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{{short description|Prime Minister of Japan (1898, 1914–1916)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Page numbers needed|date=September 2010}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Japanese name|Ōkuma}}
{{family name hatnote|Ōkuma|lang=Japanese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix= [[Prince]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Kazoku|Marquess]]
|honorific_suffix = [[Junior First Rank]]
|name = Ōkuma Shigenobu
| name = Ōkuma Shigenobu
|native_name = {{nobold|大隈 重信}}
| native_name = {{nobold|{{linktext|大隈}} {{linktext|重信}}}}
|native_name_lang = ja
| native_name_lang = ja
|image = Shigenobu Okuma 5.jpg
| image = Shigenobu_Okuma_5.jpg
|office = 5th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
|monarch = [[Emperor Taishō|Taishō]]
| office = [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
| monarch = [[Emperor Taishō|Taishō]]
|term_start = 16 April 1914
|term_end = 9 October 1916
| term_start = April 16, 1914
| term_end = October 9, 1916
|predecessor = [[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]]
|successor = [[Terauchi Masatake]]
| predecessor = [[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]]
|monarch1 = [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]]
| successor = [[Terauchi Masatake]]
| monarch1 = [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]]
|term_start1 = 30 June 1898
|term_end1 = 8 November 1898
| term_start1 = June 30, 1898
| term_end1 = November 8, 1898
|predecessor1 = [[Itō Hirobumi]]
|successor1 = [[Yamagata Aritomo]]
| predecessor1 = [[Itō Hirobumi]]
| successor1 = [[Yamagata Aritomo]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1838|3|11|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1838|3|11}}
|birth_place = [[Saga, Saga|Saga]], Japan
| birth_place = [[Saga, Saga|Saga]], [[Tokugawa shogunate|Japan]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1922|1|10|1838|3|11|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1922|1|10|1838|3|11}}
|death_place = [[Tokyo]], Japan
| death_place = [[Tokyo]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
|party = [[Rikken Kaishintō]] {{small|(1882–1896)}}<br>[[Shimpotō]] {{small|(1896–1898)}}<br>[[Kenseitō|Kensei Hontō]] {{small|(1898–1908)}}<br>[[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(1908–1914)}}<br>[[Rikken Dōshikai]] {{small|(1914–1922)}}
| party = [[Rikken Kaishintō]] {{small|(1882–1896)}}<br />[[Shimpotō]] {{small|(1896–1898)}}<br />[[Kenseitō|Kensei Hontō]] {{small|(1898–1908)}}<br />[[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(1908–1914)}}<br />[[Rikken Dōshikai]] {{small|(1914–1922)}}
|spouse = Ōkuma Ayako
|signature = OkumaS kao.png
| spouse = Ōkuma Ayako
| signature = OkumaS kao.png
}}
}}

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{{Portal|Japan|Asia|Politics|Education|University|Biography}}
[[Prince]] '''{{Nihongo|Ōkuma Shigenobu|大隈 重信|extra=March 11, 1838 – January 10, 1922}}''' was a Japanese politician in the [[Empire of Japan]] and the 8th (June 30, 1898 – November 8, 1898) and 17th (April 16, 1914 – October 9, 1916) [[Prime Minister of Japan]]. Ōkuma was also an early advocate of Western science and [[Western culture|culture]] in Japan, and founder of [[Waseda University]].
[[Marquess]] '''{{Nihongo|Ōkuma Shigenobu|{{linktext|大隈}} {{linktext|重信}}|extra=March 11, 1838 – January 10, 1922}}''' was a Japanese statesman and a prominent member of the [[Meiji oligarchy]]. He served as the second [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] of the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1898 and from 1914 to 1916. Ōkuma was also an early advocate of Western science and [[Western culture|culture]] in Japan, and founder of [[Waseda University]]. He is considered a [[centrist]].


==Early life==
==Early life==


'''Ōkuma''' '''Hachitarō''' was born on March 11, 1838, in [[Saga, Saga|Saga]], [[Hizen Province]] (modern day [[Saga Prefecture]]),<ref name="Borton, p. 91">Borton, p. 91.</ref> the first son of Ōkuma Nobuyasu and Miiko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Itō |first1=Yukio |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1201259749 |title=Ōkuma Shigenobu |last2=伊藤之雄 |date=2019 |isbn=978-4-12-102550-0 |pages=17–18 |publisher=中央公論新社 |oclc=1201259749}}</ref> His father was a [[samurai]]-class [[artillery]] officer of the [[Saga Domain]],<ref name="Borton, p. 91" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=大隈重信 {{!}} 近代日本人の肖像 |url=https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/datas/33.html |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=National Diet Library |language=ja}}</ref> and the family were a high-ranking samurai family who had a 300 ''[[koku]]'' territory.<ref name=":0" />
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[[File:Shigenobu Ōkuma as a young man.jpg|thumb|left|Ōkuma Shigenobu as a young man.]]


Ōkuma was born '''Hachitarō''', the first son of an [[artillery]] officer, in [[Saga, Saga|Saga]], [[Hizen Province]] (modern day [[Saga Prefecture]]) in 1838. During his early years, his education consisted mainly of the study of [[Confucianism|Confucian]] [[Chinese literature|literature]] and derivative works such as ''[[Hagakure]]''{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}. However, he left school in 1853 to move to a [[rangaku|Dutch studies]] institution.<ref name="Borton, p. 91">Borton, p. 91.</ref>
At the age of seven, he entered the domain school Kōdōkan and studied mainly [[Confucian]] [[Chinese literature|literature]], the teachings of [[Cheng–Zhu school]] in particular. In 1854, he rebelled against the education of the school with his fellow students. He was expelled the next year for rioting.<ref name=":0" /> At this point, he had moved to a [[rangaku|Dutch studies]] institution.<ref name="Borton, p. 91" />


The Dutch school was merged with the provincial school in 1861, and Ōkuma took up a lecturing position there shortly afterward. Ōkuma sympathized with the ''[[sonnō jōi]]'' movement, which aimed at expelling the Europeans who had started to arrive in Japan. However, he also advocated mediation between the rebels in [[Nagato Province|Chōshū]] and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in [[Edo]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}
The Dutch school was merged with the provincial school in 1861, and Ōkuma took up a lecturing position there shortly afterward. Ōkuma sympathized with the ''[[sonnō jōi]]'' movement, which aimed at expelling the Europeans who had started to arrive in Japan. However, he also advocated mediation between the rebels in [[Nagato Province|Chōshū]] and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in [[Edo]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}


During a trip to [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], Ōkuma met a Dutch missionary named [[Guido Verbeck]], who taught him the [[English language]] and provided him with copies of the [[New Testament]] and the American [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].<ref>Brownas, heading "A Wider Window on the West"</ref> These works are often said {{who|date=October 2011}} to have affected his political thinking profoundly,{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} and encouraged him to support efforts to abolish the existing [[feudal system]] and work toward the establishment of a [[constitution]]al government.
During a trip to [[Nagasaki]], Ōkuma met a Dutch missionary named [[Guido Verbeck]], who taught him the [[English language]] and provided him with copies of the [[New Testament]] and the American [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]],<ref>Brownas, heading "A Wider Window on the West"</ref> as well as works on scientific subjects. The political works are often said{{who|date=October 2011}} to have affected his political thinking profoundly,{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} and encouraged him to support efforts to abolish the existing [[feudal system]] and work toward the establishment of a [[constitution]]al government.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=61}}


Ōkuma frequently traveled between Nagasaki and [[Kyoto]] in the following years and became active in the [[Meiji Restoration]]. In 1867, together with [[Soejima Taneomi]], he planned to recommend resignation to the ''[[shōgun]]'' [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]].<ref name="Borton, p. 91"/> Leaving [[Saga Domain]] without permission, they went to Kyoto, where the ''shōgun'' then resided.<ref>Tokugawa, p. 161. Unlike all 14 previous Tokugawa ''shōguns'', Yoshinobu never set foot in Edo during his tenure.</ref> However, Ōkuma and his companions were arrested and sent back to Saga. They were subsequently sentenced to one month imprisonment.
Ōkuma frequently traveled between Nagasaki and [[Kyoto]] in the following years and became active in the [[Meiji Restoration]]. In 1867, together with [[Soejima Taneomi]], he planned to recommend resignation to the ''[[shōgun]]'' [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]].<ref name="Borton, p. 91"/> Leaving [[Saga Domain]] without permission, they went to Kyoto, where the ''shōgun'' then resided.<ref>Tokugawa, p. 161. Unlike all 14 previous Tokugawa ''shōguns'', Yoshinobu never set foot in Edo during his tenure.</ref> However, Ōkuma and his companions were arrested and sent back to Saga. They were subsequently sentenced to one month imprisonment.
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==Meiji period political life==
==Meiji period political life==


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[[File:Okuma_Shigenobu2.jpg|thumb|left|Ōkuma Shigenobu as a young man.]]
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Following the [[Boshin War]] of the [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1868, Okuma was placed in charge of foreign affairs for the new [[Meiji government]]. At this time, he negotiated with British diplomat, Sir [[Harry Smith Parkes]] on the ban of Christianity and insisted on maintaining the government's persecution on Catholics in [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}


⚫
Following the [[Boshin War]] of the [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1868, Okuma was placed in charge of foreign affairs for the new [[Meiji government]]. At this time, he negotiated with British diplomat, Sir [[Harry Smith Parkes]] on the ban of Christianity and insisted on maintaining the government's persecution on Catholics in [[Nagasaki]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}
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In 1873, the Japanese government removed the ban on Christianity.


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In 1873, the Japanese government removed the ban on Christianity.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
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He was soon given an additional post as head of Japan's monetary reform program. He made use of his close contacts with [[Inoue Kaoru]] to secure a position in the central government in [[Tokyo]]. He was elected to the first [[Diet of Japan]] in 1870 and soon became [[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Minister of Finance]], in which capacity he instituted property and taxation reforms that aided Japan's early industrial development.<ref>Borton, p. 78.</ref>


⚫
He was soon given an additional post as head of Japan's monetary reform program. He made use of his close contacts with [[Inoue Kaoru]] to secure a position in the central government in [[Tokyo]]. He was elected to the first [[Diet of Japan]] in 1870 and soon became [[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Minister of Finance]], in which capacity he instituted property and taxation reforms that aided Japan's early industrial development.<ref>Borton, p. 78.</ref> He presided over the commission which represented the Japanese government at the [[1873 Vienna World's Fair]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=62}}
⚫
He also unified the nation’s currency, created the national mint, and a separate [[Ministry of Industry (Japan)|Minister of Industry]]; however, he was dismissed in 1881 after a long series of disagreements with members of the [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] and [[Chōshū Domain|Chōshū]] clique in the [[Meiji oligarchy]], most notably [[Itō Hirobumi]], over his efforts to secure foreign loans, to establish a constitution, and especially over his exposure of illicit property dealings involving [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Kuroda Kiyotaka]] and others from Satsuma.


⚫
He also unified the nation's currency, created the national mint, and a separate [[Ministry of Industry (Japan)|Minister of Industry]]; however, he was dismissed in 1881 after a long series of disagreements with members of the [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] and [[Chōshū Domain|Chōshū]] clique in the [[Meiji oligarchy]], most notably [[Itō Hirobumi]], over his efforts to secure foreign loans, to establish a constitution, and especially over his exposure of illicit property dealings involving [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Kuroda Kiyotaka]] and others from Satsuma.
⚫
In 1882, Ōkuma co-founded the Constitutional Progressive Party ''([[Rikken Kaishintō]])'' which soon attracted a number of other leaders, including [[Yukio Ozaki|Ozaki Yukio]] and [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]]. That same year, Ōkuma founded the ''Tokyo Semmon Gakkō'' in the Waseda district of [[Tokyo]]. The school later became [[Waseda University]], one of the country's most prominent institutions of higher education.<ref>Beasley, p. 105.</ref>


⚫
In 1882, Ōkuma co-founded the Constitutional Progressive Party ''([[Rikken Kaishintō]])'' which soon attracted a number of other leaders, including [[Ozaki Yukio]] and [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]]. That same year, Ōkuma founded the ''Tokyo Senmon Gakkō'' ({{lang|ja|東京専門学校}}) in the Waseda district of [[Tokyo]]. The school later became [[Waseda University]], one of the country's most prominent institutions of higher education.<ref>Beasley, p. 105.</ref>
⚫
Despite their continuing animosity, Itō again appointed Ōkuma to the post of [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister]] in February 1888 to deal with the difficult issue of negotiation revisions to the "[[Unequal treaty|unequal treaties]]" with the Western powers. The treaty he negotiated was perceived by the public as too conciliatory to the Western powers, and created considerable controversy. Ōkuma was attacked by a member of the ''[[Genyōsha|Gen'yōsha]]'' in 1889, and his right leg was blown off by a bomb.<ref>Beasley, p. 159.</ref> He retired from politics at that time.


⚫
Despite their continuing animosity, Itō again appointed Ōkuma to the post of [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister]] in February 1888 to deal with the difficult issue of negotiation revisions to the "[[unequal treaties]]" with the Western powers. The treaty he negotiated was perceived by the public as too conciliatory to the Western powers, and created considerable controversy. In 1889, Ōkuma was attacked by a member of the ''[[Gen'yōsha]]'', who threw a bomb directly under Ōkuma's carriage.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Driscoll |first=Mark W. |title=The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection |date=2020 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7 |location=Durham}}</ref>{{Rp|page=253}} Following two operations, Ōkuma's left leg was amputated at the hip.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=253}} He retired from politics at that time.
⚫
However, he returned to politics in 1896 by reorganizing the ''Rikken Kaishintō'' into the ''[[Shimpotō]]'' (Progressive Party). In 1897, [[Matsukata Masayoshi]] convinced Ōkuma to participate in his second administration as Foreign Minister and [[Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce|Agriculture and Commerce Minister]], but again, he remained in office for only one year before resigning.


⚫
However, he returned to politics in 1896 by reorganizing the ''Rikken Kaishintō'' into the ''[[Shimpotō]]'' (Progressive Party).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In 1897, [[Matsukata Masayoshi]] convinced Ōkuma to participate in his second administration as Foreign Minister and [[Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce|Agriculture and Commerce Minister]], but again, he remained in office for only one year before resigning as a result of intrigues involving the prime minister.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=62}}
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In June 1898, Ōkuma co-founded the ''[[Kenseitō]]'' (Constitutional Government Party), by merging his Shimpotō with [[Itagaki Taisuke]]'s ''[[Liberal Party of Japan (1881)|Jiyūtō]],'' and was appointed by the Emperor to form the first partisan cabinet in Japanese history. The new cabinet survived for only four months before it fell apart due to internal dissension. Ōkuma remained in charge of the party until 1908, when he retired from politics.


⚫
In June 1898, Ōkuma co-founded the ''[[Kenseitō]]'' (Constitutional Government Party), by merging his Shimpotō with [[Itagaki Taisuke]]'s ''[[Liberal Party of Japan (1881)|Jiyūtō]],'' and was appointed by the Emperor to form the first partisan cabinet in Japanese history. The new cabinet survived for only four months before it fell apart due to internal dissension. Ōkuma remained in charge of the party until 1908, when he retired from politics.
[[File:Shigenobu Okuma 2.JPG|thumb|Ōkuma Shigenobu during his premiership]]
After his political retirement, Ōkuma became president of [[Waseda University]] and chairman of the Japan Civilization Society, from which scholars' many translations of European and American texts were published. He also gathered support for Japan's first expedition to [[Antarctica]].
After his political retirement, Ōkuma became president of [[Waseda University]] and chairman of the Japan Civilization Society, from which scholars' many translations of European and American texts were published. He also gathered support for Japan's first expedition to [[Antarctica]].


==Taishō period political life==
==Taishō period political life==
[[File:Ōkuma Shigenobu.jpg|thumb]]
⚫
At the request of the Emperor,<ref name=eb12>{{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Okuma (Shigenobu), Marquess}}</ref> Ōkuma returned to politics during the constitutional crisis of 1914, when the government of [[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]] was forced to resign in the wake of the [[Siemens scandal]]. Ōkuma organized his supporters, together with the ''[[Rikken Dōshikai]]'' and ''[[Chūseikai]]'' organizations, into a coalition cabinet. The 2nd Ōkuma administration was noted for its active foreign policy. Later that year, Japan declared war on the [[Empire of Germany]], thus entering [[World War I]] on the [[Allies of World War I|Allied side]]. In 1915, Ōkuma and [[Katō Takaaki]] drafted the [[Twenty-One Demands]] on [[China]].


[[File:Marquess Ōkuma Shigenobu, LCCN2014714019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|465x465px|Marquess Ōkuma Shigenobu in the year before his death]]
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However, Ōkuma’s second administration was also short-lived. Following the [[Ōura scandal]], Ōkuma's cabinet lost popular support, and its members held mass resignation in October 1915. In 1916, after a long argument with the ''[[Genrō]]'', Ōkuma resigned as well, and retired from politics permanently, although he remained a member of the [[House of Peers (Japan)|Upper House]] of the [[Diet of Japan]] until 1922. He was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Supreme [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] in 1916, and was elevated to the title of ''kōshaku'' (侯爵) ([[marquis]]) in the ''[[kazoku]]'' peerage system the same year.


⚫
At the request of the Emperor, Ōkuma returned to politics during the constitutional crisis of 1914, when the government of [[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]] was forced to resign in the wake of the [[Siemens scandal]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1922}} The 2nd Ōkuma administration was noted for its active foreign policy. Later that year, Japan declared war on the [[German Empire]], thus entering [[World War I]] on the [[Allies of World War I|Allied side]]. However, the government suffered defeat in December, over the army budget.{{sfn|Chisholm|1922}}
⚫
Ōkuma returned to Waseda, and died there in 1922.<ref>Beasley, p. 220.</ref> An estimated 300,000 people attended his funeral in Tokyo's [[Hibiya Park]]. He was posthumously elevated to the rank of prince in the peerage and was also posthumously conferred with the Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, the nation's highest honour. He was buried at the temple of [[Gokoku-ji]] in Tokyo.

⚫
In 1915, Ōkuma and [[Katō Takaaki]] drafted the [[Twenty-One Demands]] on [[China]]. Ōkuma won re-election in March of that year, but his second administration was also short-lived. Following the [[Ōura scandal]], Ōkuma's cabinet lost popular support, and its members held mass resignation in October 1915. Still, Ōkuma was persuaded to continue in office for a while, and during the year treaties were concluded with France, Russia and China.{{sfn|Chisholm|1922}} Later in 1916, after a long argument with the ''[[Genrō]]'', Ōkuma resigned as well, and retired from politics permanently, although he remained a member of the [[House of Peers (Japan)|Upper House]] of the [[Diet of Japan]] until 1922. He was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Supreme [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] in 1916, and was elevated to the title of ''kōshaku'' ({{lang|ja|侯爵}}) ([[marquis]]) in the ''[[kazoku]]'' peerage system the same year.

⚫
Ōkuma returned to Waseda, and died there in 1922.<ref>Beasley, p. 220.</ref> An estimated 300,000 people attended his funeral in Tokyo's [[Hibiya Park]]. He was posthumously conferred with the Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, the nation's highest honour. He was buried at the temple of [[Gokoku-ji]] in Tokyo.

==Ōkuma Shigenobu former residence==
[[File:Okuma Shigenobu Kyutaku.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Ōkuma Shigenobu former residence in Saga]]
Ōkuma Shigenobu's house in the city of Saga still exists, and is part of the Okuma Shigenobu Memorial Museum complex. This building was purchased by Ōkuma Kumanosuke in 1838, and was the residence of Ōkuma Shigenobu's from his birth until the time he departed Saga for Tokyo in 1868. The structure consists of a single-story tatch-roof portion and a two-story tile-roof portion. It is said that the second floor was added by Shigenobu's mother to provide her son with a study. Although the house is in good preservation, there are signs of remodeling at the entrance, and the kitchen has been removed and an administration room added at a later date. It was designated a [[Monuments of Japan|National Historic Site]] in 1965.<ref name="Bunka1">{{cite web |url=https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/173315|title=大隈重信旧宅|language=ja |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |accessdate=December 20, 2023}}</ref>


==Honours==
==Honours==
[[image:Okuma Shigenobu Full Length.jpg|thumb|200px]]
''From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia''
''From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia''


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*Count (May 9, 1887)
*Count (May 9, 1887)
*Marquess (July 14, 1916)
*Marquess (July 14, 1916)
*Prince (January 10, 1922; posthumous)


===Decorations===
===Decorations===
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*Second rank (February 17, 1888)
*Second rank (February 17, 1888)
*Senior second rank (June 20, 1898)
*Senior second rank (June 20, 1898)
*[[Junior First Rank]] (January 10, 1922)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/i14/i14_d0247/index.html|title= 叙従一位位記:正二位大勲位侯爵大隈重信|access-date= December 25, 2023|work= Waseda University Library}}</ref>
*First rank (January 10, 1922 - posthumous)


==Notes==
==Notes==
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* Beasley, W.G. (1963). ''The Making of Modern Japan''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
* Beasley, W.G. (1963). ''The Making of Modern Japan''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
* Borton, Hugh (1955). ''Japan's Modern Century''. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
* Borton, Hugh (1955). ''Japan's Modern Century''. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Okuma (Shigenobu), Count|display=Okuma (Shigenobu)|volume=20|pages=61–62}}
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Okuma (Shigenobu), Marquess|display=Okuma (Shigenobu)|volume=31|page=1174}}
* Idditti, Smimasa. ''Life of Marquis Shigenobu Okuma: A Maker of New Japan''. Kegan Paul International Ltd. (2006). {{ISBN|0-7103-1186-9}}
* Idditti, Smimasa. ''Life of Marquis Shigenobu Okuma: A Maker of New Japan''. Kegan Paul International Ltd. (2006). {{ISBN|0-7103-1186-9}}
* Idditti, Junesay. ''Marquis Shigenobu Okuma - A Biographical Study in the Rise of Democratic Japan''. Hokuseido Press (1956). ASIN: B000IPQ4VQ
* Idditti, Junesay. ''Marquis Shigenobu Okuma – A Biographical Study in the Rise of Democratic Japan''. Hokuseido Press (1956). ASIN: B000IPQ4VQ
* Lebra-Chapman, Joyce. ''Okuma Shigenobu: statesman of Meiji Japan''. Australian National University Press (1973). {{ISBN|0-7081-0400-2}}
* Lebra-Chapman, Joyce. ''Okuma Shigenobu: statesman of Meiji Japan''. Australian National University Press (1973). {{ISBN|0-7081-0400-2}}
* Oka Yoshitake, et al. ''Five Political Leaders of Modern Japan: Ito Hirobumi, Okuma Shigenobu, Hara Takashi, Inukai Tsuyoshi, and Saionji Kimmochi''. University of Tokyo Press (1984). {{ISBN|0-86008-379-9}}
* Oka Yoshitake, et al. ''Five Political Leaders of Modern Japan: Ito Hirobumi, Okuma Shigenobu, Hara Takashi, Inukai Tsuyoshi, and Saionji Kimmochi''. University of Tokyo Press (1984). {{ISBN|0-86008-379-9}}
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ōkuma Shigenobu}}
{{Commons category|Ōkuma Shigenobu}}

* [[Yomiuri Shimbun]]: [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080628TDY01306.htm Less than 30% of primary school students in Japan know historical significance of Ōkuma], 2008.
* [[Yomiuri Shimbun]]: [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080628TDY01306.htm Less than 30% of primary school students in Japan know historical significance of Ōkuma], 2008.
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/browse/subject/okuma-shigenobu Photograph of Rabindranath Tagore and Count Okuma in Japan in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/browse/subject/okuma-shigenobu Photograph of Rabindranath Tagore and Count Okuma in Japan in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Okuma, Shigenobu|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Okuma, Shigenobu|short=x}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/022767}}


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{{Prime Ministers of Japan}}
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{{Japanese foreign ministers}}
{{Japanese foreign ministers}}
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{{Portal bar|Japan|Asia|Politics|Education|Biography}}
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{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
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[[Category:19th-century prime ministers of Japan]]
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[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese amputees]]
[[Category:Japanese amputees]]
[[Category:Government ministers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Japanese people of World War I]]
[[Category:Japanese people of World War I]]
[[Category:Kazoku]]
[[Category:Kazoku]]
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[[Category:Meiji Restoration]]
[[Category:Meiji Restoration]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Peers (Japan)]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Peers (Japan)]]
[[Category:Ministers of Home Affairs of Japan]]
[[Category:Ministers of home affairs of Japan]]
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Latest revision as of 00:59, 5 October 2024

In this Japanese name, the surname is Ōkuma.
Marquess
Ōkuma Shigenobu
Junior First Rank
大隈 重信
Prime Minister of Japan
In office
April 16, 1914 – October 9, 1916
MonarchTaishō
Preceded byYamamoto Gonnohyōe
Succeeded byTerauchi Masatake
In office
June 30, 1898 – November 8, 1898
MonarchMeiji
Preceded byItō Hirobumi
Succeeded byYamagata Aritomo
Personal details
Born(1838-03-11)March 11, 1838
Saga, Japan
DiedJanuary 10, 1922(1922-01-10) (aged 83)
Tokyo, Japan
Political partyRikken Kaishintō (1882–1896)
Shimpotō (1896–1898)
Kensei Hontō (1898–1908)
Independent (1908–1914)
Rikken Dōshikai (1914–1922)
SpouseŌkuma Ayako
Signature

Marquess Ōkuma Shigenobu (大隈 重信, March 11, 1838 – January 10, 1922) was a Japanese statesman and a prominent member of the Meiji oligarchy. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Empire of Japan in 1898 and from 1914 to 1916. Ōkuma was also an early advocate of Western science and culture in Japan, and founder of Waseda University. He is considered a centrist.

Early life

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Ōkuma Hachitarō was born on March 11, 1838, in Saga, Hizen Province (modern day Saga Prefecture),[1] the first son of Ōkuma Nobuyasu and Miiko.[2] His father was a samurai-class artillery officer of the Saga Domain,[1][3] and the family were a high-ranking samurai family who had a 300 koku territory.[2]

At the age of seven, he entered the domain school Kōdōkan and studied mainly Confucian literature, the teachings of Cheng–Zhu school in particular. In 1854, he rebelled against the education of the school with his fellow students. He was expelled the next year for rioting.[2] At this point, he had moved to a Dutch studies institution.[1]

The Dutch school was merged with the provincial school in 1861, and Ōkuma took up a lecturing position there shortly afterward. Ōkuma sympathized with the sonnō jōi movement, which aimed at expelling the Europeans who had started to arrive in Japan. However, he also advocated mediation between the rebels in Chōshū and the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo.[citation needed]

During a trip to Nagasaki, Ōkuma met a Dutch missionary named Guido Verbeck, who taught him the English language and provided him with copies of the New Testament and the American Declaration of Independence,[4] as well as works on scientific subjects. The political works are often said[who?] to have affected his political thinking profoundly,[citation needed] and encouraged him to support efforts to abolish the existing feudal system and work toward the establishment of a constitutional government.[5]

Ōkuma frequently traveled between Nagasaki and Kyoto in the following years and became active in the Meiji Restoration. In 1867, together with Soejima Taneomi, he planned to recommend resignation to the shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu.[1] Leaving Saga Domain without permission, they went to Kyoto, where the shōgun then resided.[6] However, Ōkuma and his companions were arrested and sent back to Saga. They were subsequently sentenced to one month imprisonment.

Meiji period political life

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Ōkuma Shigenobu as a young man.

Following the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Okuma was placed in charge of foreign affairs for the new Meiji government. At this time, he negotiated with British diplomat, Sir Harry Smith Parkes on the ban of Christianity and insisted on maintaining the government's persecution on Catholics in Nagasaki.[citation needed]

In 1873, the Japanese government removed the ban on Christianity.[citation needed]

He was soon given an additional post as head of Japan's monetary reform program. He made use of his close contacts with Inoue Kaoru to secure a position in the central government in Tokyo. He was elected to the first Diet of Japan in 1870 and soon became Minister of Finance, in which capacity he instituted property and taxation reforms that aided Japan's early industrial development.[7] He presided over the commission which represented the Japanese government at the 1873 Vienna World's Fair.[8]

He also unified the nation's currency, created the national mint, and a separate Minister of Industry; however, he was dismissed in 1881 after a long series of disagreements with members of the Satsuma and Chōshū clique in the Meiji oligarchy, most notably Itō Hirobumi, over his efforts to secure foreign loans, to establish a constitution, and especially over his exposure of illicit property dealings involving Prime Minister Kuroda Kiyotaka and others from Satsuma.

In 1882, Ōkuma co-founded the Constitutional Progressive Party (Rikken Kaishintō) which soon attracted a number of other leaders, including Ozaki Yukio and Inukai Tsuyoshi. That same year, Ōkuma founded the Tokyo Senmon Gakkō (東京専門学校) in the Waseda district of Tokyo. The school later became Waseda University, one of the country's most prominent institutions of higher education.[9]

Despite their continuing animosity, Itō again appointed Ōkuma to the post of Foreign Minister in February 1888 to deal with the difficult issue of negotiation revisions to the "unequal treaties" with the Western powers. The treaty he negotiated was perceived by the public as too conciliatory to the Western powers, and created considerable controversy. In 1889, Ōkuma was attacked by a member of the Gen'yōsha, who threw a bomb directly under Ōkuma's carriage.[10]: 253  Following two operations, Ōkuma's left leg was amputated at the hip.[10]: 253  He retired from politics at that time.

However, he returned to politics in 1896 by reorganizing the Rikken Kaishintō into the Shimpotō (Progressive Party).[citation needed] In 1897, Matsukata Masayoshi convinced Ōkuma to participate in his second administration as Foreign Minister and Agriculture and Commerce Minister, but again, he remained in office for only one year before resigning as a result of intrigues involving the prime minister.[8]

In June 1898, Ōkuma co-founded the Kenseitō (Constitutional Government Party), by merging his Shimpotō with Itagaki Taisuke's Jiyūtō, and was appointed by the Emperor to form the first partisan cabinet in Japanese history. The new cabinet survived for only four months before it fell apart due to internal dissension. Ōkuma remained in charge of the party until 1908, when he retired from politics.

Ōkuma Shigenobu during his premiership

After his political retirement, Ōkuma became president of Waseda University and chairman of the Japan Civilization Society, from which scholars' many translations of European and American texts were published. He also gathered support for Japan's first expedition to Antarctica.

Taishō period political life

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Marquess Ōkuma Shigenobu in the year before his death

At the request of the Emperor, Ōkuma returned to politics during the constitutional crisis of 1914, when the government of Yamamoto Gonnohyōe was forced to resign in the wake of the Siemens scandal.[11] The 2nd Ōkuma administration was noted for its active foreign policy. Later that year, Japan declared war on the German Empire, thus entering World War I on the Allied side. However, the government suffered defeat in December, over the army budget.[11]

In 1915, Ōkuma and Katō Takaaki drafted the Twenty-One Demands on China. Ōkuma won re-election in March of that year, but his second administration was also short-lived. Following the Ōura scandal, Ōkuma's cabinet lost popular support, and its members held mass resignation in October 1915. Still, Ōkuma was persuaded to continue in office for a while, and during the year treaties were concluded with France, Russia and China.[11] Later in 1916, after a long argument with the Genrō, Ōkuma resigned as well, and retired from politics permanently, although he remained a member of the Upper House of the Diet of Japan until 1922. He was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1916, and was elevated to the title of kōshaku (侯爵) (marquis) in the kazoku peerage system the same year.

Ōkuma returned to Waseda, and died there in 1922.[12] An estimated 300,000 people attended his funeral in Tokyo's Hibiya Park. He was posthumously conferred with the Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, the nation's highest honour. He was buried at the temple of Gokoku-ji in Tokyo.

Ōkuma Shigenobu former residence

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Ōkuma Shigenobu former residence in Saga

Ōkuma Shigenobu's house in the city of Saga still exists, and is part of the Okuma Shigenobu Memorial Museum complex. This building was purchased by Ōkuma Kumanosuke in 1838, and was the residence of Ōkuma Shigenobu's from his birth until the time he departed Saga for Tokyo in 1868. The structure consists of a single-story tatch-roof portion and a two-story tile-roof portion. It is said that the second floor was added by Shigenobu's mother to provide her son with a study. Although the house is in good preservation, there are signs of remodeling at the entrance, and the kitchen has been removed and an administration room added at a later date. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1965.[13]

Honours

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From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

Peerages

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  • Count (May 9, 1887)
  • Marquess (July 14, 1916)

Decorations

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Court order of precedence

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  • Fifth rank, junior grade (1867)
  • Fourth rank, junior grade (1868)
  • Senior fourth rank (1870)
  • Third rank (July 22, 1871)
  • Senior third rank (December 26, 1887)
  • Second rank (February 17, 1888)
  • Senior second rank (June 20, 1898)
  • Junior First Rank (January 10, 1922)[14]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Borton, p. 91.
  2. ^ a b c Itō, Yukio; 伊藤之雄 (2019). Ōkuma Shigenobu. 中央公論新社. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-4-12-102550-0. OCLC 1201259749.
  3. ^ "大隈重信 | 近代日本人の肖像". National Diet Library (in Japanese). Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  4. ^ Brownas, heading "A Wider Window on the West"
  5. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 61.
  6. ^ Tokugawa, p. 161. Unlike all 14 previous Tokugawa shōguns, Yoshinobu never set foot in Edo during his tenure.
  7. ^ Borton, p. 78.
  8. ^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 62.
  9. ^ Beasley, p. 105.
  10. ^ a b Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1-4780-1121-7.
  11. ^ a b c Chisholm 1922.
  12. ^ Beasley, p. 220.
  13. ^ "大隈重信旧宅" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
  14. ^ "叙従一位位記:正二位大勲位侯爵大隈重信". Waseda University Library. Retrieved December 25, 2023.

References

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  • Beasley, W.G. (1963). The Making of Modern Japan. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Borton, Hugh (1955). Japan's Modern Century. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Okuma (Shigenobu)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Okuma (Shigenobu)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 1174.
  • Idditti, Smimasa. Life of Marquis Shigenobu Okuma: A Maker of New Japan. Kegan Paul International Ltd. (2006). ISBN 0-7103-1186-9
  • Idditti, Junesay. Marquis Shigenobu Okuma – A Biographical Study in the Rise of Democratic Japan. Hokuseido Press (1956). ASIN: B000IPQ4VQ
  • Lebra-Chapman, Joyce. Okuma Shigenobu: statesman of Meiji Japan. Australian National University Press (1973). ISBN 0-7081-0400-2
  • Oka Yoshitake, et al. Five Political Leaders of Modern Japan: Ito Hirobumi, Okuma Shigenobu, Hara Takashi, Inukai Tsuyoshi, and Saionji Kimmochi. University of Tokyo Press (1984). ISBN 0-86008-379-9
  • Tokugawa Munefusa (2005). Tokugawa yonhyakunen no naisho-banashi: raibaru bushō-hen Tokyo: Bungei-shunju
  • Brownas, Sidney DeVere. Nagasaki in the Meiji Restoration: Choshu Loyalists and British Arms Merchants. http://www.uwosh.edu/home_pages/faculty_staff/earns/meiji.html Retrieved on August 7, 2008.
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