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{{Short description|1972 novel by Jean Craighead George}}
{{Infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
{{Infobox book|<!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
⚫
| name = Julie of the Wolves
| image = julieofthewolves72.png
| name = Julie of the Wolves
| caption = First edition cover
| image = julieofthewolves72.png
| author = [[Jean Craighead George]]
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Jean Craighead George]]
| illustrator = [[John Schoenherr]] <br>[[Julek Heller]] (1976, UK)<ref name=LCC76>{{cite web|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/77369585 |title=Julie of the wolves |edition=1976 British |website=LOC.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=2015-11-10 |quote= }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| illustrator = [[John Schoenherr]] <br>Julek Heller (1976, UK)<ref name=LCC76>{{cite web|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/77369585 |title=Julie of the wolves |edition=1976 British |website=LOC.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=2015-11-10 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| cover_artist = Schoenherr
| country = United States
| cover_artist = Schoenherr
| series = Julie of the Wolves
| country = United States
| genre = [[Children's novel]], survival fiction<ref name=LCC/>
| series = ''Julie of the Wolves''
| publisher = [[Harper & Row]]<ref name=LCC/>
| genre = [[Children's novel]], survival fiction<ref name=LCC/>
| publisher = [[Harper & Row]]<ref name=LCC/>
| pub_date = 1972
| media_type = Print ([[hardcover]])
| pub_date = 1972
| pages = 170 pp (first ed.)<ref name=LCC/>
| media_type = Print ([[hardcover]])
| isbn = 0-06-021943-2 <!-- first edition <ref name=LCC/> -->
| pages = 170 pp (first ed.)<ref name=LCC/>
| isbn = 0-06-021943-2 <!-- first edition <ref name=LCC/> -->
| oclc = 578045
⚫
| oclc = 578045
| congress = PZ7.G2933 Ju<ref name=LCC>{{cite web|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/72076509 |title=Julie of the wolves |edition=1st |website=LOC.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=2015-11-10 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| congress = PZ7.G2933 Ju<ref name=LCC>{{cite web|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/72076509 |title=Julie of the wolves |edition=1st |website=LOC.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=2015-11-10 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Julie (George novel)|Julie]]
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Julie (George novel)|Julie]]
}}
}}


'''''Julie of the Wolves''''' is a children's novel by [[Jean Craighead George]], published by Harper in 1972 with illustrations by [[John Schoenherr]]. Set on the [[Alaska North Slope]], it features a young [[Inuk]] girl experiencing the changes forced upon her culture from outside.<ref>[http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/iks/hail/JulieWolves.html Honoring Alaska's Indigenous Literature].</ref> George wrote two sequels that were originally illustrated by Wendell Minor: ''[[Julie (George novel)|Julie]]''{{efn|''Julie's Choice'' in the UK<ref name=LCC73/>}} (1994), which starts 10 minutes after the first book ends, and ''[[Julie's Wolf Pack]]'' (1997), which is told from the viewpoint of the wolves.
'''''Julie of the Wolves''''' is a children's novel by [[Jean Craighead George]], published by Harper in 1972 with illustrations by [[John Schoenherr]]. Set on the [[Alaska North Slope]], it features a young [[Inuit|Inuk]] girl experiencing the changes forced upon her culture from outside.<ref>[http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/iks/hail/JulieWolves.html Honoring Alaska's Indigenous Literature].</ref> George wrote two sequels that were originally illustrated by Wendell Minor: ''[[Julie (George novel)|Julie]]''{{efn|''Julie's Choice'' in the UK<ref name=LCC73/>}} (1994), which starts 10 minutes after the first book ends, and ''[[Julie's Wolf Pack]]'' (1997), which is told from the viewpoint of the wolves.


==Background==
==Background==
In 1971, Jean Craighead George and her son, Luke, went on a trip to [[Barrow, Alaska|Barrow]], [[Alaska]], to do research on wolves for an article for ''[[Reader's Digest]]''.<ref name="scholastic">{{cite book | last = Denega | first = Danielle | title = A Reading Guide to Julie of the Wolves | publisher = [[Scholastic Inc.]] | year = 2004 | url = http://www.scholastic.com/kids/homework/pdfs/Julie_of_the_Wolves.pdf | isbn = 0-439-53835-1 | page = 64}}</ref> As they flew into the Barrow airport, she and her son spotted a young [[Eskimo]] girl on the [[tundra]], whom her son said "looked awfully little to be out there by herself".<ref name="scholastic" /><ref name="finn">{{cite book | last = Finn | first = Perdita | title = Julie of the Wolves: Everything You Need for Successful Literature Circles That Get Kids Thinking, Talking, Writing-and Loving Literature | publisher = Teaching Resources/Scholastic | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-439-16359-5 | page = 32}}</ref> At the Barrow Arctic Research Lab, George observed scientists who were studying wolves and attempting to break their communication code.<ref name="finn" /><ref name="Q & A">{{cite web|title=Jean Craighead George – Questions and Answers |url=http://www.jeancraigheadgeorge.com/qna.html |accessdate=2007-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612070713/http://www.jeancraigheadgeorge.com/qna.html |archivedate=2007-06-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She allegedly witnessed a man bite the wolf on the top of its nose and communicate with it in soft whimpers, and "the incident stayed with George".<ref name="100 best books">{{cite book | last = Silvey | first = Anita | authorlink = Anity Silvey | title = 100 Best Books for Children: A Parent's Guide to Making the Right Choices for Your Young Reader, Toddler to Preteen | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Books | year = 2005 | pages = 94–95 | isbn = 0-618-61877-5}}</ref> George herself successfully communicated with a female wolf, and upon remembering the Eskimo girl walking by herself on the tundra that she and her son Luke saw on their way to Barrow, she decided to write a book about a young girl surviving on her own in the tundra by communicating with wolves.<ref name="finn" /><ref name="Q & A" /> The character of Miyax/Julie is based on an Inuit woman named Julia Sebevan, who taught George "about the old ways of the Eskimos".<ref name="scholastic" />
In 1971, Jean Craighead George and her son Luke went on a trip to [[Barrow, Alaska|Barrow]], [[Alaska]], to do research on [[Wolf|wolves]] for an article for ''[[Reader's Digest]]''.<ref name="scholastic">{{cite book | last = Denega | first = Danielle | title = A Reading Guide to Julie of the Wolves | publisher = [[Scholastic Inc.]] | year = 2004 | url = http://www.scholastic.com/kids/homework/pdfs/Julie_of_the_Wolves.pdf | isbn = 0-439-53835-1 | page = 64}}</ref> As they flew into the Barrow airport, she and her son spotted a young [[Inuit|Inuk]] girl on the [[tundra]], whom her son said "looked awfully little to be out there by herself".<ref name="scholastic" /><ref name="finn">{{cite book | last = Finn | first = Perdita | title = Julie of the Wolves: Everything You Need for Successful Literature Circles That Get Kids Thinking, Talking, Writing-and Loving Literature | publisher = Teaching Resources/Scholastic | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-439-16359-5 | page = 32}}</ref>


At the Barrow Arctic Research Lab, George observed scientists who were studying wolves and attempting to break their communication code.<ref name="finn" /><ref name="Q & A">{{cite web|title=Jean Craighead George – Questions and Answers |url=http://www.jeancraigheadgeorge.com/qna.html |access-date=2007-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612070713/http://www.jeancraigheadgeorge.com/qna.html |archive-date=2007-06-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She allegedly witnessed a man bite the wolf on the top of its nose and communicate with it in soft whimpers, and "the incident stayed with George".<ref name="100 best books">{{cite book | last = Silvey | first = Anita | author-link = Anity Silvey | title = 100 Best Books for Children: A Parent's Guide to Making the Right Choices for Your Young Reader, Toddler to Preteen | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Books | year = 2005 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/100bestbooksforc00anit/page/94 94–95] | isbn = 0-618-61877-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/100bestbooksforc00anit/page/94 }}</ref> George herself successfully communicated with a female wolf. Upon remembering the Inuk girl walking by herself on the tundra that she and her son Luke saw on their way to Barrow, she decided to write a book about a young girl surviving on her own in the tundra by communicating with wolves.<ref name="finn" /><ref name="Q & A" /> The character of Miyax/Julie is based on an Inuk woman named Julia Sebevan, who taught George "about the old ways of the {{sic|Inuits}}".<ref name="scholastic" />
⚫
In the process of writing the novel, George went through three drafts, and used numerous titles including "The Voice of the Wolf"; "Wolf! Wolf?"; "Wolf Girl"; "The Cry of the Wolf"; and "Wolf Song".<ref name="100 best books" />

⚫
In the process of writing the novel, George went through three drafts, and used numerous titles including "The Voice of the Wolf"; "Wolf! Wolf?"; "Wolf Girl"; "The Cry of the Wolf"; and "Wolf Song".<ref name="100 best books"/>


Readers and students communicated to George their desire to read more about Julie "several years ago", but George felt that she "did not know enough about the Eskimo culture". It was only after her son, Craig, moved to Alaska that George "felt ready" to write the sequel ''Julie''.<ref name= "scholastic" /><ref name="Q & A" /> ''Julie's Wolf Pack'' was written only after George had learned more about the relationships of wolves in a pack.<ref name="scholastic" />
Readers and students communicated to George their desire to read more about Julie "several years ago", but George felt that she "did not know enough about the Eskimo culture". It was only after her son, Craig, moved to Alaska that George "felt ready" to write the sequel ''Julie''.<ref name= "scholastic" /><ref name="Q & A" /> ''Julie's Wolf Pack'' was written only after George had learned more about the relationships of wolves in a pack.<ref name="scholastic" />
Line 32: Line 35:


==Plot summary==
==Plot summary==
Julie/Miyax (My-yax) is an Inuit (Eskimo) girl torn between modern Alaska and the old Eskimo tradition. After her mother's death she is raised by her father, Kapugen (Kah-Pue-Jen). In his care, Miyax becomes an intelligent and observant girl at one with the Arctic tundra. Life is good until one day when Miyax is sent to live with Aunt Martha, a distant and cold woman. Soon after her father goes out on a seal hunt and does not return. Search parties find four pieces of his boat washed ashore, but there is no sign of him. He is presumed dead.
Julie/Miyax (My-yax) is an [[Inuit women|Inuk girl]] torn between modern Alaska and the old [[Inuit culture|Inuit tradition]]. After her mother's death, she is raised by her father Kapugen (Kah-Pue-Jen). In his care, Miyax becomes an intelligent and observant girl at one with the Arctic [[tundra]]. Miyax goes to live with her great aunt Martha, a distant and cold woman, after Martha obtains paperwork showing that Miyax must attend school because she is 9 years old. Her father is conscripted and reluctantly tells her to go with Martha. Soon after, her father goes out on a seal hunt and does not return. Search parties find four pieces of his boat washed ashore, but there is no sign of him. He is presumed dead.


As an orphan, Miyax is never more than an unwanted guest in Aunt Martha's house, so at the age of 13, she accepts a marriage to a boy named Daniel as it will allow her to leave her aunt's house. However, she soon realizes that life with Daniel is no better if not worse than her life with Martha. Daniel has an unspecified type of [[intellectual disability]] and after being mercilessly teased by other young people about it, he becomes abusive towards Miyax and sexually assaults her. Caught in an unbearable situation, she runs away in the hope of being able to stay with her pen-pal in San Francisco, California.
As an orphan, Miyax is never more than an unwanted guest in Martha's house. So at the age of 13, she accepts a marriage to a boy named Daniel as it will allow her to leave her aunt’s house. However, she soon realizes that life with Daniel is no better if not worse than her life with Martha. Daniel has an unspecified type of [[intellectual disability]]. After being mercilessly teased by other young people about it, he becomes abusive towards Miyax and sexually assaults her. Caught in an unbearable situation, she runs away in the hope of being able to stay with her pen-pal in [[San Francisco]], [[California]].


Miyax realizes she has no way of reaching her friend and finds herself lost in the arctic wild with only her own strength and knowledge between her and death. She happens upon a wolf pack and is able to coexist with them. She learns to communicate with the wolves to receive food and water and over time they become like family. When she finds a way to return to her old Eskimo life, she is torn between the choice of staying with the wolves or going back to her home.
Miyax realizes she has no way of reaching her friend and finds herself lost in the [[Arctic]] wild with only her own strength and knowledge between her and death. She happens upon a wolf pack and is able to coexist with them. She learns to communicate with the wolves to receive food and water and over time, they become like family. When she finds a way to return to her old Inuit way of life, she is torn between the choice of staying with the wolves or going back to her home.


==Reception==
==Reception==
The book was awarded the [[Newbery Medal]] in 1973,<ref name=newbery/> and was a nominee under the Children's Books category in the 1973 [[National Book Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title = National Book Awards – 1973 | date = | url = https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1973 | accessdate = 2008-10-30}}</ref> Mary Ellen Halvorson describes the book as "uniquely sensitive" and "wonderfully educational" in a review for ''[[The Prescott Courier]]''.<ref>{{cite news | last = Halvorson | first = Mary Ellen | title = Alaskan adventure teaches good lesson | page = 5B | newspaper = [[The Prescott Courier]] | date = January 7, 1993 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hSwOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tH0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4783,1462352&dq=julie+of+the+wolves | accessdate = 2008-11-01}}</ref> The book also won the 1975 [[Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Deutscher Jugendbuchpreis (1956-1980) | page = 3 | publisher = Nürnberg Online | url = http://www.stadtbibliothek.nuernberg.de/downloads/djlp_chrono.pdf | format = PDF }}</ref> In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1966 to 1975, children's author [[John Rowe Townsend]] wrote, "The details of the girl's relationship with the wolves are totally absorbing, but as a story the book seems to me to be slightly deficient."<ref>{{cite book|last=Townsend|first=John Rowe|authorlink=John Rowe Townsend|chapter=A Decade of Newbery Books in Perspective|page=149|title=Newbery and Caldecott Medal Books: 1966-1975|editor-last=Kingman|editor-first=Lee|publisher=[[The Horn Book Magazine|The Horn Book, Incorporated]]|location=[[Boston]]|year=1975|isbn=0-87675-003-X}}</ref>
The book was awarded the [[Newbery Medal]] in 1973,<ref name=newbery/> and was a nominee under the Children's Books category in the 1973 [[National Book Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title = National Book Awards – 1973 | url = https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1973 | access-date = 2008-10-30}}</ref> Mary Ellen Halvorson describes the book as "uniquely sensitive" and "wonderfully educational" in a review for ''[[The Prescott Courier]]''.<ref>{{cite news | last = Halvorson | first = Mary Ellen | title = Alaskan adventure teaches good lesson | page = 5B | newspaper = [[The Prescott Courier]] | date = January 7, 1993 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hSwOAAAAIBAJ&pg=4783,1462352&dq=julie+of+the+wolves | access-date = 2008-11-01 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The book also won the 1975 [[Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis|German Youth Literature Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Book: Julie of the Wolves {{!}} Working Group For Young People's Literature |url=https://www.jugendliteratur.org/buch/julie-von-den-woelfen-1188-9783794107025/?page_id=1 |website=Arbeitskreis Jugendliteratur |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1966 to 1975, children's author [[John Rowe Townsend]] wrote, "The details of the girl's relationship with the wolves are totally absorbing, but as a story the book seems to me to be slightly deficient."<ref>{{cite book|last=Townsend|first=John Rowe|author-link=John Rowe Townsend|chapter=A Decade of Newbery Books in Perspective|page=[https://archive.org/details/newberycaldecott0000unse/page/149 149]|title=Newbery and Caldecott Medal Books: 1966-1975|editor-last=Kingman|editor-first=Lee|publisher=[[The Horn Book Magazine|The Horn Book, Incorporated]]|location=[[Boston]]|year=1975|isbn=0-87675-003-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newberycaldecott0000unse/page/149}}</ref>


The inclusion of ''Julie of the Wolves'' in elementary school reading lists has been challenged several times due to parental concerns regarding the attempted [[rape]] of the main character.<ref name="foerstel">{{Cite book | last = Foerstel | first = Herbert | title = Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] | year = 2002 | pages = 254–55 | isbn = 0-313-31166-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/bannedinusarefer00foer }}</ref> One of these incidents occurred in March 1996, when the book was removed from the sixth grade reading list in [[Pulaski Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania|Pulaski Township]], [[Pennsylvania]], at the behest of parents who "complained of a graphic marital rape scene in the book".<ref name="foerstel" /> It is number 32 on the [[American Library Association]] list of the 100 [[List of most commonly challenged books in the United States|Most Frequently Challenged Books]] of 1990–1999.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title = 100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999 | date = | url = http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/banned/frequentlychallenged/challengedbydecade/1990_1999/index.cfm | accessdate = 2010-02-15 }}</ref> The book has additionally been criticized for its stereotypical depiction of Inuit culture. <ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title = 10 '90s books that weren't what you thought they were | date = | url = https://www.bustle.com/articles/176773-10-90s-books-that-werent-about-what-you-thought-they-were | accessdate = 2018-06-01 }}</ref>
The inclusion of ''Julie of the Wolves'' in elementary school reading lists has been challenged several times due to parental concerns regarding the attempted [[rape]] of the main character.<ref name="foerstel">{{Cite book | last = Foerstel | first = Herbert | title = Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] | year = 2002 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bannedinusarefer00foer/page/254 254–55] | isbn = 0-313-31166-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/bannedinusarefer00foer/page/254 }}</ref> One of these incidents occurred in March 1996, when the book was removed from the sixth grade reading list in [[Pulaski Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania|Pulaski Township]], [[Pennsylvania]], at the behest of parents who "complained of a graphic [[marital rape]] scene in the book".<ref name="foerstel" /> It is number 32 on the [[American Library Association]] list of the 100 [[List of most commonly challenged books in the United States|Most Frequently Challenged Books]] of 1990–1999.<ref>{{cite web | title = 100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999 | url = http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/banned/frequentlychallenged/challengedbydecade/1990_1999/index.cfm | access-date = 2010-02-15 }}</ref>
[[File:julieofthewolves2003.png|thumb|right|2003 edition cover]]
[[File:julieofthewolves2003.png|thumb|2003 edition cover]]

In 2004, Martha Stackhouse, an [[Iñupiat]] teacher, reviewed the book.<ref name="Stackhouse">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/iks/hail/JulieWolves.html|title=Martha Stackhouse of Barrow Book Review on Julie of the Wolves By Jean Craighead George|first=Martha|last=Stackhouse|access-date=2023-05-15}}</ref> Stackhouse points out the many inaccuracies in the book's portrayal of Iñupiat life, culture and language.<ref name="Stackhouse" /> She also criticizes the author's harmful emphasis on exemplifying thin body types among girls.<ref name="Stackhouse" /> Her review was published on the Alaska Native Knowledge Network and subsequently republished by [[Debbie Reese]]'s American Indians in Children's Literature with the title "Not Recommended".<ref name="Reese">{{cite web|url=https://americanindiansinchildrensliterature.blogspot.com/2020/04/not-recommended-julie-of-wolves-by-jean.html|access-date=2023-05-15|title=Not Recommended: JULIE OF THE WOLVES by Jean Craighead George|last=Reese|first=Debbie|date=2020-04-13}}</ref>


==Publication history==
==Publication history==
Line 52: Line 57:
*2003, USA, HarperTeen {{ISBN|0-06-054095-8}}, Pub date September 16, 2003, Paperback
*2003, USA, HarperTeen {{ISBN|0-06-054095-8}}, Pub date September 16, 2003, Paperback


Since its first publication, ''Julie of the Wolves'' has also been published in at least thirteen other languages, including Spanish, French, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese, and Japanese.<ref>{{cite web | title = Formats and Editions of Julie of the wolves |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/578045/editions?editionsView=true&fq=&se=yr&sd=desc&referer=di | accessdate = 2008-10-30}}</ref>
Since its first publication, ''Julie of the Wolves'' has also been published in at least thirteen other languages, including Spanish, French, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese, and Japanese.<ref>{{cite book | title = Formats and Editions of Julie of the wolves |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |oclc=578045 }}</ref>


==Film, TV or theatrical adaptations==
==Film, TV or theatrical adaptations==
''Julie of the Wolves'' has been adapted into a musical play, directed by Peter Dalto and written by Barbara Dana, with music by Chris Kubie and choreography by Fay Simpson.<ref name="mohn">{{cite news | last = Mohn | first = Tanya | title = After All the Books, Turning to the Adventure of a Musical | date = September 21, 2003 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE6D8113AF932A1575AC0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 | accessdate = 2008-10-31 | work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="kubie">{{cite web|last=Kubie |first=Chris |title=Chris Kubie: Very Visual Music |date=November 15, 2005 |url=http://www.ckubie.com/visual/visual.html |accessdate=2008-10-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804012601/http://www.ckubie.com/visual/visual.html |archivedate=August 4, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The musical stars Briana Sakamoto as Julie, and a workshop production was held on May 16, 2004, at The Northern Westchester Center for the Arts' Kaufman Theater.<ref name=hershenson>{{cite news | last = Hershenson | first = Roberta | title = footlights | date = May 9, 2004 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DEFDE163CF93AA35756C0A9629C8B63 | accessdate = 2008-10-31 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> As of November 2005, Kubie notes on his website that "the journey of ''Julie Of The Wolves'' (the musical) continues as the writer Barbara Dana, prepares yet another rewrite."<ref name="kubie" />
''Julie of the Wolves'' has been adapted into a musical play, directed by Peter Dalto and written by Barbara Dana, with music by Chris Kubie and choreography by Fay Simpson.<ref name="mohn">{{cite news | last = Mohn | first = Tanya | title = After All the Books, Turning to the Adventure of a Musical | date = September 21, 2003 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE6D8113AF932A1575AC0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 | access-date = 2008-10-31 | work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="kubie">{{cite web|last=Kubie |first=Chris |title=Chris Kubie: Very Visual Music |date=November 15, 2005 |url=http://www.ckubie.com/visual/visual.html |access-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804012601/http://www.ckubie.com/visual/visual.html |archive-date=August 4, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The musical stars Briana Sakamoto as Julie, and a workshop production was held on May 16, 2004, at The Northern Westchester Center for the Arts' Kaufman Theater.<ref name=hershenson>{{cite news | last = Hershenson | first = Roberta | title = footlights | date = May 9, 2004 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DEFDE163CF93AA35756C0A9629C8B63 | access-date = 2008-10-31 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> As of November 2005, Kubie notes on his website that "the journey of ''Julie Of The Wolves'' (the musical) continues as the writer Barbara Dana, prepares yet another rewrite."<ref name="kubie" />


Jean Craighead George announced in November 2007 that the book is being adapted into a film by Robert and Andy Young Productions Inc.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title = Jean Craighead George – What's New | date = | url = http://www.jeancraigheadgeorge.com/new.html | accessdate = 2008-08-28 }}</ref> Andy Young traveled to [[Nunavut]] in 2008 with the intention of finding a young Inuk or Inupiat to play the role of Julie, but stated in April 2008 that he was in discussion with a non-Inuk to play the role because they "didn't find the person that we felt was going to breathe the right kind of feeling into the story", and because they had resistance from would-be investors to using a first-time actress for the film. Young had also intended to shoot the film in Nunavut, but is considering shooting in Alaska because of the lack of roads joining Nunavut to Southern Canada as well as the area's "limited financial incentives for filmmakers from outside the territory".<ref name="cbc">{{cite news | last = | first = | title = Finances hold back 2 high-profile Nunavut film shoots | date = April 1, 2008 | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/film/story/2008/04/01/nu-movies.html | accessdate = 2008-10-31 | work=CBC News}}</ref>
Jean Craighead George announced in November 2007 that the book is being adapted into a film by Robert and Andy Young Productions Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jeancraigheadgeorge.com/new.html |title=Jean Craighead George – What's New |access-date=2023-04-04 |archive-date=2008-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914224417/https://www.jeancraigheadgeorge.com/new.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Andy Young traveled to [[Nunavut]] in 2008 with the intention of finding a young Inuk or Inupiat to play the role of Julie, but stated in April 2008 that he was in discussion with a non-Inuk to play the role because they "didn't find the person that we felt was going to breathe the right kind of feeling into the story", and because they had resistance from would-be investors to using a first-time actress for the film. Young had also intended to shoot the film in Nunavut, but is considering shooting in Alaska because of the lack of roads joining Nunavut to Southern Canada as well as the area's "limited financial incentives for filmmakers from outside the territory".<ref name="cbc">{{cite news | title = Finances hold back 2 high-profile Nunavut film shoots | date = April 1, 2008 | url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/finances-hold-back-2-high-profile-nunavut-film-shoots-1.744492 | access-date = 2008-10-31 | work=CBC News}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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{{succession box|title=[[Newbery Medal|Newbery Medal recipient]]|before=''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]''|after=''[[The Slave Dancer]]''|years=[[1973 in literature|1973]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Newbery Medal|Newbery Medal recipient]]|before=''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]''|after=''[[The Slave Dancer]]''|years=[[1973 in literature|1973]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}

{{Newbery Medal}}


[[Category:1972 American novels]]
[[Category:1972 American novels]]
[[Category:American children's novels]]
[[Category:American children's novels]]
[[Category:Newbery Medal-winning works]]
[[Category:Newbery Medal–winning works]]
[[Category:Novels set in Alaska]]
[[Category:Novels set in Alaska]]
[[Category:Wolves in literature]]
[[Category:Child characters in literature]]
[[Category:Child characters in literature]]
[[Category:Children's novels about animals]]
[[Category:Children's novels about wolves]]
[[Category:Harper & Row books]]
[[Category:Harper & Row books]]
[[Category:Inupiat]]
[[Category:Inupiat]]
[[Category:1972 children's books]]
[[Category:1972 children's books]]
[[Category:Stereotypes of Inuit people]]
[[Category:Children's books set in Alaska]]

Latest revision as of 21:46, 5 October 2024

Julie of the Wolves
First edition cover
AuthorJean Craighead George
IllustratorJohn Schoenherr
Julek Heller (1976, UK)[1]
Cover artistSchoenherr
SeriesJulie of the Wolves
GenreChildren's novel, survival fiction[2]
PublisherHarper & Row[2]
Publication date
1972
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (hardcover)
Pages170 pp (first ed.)[2]
ISBN0-06-021943-2
OCLC578045
LC ClassPZ7.G2933 Ju[2]
Followed byJulie 

Julie of the Wolves is a children's novel by Jean Craighead George, published by Harper in 1972 with illustrations by John Schoenherr. Set on the Alaska North Slope, it features a young Inuk girl experiencing the changes forced upon her culture from outside.[3] George wrote two sequels that were originally illustrated by Wendell Minor: Julie[a] (1994), which starts 10 minutes after the first book ends, and Julie's Wolf Pack (1997), which is told from the viewpoint of the wolves.

Background

[edit]

In 1971, Jean Craighead George and her son Luke went on a trip to Barrow, Alaska, to do research on wolves for an article for Reader's Digest.[5] As they flew into the Barrow airport, she and her son spotted a young Inuk girl on the tundra, whom her son said "looked awfully little to be out there by herself".[5][6]

At the Barrow Arctic Research Lab, George observed scientists who were studying wolves and attempting to break their communication code.[6][7] She allegedly witnessed a man bite the wolf on the top of its nose and communicate with it in soft whimpers, and "the incident stayed with George".[8] George herself successfully communicated with a female wolf. Upon remembering the Inuk girl walking by herself on the tundra that she and her son Luke saw on their way to Barrow, she decided to write a book about a young girl surviving on her own in the tundra by communicating with wolves.[6][7] The character of Miyax/Julie is based on an Inuk woman named Julia Sebevan, who taught George "about the old ways of the Inuits [sic]".[5]

In the process of writing the novel, George went through three drafts, and used numerous titles including "The Voice of the Wolf"; "Wolf! Wolf?"; "Wolf Girl"; "The Cry of the Wolf"; and "Wolf Song".[8]

Readers and students communicated to George their desire to read more about Julie "several years ago", but George felt that she "did not know enough about the Eskimo culture". It was only after her son, Craig, moved to Alaska that George "felt ready" to write the sequel Julie.[5][7] Julie's Wolf Pack was written only after George had learned more about the relationships of wolves in a pack.[5]

The story has three parts: first her present situation (Amaroq, the Wolf), then a flashback (Miyax, the Girl), and finally a return to the present (Kapugen, the Hunter).

Plot summary

[edit]

Julie/Miyax (My-yax) is an Inuk girl torn between modern Alaska and the old Inuit tradition. After her mother's death, she is raised by her father Kapugen (Kah-Pue-Jen). In his care, Miyax becomes an intelligent and observant girl at one with the Arctic tundra. Miyax goes to live with her great aunt Martha, a distant and cold woman, after Martha obtains paperwork showing that Miyax must attend school because she is 9 years old. Her father is conscripted and reluctantly tells her to go with Martha. Soon after, her father goes out on a seal hunt and does not return. Search parties find four pieces of his boat washed ashore, but there is no sign of him. He is presumed dead.

As an orphan, Miyax is never more than an unwanted guest in Martha's house. So at the age of 13, she accepts a marriage to a boy named Daniel as it will allow her to leave her aunt’s house. However, she soon realizes that life with Daniel is no better if not worse than her life with Martha. Daniel has an unspecified type of intellectual disability. After being mercilessly teased by other young people about it, he becomes abusive towards Miyax and sexually assaults her. Caught in an unbearable situation, she runs away in the hope of being able to stay with her pen-pal in San Francisco, California.

Miyax realizes she has no way of reaching her friend and finds herself lost in the Arctic wild with only her own strength and knowledge between her and death. She happens upon a wolf pack and is able to coexist with them. She learns to communicate with the wolves to receive food and water and over time, they become like family. When she finds a way to return to her old Inuit way of life, she is torn between the choice of staying with the wolves or going back to her home.

Reception

[edit]

The book was awarded the Newbery Medal in 1973,[9] and was a nominee under the Children's Books category in the 1973 National Book Awards.[10] Mary Ellen Halvorson describes the book as "uniquely sensitive" and "wonderfully educational" in a review for The Prescott Courier.[11] The book also won the 1975 German Youth Literature Award.[12] In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1966 to 1975, children's author John Rowe Townsend wrote, "The details of the girl's relationship with the wolves are totally absorbing, but as a story the book seems to me to be slightly deficient."[13]

The inclusion of Julie of the Wolves in elementary school reading lists has been challenged several times due to parental concerns regarding the attempted rape of the main character.[14] One of these incidents occurred in March 1996, when the book was removed from the sixth grade reading list in Pulaski Township, Pennsylvania, at the behest of parents who "complained of a graphic marital rape scene in the book".[14] It is number 32 on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999.[15]

2003 edition cover

In 2004, Martha Stackhouse, an Iñupiat teacher, reviewed the book.[16] Stackhouse points out the many inaccuracies in the book's portrayal of Iñupiat life, culture and language.[16] She also criticizes the author's harmful emphasis on exemplifying thin body types among girls.[16] Her review was published on the Alaska Native Knowledge Network and subsequently republished by Debbie Reese's American Indians in Children's Literature with the title "Not Recommended".[17]

Publication history

[edit]
  • 1972, USA, Harper and Row, ISBN 0-06-021943-2, Pub date 1972, Hardcover
  • 1974, USA, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-440058-1, Pub date February 10, 1974, Paperback
  • 1985, USA, HarperTrophy ISBN 0-06-021943-2, Pub date 1985, Paperback
  • 1977, Canada, Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 0-88-902374-3, Pub date 1977, Paperback
  • 1997, USA, HarperTrophy ISBN 0-06-440058-1, Pub date June 6, 1997, Paperback
  • 2003, USA, HarperTeen ISBN 0-06-054095-8, Pub date September 16, 2003, Paperback

Since its first publication, Julie of the Wolves has also been published in at least thirteen other languages, including Spanish, French, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese, and Japanese.[18]

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

[edit]

Julie of the Wolves has been adapted into a musical play, directed by Peter Dalto and written by Barbara Dana, with music by Chris Kubie and choreography by Fay Simpson.[19][20] The musical stars Briana Sakamoto as Julie, and a workshop production was held on May 16, 2004, at The Northern Westchester Center for the Arts' Kaufman Theater.[21] As of November 2005, Kubie notes on his website that "the journey of Julie Of The Wolves (the musical) continues as the writer Barbara Dana, prepares yet another rewrite."[20]

Jean Craighead George announced in November 2007 that the book is being adapted into a film by Robert and Andy Young Productions Inc.[22] Andy Young traveled to Nunavut in 2008 with the intention of finding a young Inuk or Inupiat to play the role of Julie, but stated in April 2008 that he was in discussion with a non-Inuk to play the role because they "didn't find the person that we felt was going to breathe the right kind of feeling into the story", and because they had resistance from would-be investors to using a first-time actress for the film. Young had also intended to shoot the film in Nunavut, but is considering shooting in Alaska because of the lack of roads joining Nunavut to Southern Canada as well as the area's "limited financial incentives for filmmakers from outside the territory".[23]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Julie's Choice in the UK[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Julie of the wolves". LOC.gov (1976 British ed.). Library of Congress. Retrieved 2015-11-10.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ a b c d "Julie of the wolves". LOC.gov (1st ed.). Library of Congress. Retrieved 2015-11-10.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ Honoring Alaska's Indigenous Literature.
  4. ^ "Julie of the wolves". LOC.gov (1973 British ed.). Library of Congress. Retrieved 2015-11-10. Sequel: Julie's choice. 1994.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ a b c d e Denega, Danielle (2004). A Reading Guide to Julie of the Wolves (PDF). Scholastic Inc. p. 64. ISBN 0-439-53835-1.
  6. ^ a b c Finn, Perdita (2001). Julie of the Wolves: Everything You Need for Successful Literature Circles That Get Kids Thinking, Talking, Writing-and Loving Literature. Teaching Resources/Scholastic. p. 32. ISBN 0-439-16359-5.
  7. ^ a b c "Jean Craighead George – Questions and Answers". Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  8. ^ a b Silvey, Anita (2005). 100 Best Books for Children: A Parent's Guide to Making the Right Choices for Your Young Reader, Toddler to Preteen. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-618-61877-5.
  9. ^ "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present". Association for Library Service to Children, American Library Association.
  10. ^ "National Book Awards – 1973". Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  11. ^ Halvorson, Mary Ellen (January 7, 1993). "Alaskan adventure teaches good lesson". The Prescott Courier. p. 5B. Retrieved 2008-11-01.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ "Book: Julie of the Wolves | Working Group For Young People's Literature". Arbeitskreis Jugendliteratur. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  13. ^ Townsend, John Rowe (1975). "A Decade of Newbery Books in Perspective". In Kingman, Lee (ed.). Newbery and Caldecott Medal Books: 1966-1975. Boston: The Horn Book, Incorporated. p. 149. ISBN 0-87675-003-X.
  14. ^ a b Foerstel, Herbert (2002). Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Greenwood Press. pp. 254–55. ISBN 0-313-31166-8.
  15. ^ "100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999". Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  16. ^ a b c Stackhouse, Martha. "Martha Stackhouse of Barrow Book Review on Julie of the Wolves By Jean Craighead George". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  17. ^ Reese, Debbie (2020-04-13). "Not Recommended: JULIE OF THE WOLVES by Jean Craighead George". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  18. ^ Formats and Editions of Julie of the wolves. WorldCat. OCLC 578045.
  19. ^ Mohn, Tanya (September 21, 2003). "After All the Books, Turning to the Adventure of a Musical". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  20. ^ a b Kubie, Chris (November 15, 2005). "Chris Kubie: Very Visual Music". Archived from the original on August 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  21. ^ Hershenson, Roberta (May 9, 2004). "footlights". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  22. ^ "Jean Craighead George – What's New". Archived from the original on 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2023-04-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  23. ^ "Finances hold back 2 high-profile Nunavut film shoots". CBC News. April 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
[edit]
Awards
Preceded by Newbery Medal recipient
1973 		Succeeded by
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