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{{Short description|Battle between Eastern Jin and Former Qin}}
{{Short description|383 battle between Eastern Jin and Former Qin}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=mil|date=May 2021}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=mil|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
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| image = Battle of Fei River.png
| image = Battle of Fei River.png
| caption = The situation during Battle of Fei River
| caption = The situation during Battle of Fei River
| date = November 383 CE
| date = 30 November 383
| place = Fei River, China
| place = Fei River, China
| casus =
| casus =
| territory = Jin recaptures territories south of the Yellow River.
| territory = Jin recaptures territories south of the Yellow River.
| result = Jin victory; collapse of the Former Qin Empire.
| result = Jin victory
| combatant1 = [[Former Qin|Former Qin dynasty]]
| combatant1 = [[Former Qin|Former Qin dynasty]]
| combatant2 = [[Jin dynasty (266-420)#Eastern Jin|Eastern Jin dynasty]]
| combatant2 = [[Jin dynasty (266-420)#Eastern Jin|Eastern Jin dynasty]]
Line 27: Line 27:
|jstor=10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.162.2.0411
|jstor=10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.162.2.0411
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.162.2.0411
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.162.2.0411
|access-date=2022-06-14}}</ref> This study was spurred by a 1968 paper which called into question the historicity of the entire episode apart from the smaller initial sortie led by Liu Laozhi, based on the historical circumstances under which the records of the event were created and transmitted. <ref>{{cite journal
|access-date=2022-06-14}}</ref> This study was spurred by a 1968 paper which called into question the historicity of the entire episode apart from the smaller initial sortie led by Liu Laozhi, based on the historical circumstances under which the records of the event were created and transmitted.<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Rogers|first=Michael C.
|last=Rogers|first=Michael C.
|journal=T'oung Pao
|journal=T'oung Pao
Line 52: Line 52:
| strength2 = 80,000 elite Beifu troops
| strength2 = 80,000 elite Beifu troops
| casualties1 = [[Book of Jin]] records 700,000+ {{citation need|date=November 2020}}
| casualties1 = [[Book of Jin]] records 700,000+ {{citation need|date=November 2020}}
| casualties2 = minimal
| casualties2 = Minimal
| casualties3 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| notes =
}}
}}


The '''Battle of Fei River''', also known as the '''Battle of Feishui''' ({{zh|t=淝水之戰|s=淝水之战|p=Féishǔi zhī zhàn}}), was a battle in AD 383 in China, where forces of the [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Di]]-led [[Former Qin|Former Qin dynasty]] was decisively defeated by the outnumbered army of the [[Jin dynasty (266-420)#Eastern Jin|Eastern Jin dynasty]].<ref name=MAA>{{cite book|author=C J Peers| title=Imperial Chinese Armies (1) 200 BC - AD 589 | publisher=Osprey Publishing | year=1995 | isbn=1-85532-514-4 }}</ref> The location of the battle, the Fei River, no longer exists, but is believed to have flowed through modern [[Lu'an]], [[Anhui]], near the [[Huai River]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bo Yang|author-link=Bo Yang|title=Bo Yang Edition of the [[Zizhi Tongjian]]|volume=26}}</ref> The battle is considered to be one of the most significant battles in Chinese history.<ref name="ZS">{{cite book|author=Bo Yang|author-link=Bo Yang|trans-title=Summaries of the History of the Chinese People|script-title=zh:中國人史綱|title=Zhongguoren Shigang|volume=1|chapter=17|location=Taipei|publisher=Yuanliu chuban {{lang|zh|italics=no|遠流出版}} |year=2002}}</ref> In the aftermath of the battle, the Former Qin fell into a massive civil war and resulted in its eventual collapse, ensuring the survival of the Eastern Jin and subsequent [[Han Chinese|Han]]-ruled regimes south of the [[Yangtze River]].<ref name=ZS/>
The '''Battle of Fei River''', also known as the '''Battle of Feishui''' ({{zh|t=淝水之戰|s=淝水之战|p=Féishǔi zhī zhàn}}), took place in the autumn of 383 AD in China, where forces of the [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Di]]-led [[Former Qin|Former Qin dynasty]] were decisively defeated by the outnumbered army of the [[Jin dynasty (266-420)#Eastern Jin|Eastern Jin dynasty]].<ref name=MAA>{{cite book|author=C J Peers| title=Imperial Chinese Armies (1) 200 BC - AD 589 | publisher=Osprey Publishing | year=1995 | isbn=1-85532-514-4 }}</ref> The location of the battle, the Fei River, no longer exists but is believed to have flowed through modern [[Lu'an]], [[Anhui]], near the [[Huai River]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bo Yang|author-link=Bo Yang|title=Bo Yang Edition of the [[Zizhi Tongjian]]|volume=26}}</ref> The battle is considered to be one of the most significant and pivotal battles in Chinese history, as it ensured the survival of the Eastern Jin and Han-ruled regimes in South China.<ref name="ZS">{{cite book|author=Bo Yang|author-link=Bo Yang|trans-title=Summaries of the History of the Chinese People|script-title=zh:中國人史綱|title=Zhongguoren Shigang|volume=1|chapter=17|location=Taipei|publisher=Yuanliu chuban {{lang|zh|italics=no|遠流出版}} |year=2002}}</ref> In the aftermath of the battle, the Former Qin fell into a massive civil war, resulting in its eventual collapse, ensuring the survival of Eastern Jin and subsequent [[Han Chinese|Han]]-ruled regimes south of the [[Yangtze River]].<ref name=ZS/>


[[File:Feiriverbattle.PNG|right|350px|thumb|Former Qin is in purple, while the Eastern Jin is in yellow. The red line marks the new border between Former Qin and Eastern Jin after the latter's victory at Fei River, while the border marked on the map represents the pre-battle border, the furthest line reached by Former Qin forces before their catastrophic defeat.]]
[[File:Feiriverbattle.PNG|right|350px|thumb|Former Qin is in purple, while the Eastern Jin is in yellow. The red line marks the new border between Former Qin and Eastern Jin after the latter's victory at Fei River, while the border marked on the map represents the pre-battle border, the furthest line reached by Former Qin forces before their catastrophic defeat.]]


== Background ==
== Background ==
The state of Former Qin, led by ethnic Di (氐) tribesmen,<ref name=MAA/> rose rapidly from a string of successes in the 350s. Fu Jiān, nephew of the founder [[Fu Jiàn]], was a vigorous leader of tremendous drive and ambition.<ref name=ZS/> In 370 he conquered the state of [[Former Yan]] and in 373 seized modern [[Sichuan]] and [[Chongqing]] from Jin. In 379 the strategically important city of [[Xiangyang District, Xiangfan|Xiangyang]], gateway to the Middle Yangtze, fell to Qin. By 381 he had conquered all of north China and was preparing for an invasion of the south.<ref name=ZZTJ104>{{cite book|title=[[Zizhi Tongjian]]|volume=[[s:zh:資治通鑑:第104卷|104]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=ZZTJ105>{{cite book|title=[[Zizhi Tongjian]]|volume=[[s:zh:資治通鑑:第105卷|105]]|language=zh}}</ref>
The state of Former Qin, led by ethnic [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Di]] ({{zhi|氐}}) tribesmen,<ref name=MAA/> rose rapidly from a string of successes in the 350s. Fu Jiān, the nephew of the founder [[Fu Jiàn]], was a vigorous leader of tremendous drive and ambition.<ref name=ZS/> In 370 he conquered the state of [[Former Yan]] and in 373 seized modern [[Sichuan]] and [[Chongqing]] from Jin. In 379, the strategically important city of [[Xiangyang District, Xiangfan|Xiangyang]], gateway to the Middle Yangtze, fell to Qin. By 381, he had conquered all of north China and was preparing for an invasion of the south.<ref name=ZZTJ104>{{harvnb|''Zizhi Tongjian''|1084|loc=[[s:zh:資治通鑑:第104卷|vol. 104]]}}</ref><ref name=ZZTJ105>{{harvnb|''Zizhi Tongjian''|1084|loc=[[s:zh:資治通鑑:第105卷|vol. 105]]}}</ref>


In May 383 a Jin army of 100,000 commanded by [[Huan Chong]] attempted to recover Xiangyang but was driven off by a Qin relief column of 50,000 men.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book|title=[[Zizhi Tongjian]]|language=zh}}</ref> In response, Fu Jiān ordered a general mobilization against Jin: 6 of every 10 able-bodied men were conscripted, and 30,000 elite guards (羽林郎) were gathered. In August 383 Fu Jiān sent his brother, [[Fu Rong]], the Duke of Yangping (who had opposed the campaign), with an army of 300,000 as the advance force. Later that month Fu Jiān marched with his army of 270,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry from [[Chang'an]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In September Fu Jiān reached Xiangcheng. Separate columns were to push downstream from Sichuan, but the main offensive would occur against the city of [[Shouchun]] on the [[Huai River]]. [[Emperor Xiaowu of Jin]] hurriedly made preparations for defense. He gave [[Huan Chong]] responsibility for the defense of the Middle Yangtze. The pressing defense of the Huai River was given to Xie Shi (謝石) and [[Xie Xuan]] (謝玄) and the elite 80,000-strong Beifu Army (北府兵).<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Prime Minister [[Xie An]] oversaw overall strategy.<ref name=ZZTJ104/><ref name=ZZTJ105/>
In May 383, a Jin army of 100,000 commanded by [[Huan Chong]] attempted to recover Xiangyang but was driven off by a Qin relief column of 50,000 men.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{harvnb|''Zizhi Tongjian''|1084}}{{volume needed|i=0|date=June 2024}}</ref> In response, Fu Jiān ordered a general mobilization against Jin: 6 of every 10 able-bodied men were conscripted, and 30,000 elite guards ({{zhi|羽林郎}}) were gathered. In August 383, Fu Jiān sent his brother, [[Fu Rong]], the Duke of Yangping (who had opposed the campaign), with an army of 300,000 as the advance force. Later that month, Fu Jiān marched with his army of 270,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry from [[Chang'an]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In September, Fu Jiān reached Xiangcheng. Separate columns were to push downstream from Sichuan, but the main offensive would occur against the city of [[Shouchun]] on the [[Huai River]]. [[Emperor Xiaowu of Jin]] hurriedly made preparations for defense. He gave [[Huan Chong]] responsibility for the defense of the Middle Yangtze. The pressing defense of the Huai River was given to Xie Shi ({{lang|zh|[[:zh:謝石|謝石]]}}) and [[Xie Xuan]] and the elite 80,000-strong Beifu Army {{nowrap|({{zhi|北府兵}}).}}<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Prime Minister [[Xie An]] oversaw overall strategy.<ref name=ZZTJ104/><ref name=ZZTJ105/>

Huan Chong was deeply worried and sent three thousand elite soldiers into the city to support the capital, but was resolutely stopped by Xie An, saying: "The way the imperial court will deal with it has been decided, there is no shortage of soldiers and weapons, please stay in the west, just in case." Huan Chong sighed at his subordinates and said, "Xie An has the strength to live in the imperial court, but he is not familiar with the means of leading troops to fight. Now that the great enemy is coming, they are still playing to their heart's content, they will talk big, and they can only send young people (Xie Xuan) who have never fought to resist, coupled with the lack of numbers and weak troops, the end of the country has long been known, and we are about to be ruled by barbarians!"<ref>{{harvnb|''Book of Jin''| 648| loc= vol. 74: [[:zh:s:晉書/卷074#桓沖|biography of Huan Chong]]}}: "沖深以根本為慮，乃遣精銳三千來赴京都。謝安謂三千人不足以為損益，而欲外示閒暇，聞軍在近，固不聽。報云：「朝廷處分已定，兵革無闕，西籓宜以為防。」時安已遣兄子玄及桓伊等諸軍，沖謂不足以為廢興，召佐吏，對之歎曰：「謝安乃有廟堂之量，不閑將略。今大敵垂至，方游談不暇，雖遣諸不經事少年，眾又寡弱，天下事可知，吾其左衽矣！」"</ref> Later, the Jin army on the eastern front defeated the Qin army, and Huan Chong was ashamed to learn the news, and died of an attack of illness at the age of 57.<ref>{{harvnb|''Book of Jin''| 648| loc= vol. 74: [[:zh:s:晉書/卷074#桓沖|biography of Huan Chong]]}}: "俄而聞堅破，大勳克舉，又知朱序因以得還，沖本疾病，加以慚恥，發病而卒，時年五十七。"</ref>


===Former Qin Army===
===Former Qin Army===
Fu Jiān's force was composed of many smaller armies levied from the conquered northern territories, along with cavalry drawn from the nomadic peoples of the north (the [[Xianbei]] and [[Xiongnu]]).<ref name=MAA/> Most men had little or no loyalty to the Former Qin, and many were forced to join or joined only because of military [[ration]]s and pay. Many [[battalion]]s had problems following orders as instructed by their commanding officers. Fu was warned of the poor training of his [[heterogeneous]] army, but instead chose to rely on the vast number of men that made up the army, saying, "My army is so huge that if all the men throw their whips into the Yangtze, its flow will be stopped," (投鞭断流) <ref name=MAA/>
Fu Jiān's force was composed of many smaller armies levied from the conquered northern territories, along with cavalry drawn from the nomadic peoples of the north (the [[Xianbei]] and [[Xiongnu]]).<ref name=MAA/> Most men had little or no loyalty to the Former Qin, and many were forced to join or joined only because of military [[ration]]s and pay. Many [[battalion]]s had problems following orders as instructed by their commanding officers. Fu was warned of the poor training of his [[heterogeneous]] army, but instead chose to rely on the vast number of men that made up the army, saying, "My army is so huge that if all the men throw their whips into the Yangtze, its flow will be stopped" ({{lang|zh|投鞭断流}}).<ref name=MAA/>


===Jin Army===
===Jin Army===
[[Xie Xuan]]'s Beifu army were drawn from the militarized settlements of powerful local families, with officers bringing along their own hereditary troops. This army underwent significant training, and could be considered a professional military unit.<ref>{{cite book
[[Xie Xuan]]'s Beifu army was drawn from the militarized settlements of powerful local families, with officers bringing along their own hereditary troops. This army underwent significant training and could be considered a professional military unit.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Lewis|first=Mark Edward
|last=Lewis|first=Mark Edward
|author-link=Mark Edward Lewis
|author-link=Mark Edward Lewis
Line 82: Line 84:


== Battle ==
== Battle ==
In October 383, the Former Qin forces under Fu Rong captured the important Jin city of Shouyang (壽陽, in modern [[Lu'an]], [[Anhui]]).<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Fu Jiān, seeing the possibility of achieving a quick victory, left his main force at Xiangcheng and led 8,000 light cavalry to rendezvous with Fu Rong. Fu Jiān sent captured Jin official [[Zhu Xu (Jin dynasty)|Zhu Xu]] as a messenger to try to persuade Xie Shi to surrender.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Instead, Zhu tipped off Xie Shi to the fact that the entire Former Qin force had not yet arrived, and that he should try to defeat the advance Former Qin forces to cripple the Former Qin's campaign.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> At Zhu's suggestion, Xie Xuan and [[Liu Laozhi]] (劉牢之) led 5,000 elite troops to engage the advance Former Qin force and scored a devastating victory, killing 15,000 men.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Afterwards, Jin troops were lined up in a wide formation to give the illusion that the Jin forces could match Former Qin's manpower. Because of the early minor defeats and the Jin formation, Fu Jiān overestimated the amount of Jin forces.
In October 383, the Former Qin forces under Fu Rong captured the important Jin city of Shouyang ({{zhi|壽陽}}, in modern [[Lu'an]], [[Anhui]]).<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Fu Jiān, seeing the possibility of achieving a quick victory, left his main force at Xiangcheng and led 8,000 light cavalry to rendezvous with Fu Rong. Fu Jiān sent captured Jin official [[Zhu Xu (Jin dynasty)|Zhu Xu]] as a messenger to try to persuade Xie Shi to surrender.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Instead, Zhu tipped off Xie Shi to the fact that the entire Former Qin force had not yet arrived and that he should try to defeat the advanced Former Qin forces to cripple the Former Qin's campaign.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> At Zhu's suggestion, Xie Xuan and [[Liu Laozhi]] ({{lang|zh|[[:zh:劉牢之|劉牢之]]}}) led 5,000 elite troops to engage the advanced Former Qin force, scoring a devastating victory, killing 15,000 men.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Afterwards, Jin troops were lined up in a wide formation to give the illusion that the Jin forces could match Former Qin's manpower. Because of the early minor defeats and the Jin formation, Fu Jiān overestimated the amount of Jin forces.


In November 383 the Former Qin troops set up camp west of the [[Fei River (disambiguation)|Fei River]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The Jin forces stopped east of the Fei and could not advance.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Xie Xuan sent a messenger to Fu Rong, suggesting that the Former Qin forces retreat slightly west to allow Jin troops to cross the Fei River so that the two armies could engage.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Most Former Qin generals opposed that plan,<ref name="autogenerated1" /> since maneuvering such a large army in that manner was too complicated for the benefits that might be obtained, especially with so many poorly trained troops. Fu Jiān overruled them, however, planning to attack the Jin army as it was crossing the river<ref name="autogenerated1" /> to seize a tactical advantage, as the Jin would be split in two. Fu Rong agreed, and ordered a retreat.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
In November 383, the Former Qin troops set up camp west of the [[Fei River (disambiguation)|Fei River]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The Jin forces stopped east of the Fei and could not advance.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Xie Xuan sent a messenger to Fu Rong, suggesting that the Former Qin forces retreat slightly west to allow Jin troops to cross the Fei River so that the two armies could engage.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Most Former Qin generals opposed that plan,<ref name="autogenerated1" /> since maneuvering such a large army in that manner was too complicated for the benefits that might be obtained, especially with so many poorly trained troops. Fu Jiān overruled them, however, planning to attack the Jin army as it was crossing the river<ref name="autogenerated1" /> to seize a tactical advantage, as the Jin would be split in two. Fu Rong agreed and ordered a retreat.<ref name="autogenerated1" />


The Jin's tactic of [[ambush]] and [[bribery]] now paid off. Many soldiers in the Former Qin army began to wonder why a sudden retreat order was given. Already retreating and demoralized, the Former Qin army went into a panic when Zhu Xu raised a cry of "the Qin army has been defeated" and it was routed.<ref name=MAA/> Xie Xuan and generals Xie Yan (謝琰) and [[Huan Yi (Shuxia)|Huan Yi]] crossed the river and launched a major assault.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The "Qin is Defeated" rumor spread like wildfire, and chaos followed. Fu Rong personally tried to halt the retreat and reorganize his troops,<ref name="autogenerated1" /> but his horse suddenly fell and he was killed by advancing Jin troops.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
The Jin's tactics of [[ambush]] and [[bribery]] now paid off. Many soldiers in the Former Qin army began to wonder why a sudden retreat order was given. Already retreating and demoralized, the Former Qin army went into a panic when Zhu Xu raised a cry of "the Qin army has been defeated" and it was routed.<ref name=MAA/> Xie Xuan and generals Xie Yan ({{lang|zh|[[:zh:謝琰|謝琰]]}}) and [[Huan Yi (Shuxia)|Huan Yi]] crossed the river and launched a major assault.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The "Qin is Defeated" rumor spread like wildfire, and chaos followed. Fu Rong personally tried to halt the retreat and reorganize his troops,<ref name="autogenerated1" /> but his horse suddenly fell and he was killed by advancing Jin troops.<ref name="autogenerated1" />


The Jin generals noticed the chaotic footprints and wheel marks, and declared that the Former Qin army was not in an organized retreat but was indeed in total disarray. The Jin soldiers continued their pursuit, and the entire Former Qin force collapsed.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
The Jin generals noticed the chaotic footprints and wheel marks and declared that the Former Qin army was not in an organized retreat but was indeed in total disarray. The Jin soldiers continued their pursuit, and the entire Former Qin force collapsed.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
A large amount of food and supplies were abandoned as Former Qin soldiers tried to escape with their lives. In the ensuing retreat and pursuit, an estimated 70-80% of the Former Qin troops died from combat, starvation, and exposure to the elements.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
A large amount of food and supplies were abandoned as Former Qin soldiers tried to escape with their lives. In the ensuing retreat and pursuit, an estimated 70-80% of the Former Qin troops died from combat, starvation and exposure to the elements.<ref name="autogenerated1" />


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
[[File:Jin Iron Swordss.jpg|thumb|Jin iron swords]]
[[File:Jin Iron Swordss.jpg|thumb|Jin iron swords]]
The Jin army defeated the overwhelming Former Qin forces, with only minor casualties. The Jin had routed and killed most of the escaping soldiers of the Former Qin army, greatly weakening the pool of troops from which the Former Qin could draw. Fu Jiān's forces were not able to be reorganized, even after he eventually withdrew to [[Luoyang]] under the protection of [[Murong Chui]], whose 30,000-man army was one of the few that did not collapse.<ref name=ZZTJ105/>
The Jin army defeated the overwhelming Former Qin forces with only minor casualties. The Jin had routed and killed most of the escaping soldiers of the Former Qin army, greatly weakening the pool of troops from which the Former Qin could draw. Fu Jiān's forces were not able to be reorganized, even after he eventually withdrew to [[Luoyang]] under the protection of [[Murong Chui]], whose 30,000-man army was one of the few that did not collapse.<ref name=ZZTJ105/>


Meanwhile, agrarian rebellions arose after news of the defeat at Fei River. Murong Chui used this opportunity to ask Fu Jiān to let him try to lead an army to pressure the rebels in the eastern empire back into submission. Instead, Murong Chui himself rebelled in early 384, which started a chain reaction of many [[Xianbei]] and [[Qiang people|Qiang]] uprisings. The Former Qin capital [[Chang'an]] would fall in 385 to the Xianbei forces of [[Western Yan]], and Fu Jiān himself would die later that year at the hands of his former general [[Yao Chang]], the founder of [[Later Qin]]. While Former Qin would last until 394, it would never regain its power and glory.<ref name="JS 114">{{cite book|title=Book of Jin|volume=[[Book of Jin|114]]|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/jin12.htm|access-date=2006-10-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219003834/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/jin12.htm|archive-date=2006-02-19}}</ref> In addition, after the battle, Jin forces advanced to the Yellow River and recovered much of the Chinese heartland, forming a basis for [[Liu Yu's expeditions]] and the Southern and Northern Dynasties period that would follow soon afterward.
Meanwhile, agrarian rebellions arose after news of the defeat at Fei River. Murong Chui used this opportunity to ask Fu Jiān to let him try to lead an army to pressure the rebels in the eastern empire back into submission. Instead, Murong Chui himself rebelled in early 384, which started a chain reaction of many [[Xianbei]] and [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] uprisings. The Former Qin capital [[Chang'an]] would fall in 385 to the Xianbei forces of [[Western Yan]], and Fu Jiān himself would die later that year at the hands of his former general [[Yao Chang]], the founder of [[Later Qin]]. While Former Qin would last until 394, it would never regain its power and glory.<ref name="JS 114">{{harvnb|''Book of Jin''|648|loc=[[:zh:s:晉書/114|vol. 114]]}}</ref> In addition, after the battle, Jin forces advanced to the Yellow River and recovered much of the Chinese heartland, forming a basis for [[Liu Yu's expeditions]] and the Southern and Northern dynasties period that would follow soon afterward.


This battle is famous not only because of its significance in history, but also because it demonstrated the importance of troop training, morale, loyalty and organized battle command. The battle was also significant in that it ensured South China would remain independent until 589 AD, when North China was again under a Han Chinese regime, the [[Sui Dynasty]].
This battle is famous not only because of its significance in history but also because it demonstrated the importance of troop training, morale, loyalty and organized battle command. The battle was also significant in that it ensured South China would remain independent until 589 AD, when North China was again under a Han Chinese regime, the [[Sui dynasty]].


==References==
==References==
{{notelist}}
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{ Cite book| title= Book of Jin | title-link= Book of Jin
<!---<ref name=JS 9>--->{{cite book|title=Book of Jin|volume=[[Book of Jin|9]]|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/jin01.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219003156/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/jin01.htm|archive-date=2006-02-19}}
| editor= Fang Xuanling
<!---<ref name=JS 79>--->{{cite book|title=Book of Jin|volume=[[Book of Jin|79]]|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/jin08.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011082221/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/jin08.htm|archive-date=2007-10-11}}
| editor-link= Fang Xuanling
<!---<ref name=JS 113>--->{{cite book|title=Book of Jin|volume=[[Book of Jin|113]]|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/jin12.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219003834/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/jin12.htm|archive-date=2006-02-19}}
| display-editors=etal
| orig-date= 648 | date= 1974
| publisher= Zhonghua Shuju| place= Beijing
| script-title= zh:晉書
| ref={{sfnref|''Book of Jin''|648}}
| language=zh
}}
** Volumes: [[:zh:s:晉書/卷009|9]], [[:zh:s:晉書/卷074|74]], [[:zh:s:晉書/卷079|79]], [[:zh:s:晉書/卷113|113]].
*{{ cite book | editor = Sima Guang | editor-link= Sima Guang| title= Zizhi Tongjian | title-link= Zizhi Tongjian| orig-date= 1084 | date= 1934 | publisher= Zhonghua Shuju| place= Hong Kong | ref={{sfnref|''Zizhi Tongjian''|1084}} |language=zh}}


{{Jin dynasty (265–420) topics}}
{{Jin dynasty (265–420) topics}}

Latest revision as of 08:59, 5 October 2024

Battle of Fei River

The situation during Battle of Fei River
Date30 November 383
Location
Fei River, China
Result Jin victory
Territorial
changes		 Jin recaptures territories south of the Yellow River.
Belligerents
Former Qin dynasty Eastern Jin dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Fu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao of Former Qin)
Fu Rong †
Yao Chang
Murong Wei
Murong De
Murong Bao		 Xie An
Xie Xuan
Xie Shi (謝石)
Xie Yan (謝琰)
Huan Chong
Huan Yi
Strength
Book of Jin records 870,000[a] 80,000 elite Beifu troops
Casualties and losses
Book of Jin records 700,000+ [citation needed] Minimal

The Battle of Fei River, also known as the Battle of Feishui (simplified Chinese: 淝水之战; traditional Chinese: 淝水之戰; pinyin: Féishǔi zhī zhàn), took place in the autumn of 383 AD in China, where forces of the Di-led Former Qin dynasty were decisively defeated by the outnumbered army of the Eastern Jin dynasty.[4] The location of the battle, the Fei River, no longer exists but is believed to have flowed through modern Lu'an, Anhui, near the Huai River.[5] The battle is considered to be one of the most significant and pivotal battles in Chinese history, as it ensured the survival of the Eastern Jin and Han-ruled regimes in South China.[6] In the aftermath of the battle, the Former Qin fell into a massive civil war, resulting in its eventual collapse, ensuring the survival of Eastern Jin and subsequent Han-ruled regimes south of the Yangtze River.[6]

Former Qin is in purple, while the Eastern Jin is in yellow. The red line marks the new border between Former Qin and Eastern Jin after the latter's victory at Fei River, while the border marked on the map represents the pre-battle border, the furthest line reached by Former Qin forces before their catastrophic defeat.

Background

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The state of Former Qin, led by ethnic Di (氐) tribesmen,[4] rose rapidly from a string of successes in the 350s. Fu Jiān, the nephew of the founder Fu Jiàn, was a vigorous leader of tremendous drive and ambition.[6] In 370 he conquered the state of Former Yan and in 373 seized modern Sichuan and Chongqing from Jin. In 379, the strategically important city of Xiangyang, gateway to the Middle Yangtze, fell to Qin. By 381, he had conquered all of north China and was preparing for an invasion of the south.[7][8]

In May 383, a Jin army of 100,000 commanded by Huan Chong attempted to recover Xiangyang but was driven off by a Qin relief column of 50,000 men.[9] In response, Fu Jiān ordered a general mobilization against Jin: 6 of every 10 able-bodied men were conscripted, and 30,000 elite guards (羽林郎) were gathered. In August 383, Fu Jiān sent his brother, Fu Rong, the Duke of Yangping (who had opposed the campaign), with an army of 300,000 as the advance force. Later that month, Fu Jiān marched with his army of 270,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry from Chang'an.[9] In September, Fu Jiān reached Xiangcheng. Separate columns were to push downstream from Sichuan, but the main offensive would occur against the city of Shouchun on the Huai River. Emperor Xiaowu of Jin hurriedly made preparations for defense. He gave Huan Chong responsibility for the defense of the Middle Yangtze. The pressing defense of the Huai River was given to Xie Shi (謝石) and Xie Xuan and the elite 80,000-strong Beifu Army (北府兵).[9] Prime Minister Xie An oversaw overall strategy.[7][8]

Huan Chong was deeply worried and sent three thousand elite soldiers into the city to support the capital, but was resolutely stopped by Xie An, saying: "The way the imperial court will deal with it has been decided, there is no shortage of soldiers and weapons, please stay in the west, just in case." Huan Chong sighed at his subordinates and said, "Xie An has the strength to live in the imperial court, but he is not familiar with the means of leading troops to fight. Now that the great enemy is coming, they are still playing to their heart's content, they will talk big, and they can only send young people (Xie Xuan) who have never fought to resist, coupled with the lack of numbers and weak troops, the end of the country has long been known, and we are about to be ruled by barbarians!"[10] Later, the Jin army on the eastern front defeated the Qin army, and Huan Chong was ashamed to learn the news, and died of an attack of illness at the age of 57.[11]

Former Qin Army

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Fu Jiān's force was composed of many smaller armies levied from the conquered northern territories, along with cavalry drawn from the nomadic peoples of the north (the Xianbei and Xiongnu).[4] Most men had little or no loyalty to the Former Qin, and many were forced to join or joined only because of military rations and pay. Many battalions had problems following orders as instructed by their commanding officers. Fu was warned of the poor training of his heterogeneous army, but instead chose to rely on the vast number of men that made up the army, saying, "My army is so huge that if all the men throw their whips into the Yangtze, its flow will be stopped" (投鞭断流).[4]

Jin Army

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Xie Xuan's Beifu army was drawn from the militarized settlements of powerful local families, with officers bringing along their own hereditary troops. This army underwent significant training and could be considered a professional military unit.[12]

Battle

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In October 383, the Former Qin forces under Fu Rong captured the important Jin city of Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui).[9] Fu Jiān, seeing the possibility of achieving a quick victory, left his main force at Xiangcheng and led 8,000 light cavalry to rendezvous with Fu Rong. Fu Jiān sent captured Jin official Zhu Xu as a messenger to try to persuade Xie Shi to surrender.[9] Instead, Zhu tipped off Xie Shi to the fact that the entire Former Qin force had not yet arrived and that he should try to defeat the advanced Former Qin forces to cripple the Former Qin's campaign.[9] At Zhu's suggestion, Xie Xuan and Liu Laozhi (劉牢之) led 5,000 elite troops to engage the advanced Former Qin force, scoring a devastating victory, killing 15,000 men.[9] Afterwards, Jin troops were lined up in a wide formation to give the illusion that the Jin forces could match Former Qin's manpower. Because of the early minor defeats and the Jin formation, Fu Jiān overestimated the amount of Jin forces.

In November 383, the Former Qin troops set up camp west of the Fei River.[9] The Jin forces stopped east of the Fei and could not advance.[9] Xie Xuan sent a messenger to Fu Rong, suggesting that the Former Qin forces retreat slightly west to allow Jin troops to cross the Fei River so that the two armies could engage.[9] Most Former Qin generals opposed that plan,[9] since maneuvering such a large army in that manner was too complicated for the benefits that might be obtained, especially with so many poorly trained troops. Fu Jiān overruled them, however, planning to attack the Jin army as it was crossing the river[9] to seize a tactical advantage, as the Jin would be split in two. Fu Rong agreed and ordered a retreat.[9]

The Jin's tactics of ambush and bribery now paid off. Many soldiers in the Former Qin army began to wonder why a sudden retreat order was given. Already retreating and demoralized, the Former Qin army went into a panic when Zhu Xu raised a cry of "the Qin army has been defeated" and it was routed.[4] Xie Xuan and generals Xie Yan (謝琰) and Huan Yi crossed the river and launched a major assault.[9] The "Qin is Defeated" rumor spread like wildfire, and chaos followed. Fu Rong personally tried to halt the retreat and reorganize his troops,[9] but his horse suddenly fell and he was killed by advancing Jin troops.[9]

The Jin generals noticed the chaotic footprints and wheel marks and declared that the Former Qin army was not in an organized retreat but was indeed in total disarray. The Jin soldiers continued their pursuit, and the entire Former Qin force collapsed.[9] A large amount of food and supplies were abandoned as Former Qin soldiers tried to escape with their lives. In the ensuing retreat and pursuit, an estimated 70-80% of the Former Qin troops died from combat, starvation and exposure to the elements.[9]

Aftermath

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Jin iron swords

The Jin army defeated the overwhelming Former Qin forces with only minor casualties. The Jin had routed and killed most of the escaping soldiers of the Former Qin army, greatly weakening the pool of troops from which the Former Qin could draw. Fu Jiān's forces were not able to be reorganized, even after he eventually withdrew to Luoyang under the protection of Murong Chui, whose 30,000-man army was one of the few that did not collapse.[8]

Meanwhile, agrarian rebellions arose after news of the defeat at Fei River. Murong Chui used this opportunity to ask Fu Jiān to let him try to lead an army to pressure the rebels in the eastern empire back into submission. Instead, Murong Chui himself rebelled in early 384, which started a chain reaction of many Xianbei and Qiang uprisings. The Former Qin capital Chang'an would fall in 385 to the Xianbei forces of Western Yan, and Fu Jiān himself would die later that year at the hands of his former general Yao Chang, the founder of Later Qin. While Former Qin would last until 394, it would never regain its power and glory.[13] In addition, after the battle, Jin forces advanced to the Yellow River and recovered much of the Chinese heartland, forming a basis for Liu Yu's expeditions and the Southern and Northern dynasties period that would follow soon afterward.

This battle is famous not only because of its significance in history but also because it demonstrated the importance of troop training, morale, loyalty and organized battle command. The battle was also significant in that it ensured South China would remain independent until 589 AD, when North China was again under a Han Chinese regime, the Sui dynasty.

References

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  1. ^ A 2012 study of the historicity of the battle and the accuracy of descriptions carried in historical texts concluded with strong possibility that the scale of the engagement was "dramatically exaggerated", but that it did indeed occur.[1] This study was spurred by a 1968 paper which called into question the historicity of the entire episode apart from the smaller initial sortie led by Liu Laozhi, based on the historical circumstances under which the records of the event were created and transmitted.[2] The myth theory was never widely accepted, having been largely refuted in 1996 by scrutiny of the subsequent rewards of the successful generals named, and the fact that records of the battle were carried by texts composed and transmitted by the defeated side, although the compilers of the Book of Jin were deemed "careless".[3]
  1. ^ Diefenbach, Thilo (2012). "Die Schlacht am Fei (383) und ihre Folgen. Ein Beitrag zur chinesischen Historiographie nebst einer Übersetzung aus Sima Guangs Zizhi tongjian". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 162 (2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 411–438. JSTOR 10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.162.2.0411. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  2. ^ Rogers, Michael C. (1968). "The Myth of the Battle of the Fei River (A.D. 383)". T'oung Pao. 54 (1/3). Lieden: Brill: 50–72. doi:10.1163/156853268X00024. JSTOR 4527704. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  3. ^ Bielenstein, Hans (1996). "The Six Dynasties, Volume 1". Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. 68. Stockholm: 6–324 at 87–88.
  4. ^ a b c d e C J Peers (1995). Imperial Chinese Armies (1) 200 BC - AD 589. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-514-4.
  5. ^ Bo Yang. Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian. Vol. 26.
  6. ^ a b c Bo Yang (2002). "17". Zhongguoren Shigang 中國人史綱 [Summaries of the History of the Chinese People]. Vol. 1. Taipei: Yuanliu chuban 遠流出版.
  7. ^ a b Zizhi Tongjian 1084, vol. 104
  8. ^ a b c Zizhi Tongjian 1084, vol. 105
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Zizhi Tongjian 1084[volume needed]
  10. ^ Book of Jin 648, vol. 74: biography of Huan Chong: "沖深以根本為慮，乃遣精銳三千來赴京都。謝安謂三千人不足以為損益，而欲外示閒暇，聞軍在近，固不聽。報云：「朝廷處分已定，兵革無闕，西籓宜以為防。」時安已遣兄子玄及桓伊等諸軍，沖謂不足以為廢興，召佐吏，對之歎曰：「謝安乃有廟堂之量，不閑將略。今大敵垂至，方游談不暇，雖遣諸不經事少年，眾又寡弱，天下事可知，吾其左衽矣！」"
  11. ^ Book of Jin 648, vol. 74: biography of Huan Chong: "俄而聞堅破，大勳克舉，又知朱序因以得還，沖本疾病，加以慚恥，發病而卒，時年五十七。"
  12. ^ Lewis, Mark Edward (2011) [2009]. China Between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties. Cambridge MA: Belknap. pp. 67–68. ISBN 9780674060357.
  13. ^ Book of Jin 648, vol. 114

31°44′10″N 116°31′12″E / 31.73611°N 116.52000°E / 31.73611; 116.52000

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