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| name =Ansud
| name =Ansud
| title =King of Mari
| title =King of Mari
| reign =c. 2423-2416 BC. [[Middle chronology]]
| reign =c. 2423 – 2416 BC. [[Middle chronology]]
| predecessor =[[Ikun-Shamagan]]
| predecessor =[[Ikun-Shamagan]]
| successor =[[Saʿumu]]
| successor =[[Saʿumu]]
Line 8: Line 8:
|}}
|}}


'''Ansud''' (also read as '''Ianupu''', '''Yanup''', '''Anubu''', '''Gansud''', '''Anusu''' and '''Hanusum'''),<ref name="jokl">{{cite web |url=http://www.academia.edu/619545/Davide_Nadali_2007_Monuments_of_war_war_of_monuments_Some_considerations_on_commemorating_war_in_the_Third_Millennium_BC|title= Monuments of War, War of Monuments: Some Considerations on Commemorating War in the Third Millennium BC. Orientalia Vol.76/4|page= 354|publisher= Davide Nadali|date=2007 |accessdate=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA463#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus|author1=Joan Aruz |author2=Ronald Wallenfels |page= 463|year= 2003}}</ref><ref name="eblai2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Eblaitica vol.4|author1=Cyrus Herzl Gordon |author2=Gary Rendsburg |author3=Nathan H. Winter |page= 57|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzEpAQAAIAAJ&q|title=Archiv Orientální, Volume 37|author=Nakl. Ceskoslovenské akademie věd|language= fr|page= 623|year=1969}}</ref><ref name="eblai">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Eblaitica vol.4|author1=Cyrus Herzl Gordon |author2=Gary Rendsburg |author3=Nathan H. Winter |page= 58|year=2002}}</ref> was an early king ([[Lugal]]) of the second [[Mari, Syria#The second kingdom|Mariote kingdom]] who reigned c. 2423-2416 BC.<ref name="Hamblin">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT242#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC|author= William J. Hamblin|page= 242|year=2006}}</ref> Ansud is known for warring against the [[Ebla]]ites from a letter written by the later Mariote king [[Enna-Dagan]].
'''Ansud''' (also read as '''Ianupu''', '''Yanup''', '''Anubu''', '''Gansud''', '''Anusu''' and '''Hanusum'''),<ref name="jokl">{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/619545|title= Monuments of War, War of Monuments: Some Considerations on Commemorating War in the Third Millennium BC. Orientalia Vol.76/4|page= 354|publisher= Davide Nadali|date=2007 |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA463|title= Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus|author1=Joan Aruz |author2=Ronald Wallenfels |page= 463|year= 2003|publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn= 9781588390431}}</ref><ref name="eblai2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA57|title= Eblaitica vol.4|author1=Cyrus Herzl Gordon |author2=Gary Rendsburg |author3=Nathan H. Winter |page= 57|year=2002|publisher= Eisenbrauns|isbn= 9781575060606}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzEpAQAAIAAJ|title=Archiv Orientální, Volume 37|author=Nakl. Ceskoslovenské akademie věd|language= fr|page= 623|year=1969}}</ref><ref name="eblai">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA58|title= Eblaitica vol.4|author1=Cyrus Herzl Gordon |author2=Gary Rendsburg |author3=Nathan H. Winter |page= 58|year=2002|publisher= Eisenbrauns|isbn= 9781575060606}}</ref> was an early king ([[Lugal]]) of the second [[Mari, Syria#The second kingdom|Mariote kingdom]] who reigned c. 2423-2416 BC.<ref name="Hamblin">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT242|title= Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC|author= William J. Hamblin|page= 242|year=2006|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 9781134520626}}</ref> Ansud is known for warring against the [[Ebla]]ites from a letter written by the later Mariote king [[Enna-Dagan]].


==Reign==
==Reign==


===Identity===
===Identity===
A jar discovered at Mari, sent as a gift by [[Mesannepada]] of [[Ur]], recorded the name of king "Hanusum" (Gansud) of Mari.<ref name="maro">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy|author= Mario Liverani|page= 117|year= 2013}}</ref> The letter of Enna-Dagan is extremely difficult to read,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agi4O1c3UhQC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 9/1|author1=Martha A. Morrison |author2=David I. Owen |page= 12|year=1987}}</ref> and the word "Sa'umu" appeared in three passages of it.<ref name="eblai2" /> In the second and third passages, the word referred to Ansud's successor Sa'umu.<ref name="eblai2" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PNAnIome3AC&pg=PT761#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC)|author=Douglas Frayne|page= 761|year=2008}}</ref> However, in the first passage, "Sa'umu" was read as a verb by [[Giovanni Pettinato]], who later read it as (Anudu).<ref name="eblai2" /> [[Alfonso Archi]], recognized that this verb is a personal name of a monarch and read it as Anubu (motivated by the [[Sumerian King List]] which record a dynasty of Mari and king Anbu as the first monarch of the dynasty).<ref name="eblai2" /> However, the discovery of an intact (SKL) with the names of Mari's dynasty bearing no resemblance to second kingdom monarchs, eliminated the need for Archi's identification.<ref name="eblai2" /> According to [[Michael Astour]], the name is Anusu (Ansud) and must be correlated with king Hanusum.<ref name="eblai" />
It has been proposed that a bead (reference M. 4439) discovered at Mari, was sent as a gift by [[Mesannepada]] of [[Ur]] to king "Hanusum" (Gansud) of Mari.<ref name="maro">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|title= The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy|author= Mario Liverani|page= 117|year= 2013|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 9781134750849}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parrot |first1=André |title=Les Fouilles de Mari |journal=Syria |date=1965 |volume=42 |issue=3 |page=220 |doi=10.3406/syria.1965.5808 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1965_num_42_3_5808}}</ref><ref name="orientalia Vol.38">{{cite book |title=orientalia Vol.38 |publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop |page=358 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0iTXUJ7IwIC&pg=PA358 |language=en}}</ref> This has now been corrected with new translations only giving Mesannepada as son of [[Meskalamdug]]:<ref name="MET">Description with photograph: {{cite book |title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus |date=2003 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-043-1 |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA143 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="O183">{{cite book |title=Orientalia: Vol. 73 |publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZbu9bAiRfkC&pg=PA183 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|[[File:Mesannepada bead from Mari.jpg|100px|thumb|Mari bead<ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{cite book |title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus |date=2003 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-043-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA143 |language=en}}</ref>]]{{cuneiform|𒀭𒈗𒌦 𒈩𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕 𒈗 𒋀𒀊𒆠 𒌉 𒈩𒌦𒄭 𒈗 𒆧𒆠 𒀀 𒈬𒈾𒊒}}<br>
''<sup>[[Dingir|d]]</sup>lugal-kalam mes-an-ne2-pa3-da lugal uri5<sup>ki</sup> dumu mes-ug-du10 lugal kish<sup>ki</sup> a munaru''
"To god Lugalkalam ("the Lord of the Land", identified with [[Dagon|Dagan]] or [[Enlil]]), [[Mesannepada]], king of [[Ur]], son of [[Meskalamdug]], king of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]], has consecrated this bead""|[[Mesannepada]] Mari bead<ref>{{cite book |title=Orientalia: Vol. 73 |publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w58MK6ERiNUC&pg=PA322 |language=it}}</ref><ref name="CDLI">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P431203 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref name="MET"/><ref name="O183">{{cite book |title=Orientalia: Vol. 73 |publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZbu9bAiRfkC&pg=PA183 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{cite book |title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus |date=2003 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-043-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA143 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Mission archéologique de Mari" volume 4, p. 44, fig. 35 (photo); p. 53, fig. 36</ref>}}
It is unclear how this bead came to be in Mari, but this points to some kind of relation between Ur and Mari at that time.<ref name="orientalia Vol.38"/> The bead was discovered in a jar containing other objects from Ur or Kish.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Donald M. |title=The Early Glyptic of Tell Brak: Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Syria |date=1997 |publisher=Saint-Paul |isbn=978-3-525-53896-8 |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMhC0MIo6ZIC&pg=PA108 |language=en}}</ref>

The letter of Enna-Dagan is extremely difficult to read,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agi4O1c3UhQC&pg=PA12|title= General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 9/1|author1=Martha A. Morrison |author2=David I. Owen |page= 12|year=1987|isbn= 9780931464089}}</ref> and the word "Sa'umu" appeared in three passages of it.<ref name="eblai2" /> In the second and third passages, the word referred to Ansud's successor Sa'umu.<ref name="eblai2" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PNAnIome3AC&pg=PT761|title= Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC)|author=Douglas Frayne|page= 761|year=2008|isbn= 9781442690479}}</ref> However, in the first passage, "Sa'umu" was read as a verb by [[Giovanni Pettinato]], who later read it as (Anudu).<ref name="eblai2" /> [[Alfonso Archi]], recognized that this verb is a personal name of a monarch and read it as Anubu (motivated by the [[Sumerian King List]] which record a dynasty of Mari and king Anbu as the first monarch of the dynasty).<ref name="eblai2" /> However, the discovery of an intact (SKL) with the names of Mari's dynasty bearing no resemblance to second kingdom monarchs, eliminated the need for Archi's identification.<ref name="eblai2" /> According to [[Michael Astour]], the name is Anusu (Ansud) and must be correlated with king Hanusum.<ref name="eblai" />


===Campaigns===
===Campaigns===
In the letter Ansud is recorded defeating the Eblaite vassal cities of [[Aburu]], [[Ilgi, Syria|Ilgi]] and [[Belan, Syria|Belan]].{{#tag:ref|Belan is located 26 km west of [[Raqqa]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5ddTkXWxEMC&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The World of the Aramaeans: Studies in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion, Volume 1|author1=P.M. Michèle Daviau |author2=Michael Weigl |author3=John W. Wevers |page= 233|year=2001}}</ref>|group=note}}<ref name="jokl" /> The king is also mentioned leaving ruins in the mountains of Labanan,<ref name="jokl" /> which were identified by Pettinato with [[Lebanon]].<ref name="jokl45">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei&id=HcZtAAAAMAAJ&dq|title= Eblaitica vol.3|author1=Cyrus Herzl Gordon |author2=Gary Rendsburg |page= 29|year=1992}}</ref> However, this identification was ruled as geographically impossible by Astour.<ref name="jokl45" />
In the letter Ansud is recorded defeating the cities of [[Aburu]], [[Ilgi, Syria|Ilgi]] in the lands of [[Belan, Syria|Belan]].{{#tag:ref|Belan is located 26 km west of [[Raqqa]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5ddTkXWxEMC&pg=PA233|title= The World of the Aramaeans: Studies in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion, Volume 1|author1=P.M. Michèle Daviau |author2=Michael Weigl |author3=John W. Wevers |page= 233|year=2001|isbn= 9780567200495}}</ref>|group=note}}<ref name="jokl" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winters |first=Ryan |date=2019 |title=Negotiating Exchange: Ebla and the International System of the Early Bronze Age |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/41121311/WINTERS-DISSERTATION-2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=PhD Diss., Harvard University |pages=42–43}}</ref> The king is also mentioned leaving ruins in the mountains of Labanan,<ref name="jokl" /> which were identified by Pettinato with [[Lebanon]].<ref name="jokl45">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcZtAAAAMAAJ|title= Eblaitica vol.3|author1=Cyrus Herzl Gordon |author2=Gary Rendsburg |page= 29|year=1992|publisher= Eisenbrauns|isbn= 9780931464348}}</ref> However, this identification was ruled as geographically impossible by Astour.<ref name="jokl45" />


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
Line 27: Line 35:


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Mari, Syria#Mari-Ebla war|Eblaite-Mariote war]]
*[[Mari, Syria#Mari–Ebla war|Eblaite-Mariote war]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 34: Line 42:
==Citations==
==Citations==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{Early Rulers of Mesopotamia}}


[[Category:25th-century BC rulers]]
[[Category:25th-century BC monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Mari]]
[[Category:Kings of Mari]]

Latest revision as of 22:04, 4 October 2024

Ansud
King of Mari
Reignc. 2423 – 2416 BC. Middle chronology
PredecessorIkun-Shamagan
SuccessorSaʿumu
King of Mari

Ansud (also read as Ianupu, Yanup, Anubu, Gansud, Anusu and Hanusum),[1][2][3][4][5] was an early king (Lugal) of the second Mariote kingdom who reigned c. 2423-2416 BC.[6] Ansud is known for warring against the Eblaites from a letter written by the later Mariote king Enna-Dagan.

Reign

[edit]

Identity

[edit]

It has been proposed that a bead (reference M. 4439) discovered at Mari, was sent as a gift by Mesannepada of Ur to king "Hanusum" (Gansud) of Mari.[7][8][9] This has now been corrected with new translations only giving Mesannepada as son of Meskalamdug:[10][11]

Mari bead[12]

𒀭𒈗𒌦 𒈩𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕 𒈗 𒋀𒀊𒆠 𒌉 𒈩𒌦𒄭 𒈗 𒆧𒆠 𒀀 𒈬𒈾𒊒

dlugal-kalam mes-an-ne2-pa3-da lugal uri5ki dumu mes-ug-du10 lugal kishki a munaru

"To god Lugalkalam ("the Lord of the Land", identified with Dagan or Enlil), Mesannepada, king of Ur, son of Meskalamdug, king of Kish, has consecrated this bead""

— Mesannepada Mari bead[13][14][10][11][12][15]

It is unclear how this bead came to be in Mari, but this points to some kind of relation between Ur and Mari at that time.[9] The bead was discovered in a jar containing other objects from Ur or Kish.[16]

The letter of Enna-Dagan is extremely difficult to read,[17] and the word "Sa'umu" appeared in three passages of it.[3] In the second and third passages, the word referred to Ansud's successor Sa'umu.[3][18] However, in the first passage, "Sa'umu" was read as a verb by Giovanni Pettinato, who later read it as (Anudu).[3] Alfonso Archi, recognized that this verb is a personal name of a monarch and read it as Anubu (motivated by the Sumerian King List which record a dynasty of Mari and king Anbu as the first monarch of the dynasty).[3] However, the discovery of an intact (SKL) with the names of Mari's dynasty bearing no resemblance to second kingdom monarchs, eliminated the need for Archi's identification.[3] According to Michael Astour, the name is Anusu (Ansud) and must be correlated with king Hanusum.[5]

Campaigns

[edit]

In the letter Ansud is recorded defeating the cities of Aburu, Ilgi in the lands of Belan.[note 1][1][20] The king is also mentioned leaving ruins in the mountains of Labanan,[1] which were identified by Pettinato with Lebanon.[21] However, this identification was ruled as geographically impossible by Astour.[21]

King Ansud of Mari
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Mari
2423-2416 BC 		Succeeded by

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Belan is located 26 km west of Raqqa.[19]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Monuments of War, War of Monuments: Some Considerations on Commemorating War in the Third Millennium BC. Orientalia Vol.76/4". Davide Nadali. 2007. p. 354. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  2. ^ Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 463. ISBN 9781588390431.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (2002). Eblaitica vol.4. Eisenbrauns. p. 57. ISBN 9781575060606.
  4. ^ Nakl. Ceskoslovenské akademie věd (1969). Archiv Orientální, Volume 37 (in French). p. 623.
  5. ^ a b Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (2002). Eblaitica vol.4. Eisenbrauns. p. 58. ISBN 9781575060606.
  6. ^ William J. Hamblin (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 9781134520626.
  7. ^ Mario Liverani (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781134750849.
  8. ^ Parrot, André (1965). "Les Fouilles de Mari". Syria. 42 (3): 220. doi:10.3406/syria.1965.5808.
  9. ^ a b orientalia Vol.38. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 358.
  10. ^ a b Description with photograph: Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  11. ^ a b Orientalia: Vol. 73. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 183.
  12. ^ a b Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  13. ^ Orientalia: Vol. 73 (in Italian). Gregorian Biblical BookShop.
  14. ^ "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  15. ^ "Mission archéologique de Mari" volume 4, p. 44, fig. 35 (photo); p. 53, fig. 36
  16. ^ Matthews, Donald M. (1997). The Early Glyptic of Tell Brak: Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Syria. Saint-Paul. p. 108. ISBN 978-3-525-53896-8.
  17. ^ Martha A. Morrison; David I. Owen (1987). General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 9/1. p. 12. ISBN 9780931464089.
  18. ^ Douglas Frayne (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC). p. 761. ISBN 9781442690479.
  19. ^ P.M. Michèle Daviau; Michael Weigl; John W. Wevers (2001). The World of the Aramaeans: Studies in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion, Volume 1. p. 233. ISBN 9780567200495.
  20. ^ Winters, Ryan (2019). "Negotiating Exchange: Ebla and the International System of the Early Bronze Age" (PDF). PhD Diss., Harvard University: 42–43.
  21. ^ a b Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg (1992). Eblaitica vol.3. Eisenbrauns. p. 29. ISBN 9780931464348.
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