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{{short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Stieng
| name = Stieng
|nativename =
| nativename = Xtiêng, ស្ទៀង
|states = {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam]]<br />
| states = [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], possibly also [[Laos]]
| region =
{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Cambodia]]<br />
|region =
| ethnicity = [[Stieng people]]
|speakers =57,000 Bulo Stieng
| speakers = 90,000 in Vietnam and Cambodia
|date=2008 |date'=–2009
| date = 2008 & 2009 censuses
|speakers2=Vietnam: 50,200 (2009)<ref name=GSOVN>[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=514&idmid=5 General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2009 Census]</ref><br>Cambodia: 6,540 (2008)<ref name=NIS2008>[http://celade.cepal.org/khmnis/census/khm2008/ Cambodian Government National Institute of Statistics 2008 Census]</ref>
| ref = <ref name=GSOVN>[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=514&idmid=5 General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2009 Census]</ref><ref name=NIS2008>[http://celade.cepal.org/khmnis/census/khm2008/ Cambodian Government National Institute of Statistics 2008 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229085014/http://celade.cepal.org/khmnis/census/khm2008/ |date=2012-02-29 }}</ref>
⚫
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
|ethnicity=
⚫
| fam2 = [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]
⚫
|familycolor = Austro-Asiatic
⚫
| fam3 = South Bahnaric
|fam2=[[Nuclear Mon-Khmer]]<ref name=Diffloth2005>Diffloth, Gérard 2005. "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austroasiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.'' 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon.</ref>
| lc1 = sti
|fam3= Khmero-Vietic
⚫
| ld1 = Bulo Stieng
|fam4= Khmero-Bahnaric
| lc2 = stt
⚫
|fam5= [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]
⚫
| ld2 = Budeh Stieng
⚫
|fam6= South Bahnaric
| iso3comment = See also [[Tariang language|Tariang]]
⚫
|lc1= sti|ld1=Bulo Stieng
| glotto = stie1250
⚫
|lc2= stt|ld2=Budeh Stieng
| glottorefname = Stieng
⚫
|script = [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer]], [[Latin script|Latin]]
| ELP = 5422
⚫
}}
| ELPname = Bulo Stieng
⚫
'''Stieng''' ({{IPA|/stiə̯ŋ/}}, Vietnamese: Xtiêng, Khmer: ស្ទៀង) is the language of the [[Stieng people]] of southern [[Vietnam]] and adjacent areas of [[Cambodia]]. Along with [[Chrau language|Chrau]] and [[Mnong language|Mnong]], Stieng is classified as a language of the the South [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] grouping of the [[Mon-Khmer languages]] within the [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] language family. In the Austro-Asiatic scheme, the Bahnaric languages are often cited as being most closely related to the [[Khmer language]].
⚫
| script = [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer]], [[Latin script|Latin]]
| map = Stieng language.jpg
⚫
}}


⚫
'''Stieng''' ({{IPA-km|stiə̯ŋ|IPA}}, [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: Xtiêng, [[Khmer language|Khmer]]: {{lang|km|ស្ទៀង}}) is the language of the [[Stieng people]] of southern [[Vietnam]] and adjacent areas of [[Cambodia]], and possibly Laos (under the name [[Tariang language|Tariang]]). Along with [[Chrau language|Chrau]] and [[Mnong language|Mnong]], Stieng is classified as a language of the South [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] grouping of the [[Mon–Khmer languages]] within the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family. In the Austroasiatic scheme, the Bahnaric languages are often cited as being most closely related to the Khmer language.
⚫
There are noted dialects of Stieng, some of which may not be mutually intelligible. However, due to the lack of widely available research, this article will primarily describe the dialect known as Bulo Stieng spoken in the provinces of [[Binh Phuoc]], [[Lam Dong]], [[Tay Ninh]] in southwestern Vietnam and [[Kratie Province|Kratie]] (Snuol District) and [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]] provinces in adjacent areas of eastern Cambodia.<ref name=Haupers>Haupers, Ralph. "Stieng Phonemes." The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. 3. (1969): 131-137.</ref><ref name=ethnologue>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sti Ethnologue]</ref> Bulo Stieng is spoken in more remote areas of the mountains and jungles alongside its close relative, Mnong. Other dialects, including Bu Dek and Bu Biek, are spoken in the lowlands and exhibit more influence from [[Vietnamese]].


⚫
There are noted dialects of Stieng, some of which may not be mutually intelligible. However, due to the lack of widely available research, this article will primarily describe the dialect known as Bulo Stieng spoken in the provinces of [[Bình Phước Province|Bình Phước]], [[Lâm Đồng Province|Lâm Đồng]], [[Tây Ninh Province|Tây Ninh]] in southwestern Vietnam and [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] (Snuol District) and [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]] provinces in adjacent areas of eastern Cambodia.<ref name=Haupers>Haupers, Ralph. "Stieng Phonemes." ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]''. 3. (1969): 131-137.</ref><ref name=ethnologue>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sti Ethnologue]</ref> Bulo Stieng is spoken in more remote areas of the mountains and jungles alongside its close relative, Mnong. Other dialects, including Bu Dek and Bu Biek, are spoken in the lowlands and exhibit more influence from Vietnamese.
⚫
Unlike many other Mon-Khmer languages, Stieng does not distinguish [[Register (phonology)|voice quality]], nor is it a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language like Vietnamese.<ref name=Haupers /> Words may be either [[monosyllabic]] or [[sesquisyllabic]].

⚫
Unlike many other Mon–Khmer languages, Stieng does not distinguish [[Register (phonology)|voice quality]], nor is it a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language like Vietnamese.<ref name=Haupers /> Words may be either [[monosyllabic]] or [[sesquisyllabic]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==

===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Haupers (1969) analyzes Stieng as having 25 consonant phonemes with three-way contrasts of [[voiced consonant|voiced]], [[unvoiced consonant|unvoiced]] and [[Glottalization#Glottal reinforcement|pre-glottalized]] with [[aspirated consonant|aspiration]] described as a consonant cluster involving simple (i.e. not pre-glottalized) stops plus {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name=Haupers /> Analyses which include the aspirated series as independent phonemes yield 33 consonants and a five-way contrast.
Haupers (1969) analyzes Stieng as having 25 consonant phonemes with three-way contrasts of [[voiced consonant|voiced]], [[unvoiced consonant|unvoiced]] and [[Glottalization#Glottal reinforcement|pre-glottalized]] with [[aspirated consonant|aspiration]] described as a consonant cluster involving simple (i.e. not pre-glottalized) stops plus {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name=Haupers /> Analyses which include the aspirated series as independent phonemes yield 33 consonants and a five-way contrast.
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! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
!| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!| [[Dental consonant|Dental]] || [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
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| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|k}}
⚫
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
⚫
|
|-
|-
! <small>Voiceless Aspirated </small>
! <small>Voiceless aspirated </small>
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|tʰ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
⚫
|
⚫
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|-
! <small>Voiced</small>
! <small>Voiced</small>
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|
|
|-
|-
! <small>Voiced Aspirated</small>
! <small>Voiced aspirated</small>
| {{IPA|bʰ}}
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|dʰ}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|dʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɟʰ}}
| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʰ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
|
|-
|-
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| {{IPA|ʔb}}
| {{IPA|ʔb}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|ʔd}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|ʔd}}
⚫
|
⚫
| {{IPA|ʔɟ}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|s}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|s}}
| ({{IPA|ç}})
|
|
|
| {{IPA|h}}
| {{IPA|h}}
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! <small>Voiced</small>
! <small>Voiced</small>
| {{IPA|w}}
| {{IPA|w}}
| {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|r}} ({{IPA|ɾ}})
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|j}}
|
|
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|
|
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|ʔl}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|ʔl}}
⚫
| {{IPA|ʔj}}
⚫
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
Consonants appearing in syllable coda are devoiced and unreleased. For the alveolar approximate, the trilled {{IPA|[r]}} is found in [[free variation]] with the flapped {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. The voiceless palatal fricative {{IPA|[ç]}} appears only in syllable coda as a [[Complementary distribution|complementary]] allophone of {{IPA|[s]}}.
⚫
==Vowels==

⚫
The Stieng vowel system consists of fifteen [[monophthongs]] and two [[diphthongs]]. In addition to vowel quality, quantitative length (duration) is also phonemic for vowels other than {{IPA|[ɛ] ([æ])}} in closed syllables. The vowel {{IPA|[ɛ] ([æ])}} is short before {{IPA|h}} and long elsewhere. This lack of [[minimal pairs]] for {{IPA|[ɛ] ([æ])}} and {{IPA|[ɛː] ([æː])}} suggests that {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[æ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛː]}} and {{IPA|[æː]}} are all [[allophones]].<ref name=Haupers />
⚫
===Vowels===
⚫
The Stieng vowel system consists of fifteen [[monophthong]]s and two [[diphthong]]s. In addition to vowel quality, quantitative length (duration) is also phonemic for vowels other than {{IPA|[ɛ] ([æ])}} in closed syllables. The vowel {{IPA|[ɛ] ([æ])}} is short before {{IPA|h}} and long elsewhere. This lack of [[minimal pair]]s for {{IPA|[ɛ] ([æ])}} and {{IPA|[ɛː] ([æː])}} suggests that {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[æ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛː]}} and {{IPA|[æː]}} are all [[allophone]]s.<ref name=Haupers />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!rowspan="2" |
!rowspan="2" |
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|
|
|}
|}
Symbols in parenthesis represent allophonic variations.
Symbols in parentheses represent allophonic variations.

==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Languages of Cambodia}}
{{Languages of Vietnam}}
{{Austroasiatic languages}}


[[Category:Languages of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Languages of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Languages of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Languages of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Mon–Khmer languages]]
[[Category:Bahnaric languages]]



{{AustroAsiatic-lang-stub}}
{{AustroAsiatic-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 18:21, 4 October 2024

Stieng
Xtiêng, ស្ទៀង
Native toVietnam, Cambodia, possibly also Laos
EthnicityStieng people
Native speakers
90,000 in Vietnam and Cambodia (2008 & 2009 censuses)[1][2]
Austroasiatic
Khmer, Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
sti – Bulo Stieng
stt – Budeh Stieng
Glottologstie1250
ELPBulo Stieng

Stieng (IPA: [stiə̯ŋ], Vietnamese: Xtiêng, Khmer: ស្ទៀង) is the language of the Stieng people of southern Vietnam and adjacent areas of Cambodia, and possibly Laos (under the name Tariang). Along with Chrau and Mnong, Stieng is classified as a language of the South Bahnaric grouping of the Mon–Khmer languages within the Austroasiatic language family. In the Austroasiatic scheme, the Bahnaric languages are often cited as being most closely related to the Khmer language.

There are noted dialects of Stieng, some of which may not be mutually intelligible. However, due to the lack of widely available research, this article will primarily describe the dialect known as Bulo Stieng spoken in the provinces of Bình Phước, Lâm Đồng, Tây Ninh in southwestern Vietnam and Kratié (Snuol District) and Mondulkiri provinces in adjacent areas of eastern Cambodia.[3][4] Bulo Stieng is spoken in more remote areas of the mountains and jungles alongside its close relative, Mnong. Other dialects, including Bu Dek and Bu Biek, are spoken in the lowlands and exhibit more influence from Vietnamese.

Unlike many other Mon–Khmer languages, Stieng does not distinguish voice quality, nor is it a tonal language like Vietnamese.[3] Words may be either monosyllabic or sesquisyllabic.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

Haupers (1969) analyzes Stieng as having 25 consonant phonemes with three-way contrasts of voiced, unvoiced and pre-glottalized with aspiration described as a consonant cluster involving simple (i.e. not pre-glottalized) stops plus /h/.[3] Analyses which include the aspirated series as independent phonemes yield 33 consonants and a five-way contrast.

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive Voiceless p t c k ʔ
Voiceless aspirated pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ
Voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Voiced aspirated bʱ dʱ ɟʱ ɡʱ
Pre-glottalized ʔb ʔd
Nasal Voiced m n ɲ ŋ
Preglottalized ʔm ʔn
Fricative Voiceless s (ç) h
Approximant Voiced w l r (ɾ) j
Preglottalized ʔl ʔj

Consonants appearing in syllable coda are devoiced and unreleased. For the alveolar approximate, the trilled [r] is found in free variation with the flapped [ɾ]. The voiceless palatal fricative [ç] appears only in syllable coda as a complementary allophone of [s].

Vowels

[edit]

The Stieng vowel system consists of fifteen monophthongs and two diphthongs. In addition to vowel quality, quantitative length (duration) is also phonemic for vowels other than [ɛ] ([æ]) in closed syllables. The vowel [ɛ] ([æ]) is short before h and long elsewhere. This lack of minimal pairs for [ɛ] ([æ]) and [ɛː] ([æː]) suggests that [ɛ], [æ], [ɛː] and [æː] are all allophones.[3]

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i iə̯ ɨ ɨː u uː uə̯
Close-mid e (ɪ) eː (ɪː) oː
Open-mid ɛ (æ) ɛː (æː) ʌː ɔː
Open a aː ɑ

Symbols in parentheses represent allophonic variations.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2009 Census
  2. ^ Cambodian Government National Institute of Statistics 2008 Census Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b c d Haupers, Ralph. "Stieng Phonemes." Mon-Khmer Studies. 3. (1969): 131-137.
  4. ^ Ethnologue


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