year= 2002| volume=61| pages=361–366| doi=10.1016/S0920-3796(02)00120-5 }}</ref> A metastable cubic phase, isostructural with γ-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>  is referred to as α-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>; it is formed at low temperatures, and transforms to the more stable β-phase at 400&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Laumann| first1=Andreas| last2=Jensen| first2=Ørnsbjerg| last3=Kirsten| first3=Marie| last4=Tyrsted | first4=Christoffer | title= In‐situ Synchrotron X‐ray Diffraction Study of the Formation of Cubic Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> Under Hydrothermal Conditions| journal= Eur. J. Inorg. Chem.|year= 2011| volume=2011| issue=14| pages=2221–2226| doi=10.1002/ejic.201001133}}</ref>
+The most stable lithium titanate phase is β-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> that belongs to the [[monoclinic system]].<ref name=Vijayakumar>{{cite journal |author1=Vijayakumar M. |author2=Kerisit, S. |author3=Yang, Z. |author4=Graff, G. L. |author5=Liu, J. |author6=Sears, J. A. |author7=Burton, S. D. |author8=Rosso, K. M. |author9=Hu, J. |title = Combined 6,7Li NMR and Molecular Dynamics Study of Li Diffusion in Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>| journal = Journal of Physical Chemistry | volume = 113 |issue=46 | pages = 20108–20116 | year = 2009 | doi=10.1021/jp9072125}}</ref> A high-temperature cubic phase exhibiting solid-solution type behavior is referred to as γ-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> and is known to form reversibly above temperatures in the range 1150-1250&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Kleykamp| first1=H | title= Phase equilibria in the Li–Ti–O system and physical properties of Li2TiO3 | journal= [[Fusion Engineering and Design]] |year= 2002| volume=61| pages=361–366| doi=10.1016/S0920-3796(02)00120-5 }}</ref> A metastable cubic phase, isostructural with γ-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>  is referred to as α-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>; it is formed at low temperatures, and transforms to the more stable β-phase upon heating to 400&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Laumann| first1=Andreas| last2=Jensen| first2=Ørnsbjerg| last3=Kirsten| first3=Marie| last4=Tyrsted | first4=Christoffer | title= In-situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of the Formation of Cubic Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> Under Hydrothermal Conditions| journal= Eur. J. Inorg. Chem.|year= 2011| volume=2011| issue=14| pages=2221–2226| doi=10.1002/ejic.201001133}}</ref>
 ==Uses in sintering==
 The [[sintering]] process is taking a powder, putting it into a mold and heating it to below its [[melting point]]. Sintering is based on atomic diffusion, the atoms in the powder particle diffuse into surrounding particles eventually forming a solid or porous material.
-It has been discovered that Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> powders have a high purity and good sintering ability.<ref name="Sahu">Sahu, B. S; Bhatacharyya, S.; Chaudhuri, P.; Mazumder, R. (2010) [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.608.3305&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Synthesis and sintering of nanosize Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> ceramic breeder powder prepared by autocombustion technique"]. Department of Ceramic Engineering; National Institute of Technology, Rourkela.</ref>
+It has been discovered that Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> powders have a high purity and good sintering ability.<ref name="Sahu">{{cite journal|author1=A. Shrivastava|author2=T. Kumar|author3=R. Shukla|author4=P. Chaudhuri|title=Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> pebble fabrication by freeze granulation & freeze drying method|journal=Fusion Eng. Des.|date=July 2021|volume=168|page=112411|doi=10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112411 |s2cid=233544019 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112411|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
 ==Uses as a cathode==
@@ Line 70: / Line 77: @@
 ==Lithium-titanate battery==
-The [[lithium-titanate battery]] is a rechargeable battery that is much faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries. It differs from other lithium-ion batteries because it uses lithium-titanate on the [[anode]] surface rather than carbon. This is advantageous because it does not create a solid electrolyte interface layer, which acts as a barrier to the ingress and egress of Li-ion to and from the anode. This allows lithium-titanate batteries to be recharged more quickly and provide higher currents when necessary. A disadvantage of the lithium-titanate battery is a much lower capacity and voltage than the conventional lithium-ion battery. The lithium-titanate battery is currently being used in battery electric vehicles and other specialist applications.
+The [[lithium-titanate battery]] is a rechargeable battery that is much faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries. It differs from other lithium-ion batteries because it uses lithium-titanate on the [[anode]] surface rather than carbon. This is advantageous because it does not create a solid electrolyte interface layer, which acts as a barrier to the ingress and egress of Li-ion to and from the anode. This allows lithium-titanate batteries to be recharged more quickly and provide higher currents when necessary. A disadvantage of the lithium-titanate battery is a much lower capacity and voltage than the conventional lithium-ion battery. The lithium-titanate battery is currently being used in battery electric vehicles{{fact|date=January 2024}} and other specialist applications.
-==Synthesis of lithium-titanate breeder powder==
-Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> powder is most commonly prepared by the mixing of [[lithium carbonate]], Ti-nitrate solution, and [[citric acid]] followed by [[calcination]], [[wikt:compaction|compaction]], and [[sintering]]. The nanocrystalline material created is used as a breeder powder due to its high purity and activity.<ref name="EPO"/><ref name=Aroh>{{cite journal|doi=10.13182/FST13-658|title=Preparation and Characterization of the Lithium Metatitanate Ceramics by Solution-Combustion Method for Indian LLCB TBM|journal=Fusion Science and Technology|volume=65|issue=2|pages=319–324|year=2014|last1=Shrivastava|first1=A.|last2=Makwana|first2=M.|last3=Chaudhuri|first3=P.|last4=Rajendrakumar|first4=E.}}</ref>
 ==Tritium breeding==
-Fusion reactions, such as those in the proposed [[ITER]] thermonuclear demonstrator reactor, are fueled by [[tritium]] and [[deuterium]]. Tritium resources are extremely limited in their availability, with total resources currently estimated at twenty kilograms. Lithium-containing ceramic pebbles can be used as solid breeder materials in a component known as a helium-cooled [[Breeding_blanket|breeder blanket]] for the production of tritium. The breeding blanket constitutes a key component of the ITER reactor design. In such reactor designs tritium is produced by neutrons leaving the plasma and interacting with lithium in the blanket. Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> along with Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> are attractive as tritium breeding materials because they exhibit high tritium release, low activation, and chemical stability.<ref name="l2s" />
+Fusion reactions, such as those in the proposed [[ITER]] thermonuclear demonstrator reactor, are fueled by [[tritium]] and [[deuterium]]. Tritium resources are extremely limited in their availability, with total resources currently estimated at twenty kilograms. Lithium-containing ceramic pebbles can be used as solid breeder materials in a component known as a helium-cooled [[Breeding blanket|breeder blanket]] for the production of tritium.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=A. Shrivastava|author2=R. Shukla|author3=P. Chaudhuri|title=Effect of porosity on thermal conductivity of Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> ceramic compact|journal=Fusion Eng. Des.|volume=166|date=May 2021|page=112318|doi=10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112318 |s2cid=234865541 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112318}}</ref> The breeding blanket constitutes a key component of the ITER reactor design. In such reactor designs tritium is produced by neutrons leaving the plasma and interacting with lithium in the blanket. Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> along with Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> are attractive as tritium breeding materials because they exhibit high tritium release, low activation, and chemical stability.<ref name="l2s" />
+===Synthesis of lithium-titanate breeder powder===
+Li<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> powder is most commonly prepared by the mixing of [[lithium carbonate]], Ti-nitrate solution, and [[citric acid]] followed by [[calcination]], [[wikt:compaction|compaction]], and [[sintering]]. The nanocrystalline material created is used as a breeder powder due to its high purity and activity.<ref>A. Shrivastava, T. Kumar, R. Shukla, P. Chaudhuri, Li2TiO3 pebble fabrication by freeze granulation & freeze drying method, Fusion Eng. Des. 168 (2021) 112411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112411.</ref><ref name="EPO"/><ref name=Aroh>{{cite journal|doi=10.13182/FST13-658|title=Preparation and Characterization of the Lithium Metatitanate Ceramics by Solution-Combustion Method for Indian LLCB TBM|journal=Fusion Science and Technology|volume=65|issue=2|pages=319–324|year=2014|last1=Shrivastava|first1=A.|last2=Makwana|first2=M.|last3=Chaudhuri|first3=P.|last4=Rajendrakumar|first4=E.|bibcode=2014FuST...65..319S |s2cid=123286397 }}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 86: / Line 93: @@
 {{Lithium compounds}}
 {{Titanium compounds}}
+{{Titanates}}
 [[Category:Titanates]]

v t e Lithium compounds (list)
Inorganic (list)	Li₂ LiAlCl₄ Li_1+xAl_xGe_2−x(PO₄)₃ LiAlH₄ LiAlO₂ LiAl_1+xTi_2−x(PO₄)₃ LiAs LiAsF₆ Li₃AsO₄ LiAt Li[AuCl₄] LiB(C₂O₄)₂ LiB(C₆F₅)₄ LiWF₆ LiBF₄ LiBH₄ LiBO₂ LiB₃O₅ Li₂B₄O₇ LiAsF₆ Li₂SnF₆ Li₂TiF₆ Li₂ZrF₆ Li₂B₄O₇·5H₂O LiBSi₂ LiBr LiBr·2H₂O LiBrO LiBrO₂ LiBrO₃ LiBrO₄ Li₂C₂ LiCF₃SO₃ CH₃CH(OH)COOLi LiC₂H₂ClO₂ LiC₂H₃IO₂ Li(CH₃)₂N LiCHO₂ LiCH₃O LiC₂H₅O LiCN Li₂CN₂ LiCNO Li₂CO₃ Li₂C₂O₄ LiCl LiCl·H₂O LiClO LiFO LiClO₂ LiClO₃ LiClO₄ LiCoO₂ Li₂CrO₄ Li₂CrO₄·2H₂O Li₂Cr₂O₇ CsLiB₆O₁₀ LiD LiF Li₂F LiF₄Al Li₃F₆Al FLiBe LiFePO₄ FLiNaK LiGaH₄ Li₂GeF₆ Li₂GeO₃ LiGe₂(PO₄)₃ LiH LiH₂AsO₄ Li₂HAsO₄ LiHCO₃ Li₃H(CO₃)₂ LiH₂PO₃ LiH₂PO₄ LiHSO₃ LiHSO₄ LiHe LiI LiIO LiIO₂ LiIO₃ LiIO₄ Li₂IrO₃ Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ LiMn₂O₄ Li₂MoO₄ Li_0.9Mo₆O₁₇ LiN₃ Li₃N LiNH₂ Li₂NH LiNO₂ LiNO₃ LiNO₃·H₂O Li₂N₂O₂ LiNa Li₂NaPO₃ LiNaNO₂ LiNbO₃ Li₂NbO₃ LiO⁻ LiO₂ LiO₃ Li₂O Li₂O₂ LiOH Li₃P LiPF₆ Li₃PO₄ Li₂HPO₃ Li₂HPO₄ Li₃PO₃ Li₃PO₄ Li₂Po Li₂PtO₃ Li₂RuO₃ Li₂S LiSCN LiSH LiSO₃F Li₂SO₃ Li₂SO₄ Li[SbF₆] Li₂Se Li₂SeO₃ Li₂SeO₄ LiSi Li₂SiF₆ Li₄SiO₄ Li₂SiO₃ Li₂Si₂O₅ LiTaO₃ Li₂Te LiTe₃ Li₂TeO₃ Li₂TeO₄ Li₂TiO₃ Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ LiVO₃·2H₂O Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ Li₂WO₄ LiYF₄ Neodymium-doped LiZr₂(PO₄)₃ Li₂ZrO₃
Organic (soaps)	Hemolithin (extraterrestrial protein) Organolithium reagents Gilman reagent CH₃COOLi C₄H₆LiNO₄ LiC₂F₆NO₄S₂ LiN(SiMe₃)₂ Li₃C₆H₅O₇ C₅H₅Li LiN(C₃H₇)₂ (C₆H₅)₂PLi C₁₈H₃₅LiO₃ C₆H₁₃Li C₄H₉Li CH₃CHLiCH₂CH₃ (CH₃)₃CLi C₁₂H₂₈BLi CH₃Li Li⁺C₁₀H−8 C₅H₁₁Li C₅H₃LiN₂O₄ C₆H₅Li LiC₂CH₃ LiO₂C(CH₂)₁₆CH₃ C₄H₅LiO₄ LiEt₃BH LiOC(CH₃)₃ C₉H₁₈LiN LiC₂H₃ Vinyllithium LiC ₁₁H ₂₃COO
Minerals	Amblygonite Berezanskite Brannockite Cryolithionite Darapiosite Darrellhenryite Elbaite Fluorine Elbaite Fluor-liddicoatite Emeleusite Eucryptite LiAlSiO₄ Faizievite Hectorite Hsianghualite Jadarite LiNaSiB₃O₇OH Keatite Li(AlSi₂O₆) Kunzite Lavinskyite Lepidolite Lithiophilite LiMnPO₄ Lithiophosphate Li₃PO₄ Manandonite Manganoneptunite Nambulite Neptunite Olympite Petalite LiAlSi₄O₁₀ Pezzottaite Cs(Be₂Li)Al₂Si₆O₁₈ Rossmanite Saliotite Sogdianite Spodumene LiAl(SiO₃)₂ Sugilite Tiptopite Tourmaline Triphylite LiFePO₄ Zabuyelite Li₂CO₃ Zektzerite Zinnwaldite
Hypothetical	Li_xBe_y HLiHe⁺ LiFHeO LiHe₂ (HeO)(LiF)₂ La_2⁄3–xLi_3xTiO₃He
Other Li-related	Aluminium–lithium alloys Heteroatom-promoted lateral lithiation LB buffer Lithium atom Lithium medication LiNi_xCo_yAl_zO₂ LiNi_xMn_yCo_zO₂ Lithium soap Lithium Triangle Lucifer yellow Magnesium–lithium alloys NASICON Environmentally friendly red light flare