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{{short description|American writer (1923–1999)}}
{{Infobox Writer
{{other people}}
| name = Joseph Heller
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2012}}
| image =
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| caption = Joseph Heller, photo by Jerry Bauer
|name = Joseph Heller
| birth_date = [[May 1]], [[1923]] <ref name=UXL>"Joseph Heller." ''UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography''. 2003 ed. pg. 870</ref>
|image = File:Joseph Heller circa 1979.jpg
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]] <ref name=UXL/>
|caption = Heller {{circa|1979}}
| death_date = [[December 12]], [[1999]] <ref name=UXL/>
|birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1923|5|1}}
| death_place = [[Long Island]], [[New York]] <ref name=UXL/>
|birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| occupation = Novelist
|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1999|12|12|1923|5|1}}
| genre = Fiction
|death_place = [[East Hampton (town), New York|East Hampton, New York]], U.S.
| movement =
|resting_place= Cedar Lawn Cemetery<br />East Hampton, New York, U.S.
| magnum_opus = ''[[Catch-22]]''
|occupation = Writer<ref>{{Citation | last = Fine | first = Richard A | contribution = Joseph Heller | title = Critical Survey of Long Fiction | publisher = EBSCO | date = November 24, 2010}}.</ref>
| influences =
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|
| influenced = [[Robert Altman]], [[Kurt Vonnegut]]
| [[New York University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| footnotes =
| [[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) }}
|genre = Satire, [[black comedy]]
|movement =
|notableworks = ''[[Catch-22]]'', <br /> ''[[Something Happened]]''
|footnotes =
|signature = JosephHellerSig.png
|spouse=Shirley Held (1945–1984; divorced; 2 children)<br />Valerie Humphries (1987–1999; his death)
}}
}}
'''Joseph Heller''' (May 1, 1923 – December 12, 1999) was an American author of novels, short stories, plays, and screenplays. His best-known work is the 1961 novel ''[[Catch-22]]'', a satire on war and bureaucracy, whose title has become a synonym for an absurd or contradictory choice. He was nominated in [[1972 Nobel Prize in Literature|1972]] for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=16434|title=Nomination Archive - Joseph Heller|website=NobelPrize.org|date=March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>


==Early life==
'''Joseph Heller''' ([[May 1]], [[1923]] – [[December 12]], [[1999]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[satirical]] [[novelist]] and [[playwright]]. He wrote the influential ''[[Catch-22]]'' about American servicemen during [[World War II]]. It was this work that was the origination for the expression, 'catch 22', used commonly to express absurdity in choice.
Heller was born on May 1, 1923, in [[Coney Island]] in [[Brooklyn]],<ref name=UXL>{{Cite encyclopedia | contribution = Joseph Heller | title = UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography | year = 2003 | page = 870}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Heller Biography |url=https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/c/catch22/joseph-heller-biography |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=www.cliffsnotes.com}}</ref> son of poor Jewish parents, Lena and Isaac Donald Heller,<ref>{{Citation | last = Loveday | first = Veronica | title = Joseph Heller | isbn = 978-1-4298-0286-4 | year = 2005 | pages = 1–2 | publisher = History Reference Center. EBSCO}}.</ref> from Russia.<ref name="bbc">{{citation|title= Joseph Heller: Literary giant|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/563390.stm|date= December 14, 1999|publisher= BBC|access-date= 2007-08-30|archive-date= December 28, 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081228113403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/563390.stm|url-status= live}}</ref> Even as a child, he loved to write; as a teenager, he wrote a story about the [[Winter War|Soviet invasion of Finland]] and sent it to the ''[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]'', which rejected it.<ref name="plimpton">{{citation|last = Plimpton |first= George| newspaper= [[The Paris Review]] |url= http://www.theparisreview.com/media/3894_HELLER.pdf | title= The Art of Fiction 51: Joseph Heller | date =Winter 1974|issue=60 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070626194901/http://www.theparisreview.com/media/3894_HELLER.pdf |archive-date = 2007-06-26}}</ref> After graduating from [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn)|Abraham Lincoln High School]] in 1941,<ref>Hechinger, Fred M. [https://www.nytimes.com/1980/01/01/archives/about-education-personal-touch-helps-about-education-personal-touch.html "About education; Personal Touch Helps"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412210532/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/01/01/archives/about-education-personal-touch-helps-about-education-personal-touch.html |date=April 12, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 1, 1980. Retrieved 2009-09-20. "Lincoln, an ordinary, unselective New York City high school, is proud of a galaxy of prominent alumni, who include the playwright Arthur Miller, Representative Elizabeth Holtzman, the authors Joseph Heller and Ken Auletta, the producer Mel Brooks, the singer Neil Diamond and the songwriter Neil Sedaka."</ref><ref name = "hs">{{Citation|title=Abraham Lincoln High School|url=http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/StudentEnroll/HSAdmissions/HSDirectory/Book/?sid=633|publisher=New York City Schools | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061005012640/http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/StudentEnroll/HSAdmissions/HSDirectory/Book/?sid=633 |archive-date =2006-10-05}}</ref> Heller spent the next year working as a blacksmith's apprentice,<ref name= "cnnobit" /> a messenger boy, and a filing clerk.<ref name="bbc"/>


In 1942, at age 19, he joined the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]]. Two years later he was sent to the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Front]], where he flew 60 combat missions as a [[B-25]] [[Bombardier (air force)|bombardier]].<ref name="cnnobit">{{citation|title= Heller's legacy will be 'Catch-22' ideas|publisher= CNN|url= http://archives.cnn.com/1999/books/news/12/13/heller/|date= December 13, 1999|access-date= 2007-08-30|archive-date= November 5, 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105170031/http://archives.cnn.com/1999/books/news/12/13/heller/|url-status= live}}</ref> His unit was the [[488th Bombardment Squadron]], [[340th Flying Training Group|340th Bomb Group]], [[12th Air Force]]. Heller later remembered [[World War II|the war]] as "fun in the beginning ... You got the feeling that there was something glorious about it."<ref name="mallory"/> On his return home he "felt like a hero ... People think it quite remarkable that I was in combat in an airplane and I flew sixty missions even though I tell them that the missions were largely [[milk run]]s."<ref name="mallory">{{citation|last=Mallory|first=Carole|title=The Joe and Kurt Shoe|date=May 1992|url=https://scrapsfromtheloft.com/2017/09/28/interview-with-joseph-heller-and-kurt-vonnegut-1992-by-carole-mallory/|access-date=2018-10-06|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412210532/https://scrapsfromtheloft.com/2017/09/28/interview-with-joseph-heller-and-kurt-vonnegut-1992-by-carole-mallory/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Heller is widely regarded as one of the best post-World War satirists. Although he is remembered mostly by his landmark ''Catch 22'', his works, centered on the lives of various members of the middle-classes, remain exceptional exemplars of modern satire.


After the war, Heller studied English at the [[University of Southern California]] and then [[New York University]] on the [[G.I. Bill]], graduating from the latter institution in 1948.<ref name="kisor">{{cite news|last=Kisor|first=Henry|title = Soaring satirist|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=December 14, 1999}}</ref> In 1949, he received his M.A. in English from [[Columbia University]].<ref name="columbia">{{Cite web |title=Joseph Heller |url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/joseph_heller.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=c250.columbia.edu}}</ref> Following his graduation from Columbia, he spent a year as a [[Fulbright scholar]] in [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's Society, Oxford]]<ref name="Catz People">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stcatz.ox.ac.uk/college/catz-people#heller|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223100926/http://www.stcatz.ox.ac.uk/college/catz-people#heller|url-status=dead|title=Catz People|archive-date=December 23, 2012}}</ref> before teaching composition at [[Pennsylvania State University]] for two years (1950–52).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Heller|title=Joseph Heller &#124; American author|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=April 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421075409/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260414/Joseph-Heller|url-status=live}}</ref> He then briefly worked for [[Time Inc.]],<ref name="kisor"/> before taking a job as a copywriter at a small advertising agency,<ref name="cnnobit"/><ref>Advertising copywriter for ''Time'' (1952–56) and ''Look'' (1956–58) magazines; promotion manager for ''McCall's'' (1958–61): The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Last Updated 5-15-2014 [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260414/Joseph-Heller] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421075409/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260414/Joseph-Heller|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> where he worked alongside future [[novelist]] [[Mary Higgins Clark]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Clark | first = Mary Higgins |author-link=Mary Higgins Clark | title = Kitchen Privileges: A Memoir | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 2002 | pages = 48–49, 53 }}</ref> At home, Heller wrote. He was first published in 1948, when ''[[The Atlantic]]'' ran one of his short stories. The story nearly won the "Atlantic First".<ref name="plimpton"/>
==Biography==


He was married to Shirley Held from 1945 to 1981 and they had two children, Erica (born 1952) and Theodore (born 1956).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Young|first=Melanie|date=May 1981|title=Joseph Heller: A Critical Introduction|journal=Rice University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing|id={{ProQuest|303133063}}}}</ref>
Joseph Heller was born in Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, the son of poor Jewish parents. After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1941, Heller joined the Twelfth Air Force at age 19. He was stationed in Corsica, where he flew 60 combat missions as a B-25 bombardier. It was these experiences that later became the inspiration for his first novel, ''[[Catch-22]]''. After the war, he studied English at the University of Southern California and NYU. In 1949, Heller received his M.A. from Columbia University. From 1949-1950, he was a Fulbright scholar at Oxford University.


==Career==
===Catch 22 Controversy===


===''Catch-22''===
In April [[1998]], Lewis Pollock wrote to ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' for clarification as to "the amazing similarity of characters, personality traits, eccentricities, physical descriptions, personnel injuries and incidents" in ''Catch-22'' and a novel published in England in 1951. The book that spawned the request was written by [[Louis Falstein]] and titled ''[[The Sky is a Lonely Place]]'' in Britain and ''[[Face of a Hero]]'' in the United States. Falstein's novel was available two years before Heller wrote the first chapter of ''Catch-22'' ([[1953]]) while he was a student at [[Oxford]]. ''The Times'' stated: "Both have central characters who are using their wits to escape the aerial carnage; both are haunted by an omnipresent injured airman, invisible inside a white body cast". Stating he had never read Falstein's novel, or heard of him,[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19980428/ai_n10413175] Heller said: "My book came out in 1961[;] I find it funny that nobody else has noticed any similarities, including Falstein himself, who died just last year"(''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[April 27]], [[1998]]).
{{main|Catch-22}}


While sitting at home one morning in 1953, Heller thought of the lines, "It was love at first sight. The first time he saw the chaplain, [Yossarian] fell madly in love with him."<ref name="plimpton"/> Within the next day, he began to envision the story that could result from this beginning, and invented the characters, the plot, and the tone that the story would eventually take. Within a week, he had finished the first chapter and sent it to his agent. He did not do any more writing for the next year, as he planned the rest of the story.<ref name="plimpton"/> The initial chapter was published in 1955 as "Catch-18", in Issue 7 of ''New World Writing.''<ref name="aldridge"/>
[[Image:Something_Happened.jpg|thumb|''Something Happened'' (1974), 1995 Vintage paperback edition ISBN 9-780-09988980-9]]


Although he originally intended the story to be no longer than a [[Novella|novelette]], Heller was able to add enough substance to the plot that he felt it could become his first novel. When he was one-third done with the work, his agent, Candida Donadio, sent it to publishers. Heller was not particularly attached to the work, and decided that he would not finish it if publishers were not interested.<ref name="plimpton"/> The work was soon purchased by [[Simon & Schuster]], which gave him US$750 and promised him an additional $750 when the full manuscript was delivered.<ref name="aldridge"/> Heller missed his deadline by four to five years,<ref name="aldridge"/> but, after eight years of thought, delivered the novel to his publisher.<ref name="cnnobit"/>
==Works==
===Short stories===
* ''[[Catch As Catch Can: The Collected Stories and Other Writings]]'' ([[2003 in literature|2003]])
* ''[[Three Short Stories Of Utter Annoyance]]''


The finished novel describes the wartime experiences of Army Air Corps Captain [[John Yossarian]]. Yossarian devises multiple strategies to avoid combat missions, but the military bureaucracy is always able to find a way to make him stay.<ref name="cnn">{{citation|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9912/yearinreview.passages/content/books/heller.html|title=1999 Year in Review: Joseph Heller|date=December 1999|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070603055339/http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9912/yearinreview.passages/content/books/heller.html |archive-date =2007-06-03}}</ref> As Heller observed, "Everyone in my book accuses everyone else of being crazy. Frankly, I think the whole society is nuts – and the question is: What does a sane man do in an insane society?"<ref name="cnnobit"/>
===Autobiographies===
* ''[[No Laughing Matter (Book)|No Laughing Matter]]'' ([[1988 in literature|1988]])
* ''[[Now and Then: From Coney Island to Here (Joseph Heller book)|Now And Then]]'' ([[1998 in literature|1998]]).


Just before publication in 1961, the novel's title was changed to ''Catch-22'' to avoid confusion with [[Leon Uris]]' new novel, ''[[Mila 18]]''.<ref name="aldridge">{{citation|last=Aldridge|first=John W.|title=The Loony Horror of it All – 'Catch-22' Turns 25|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 26, 1986|page=Section 7, Page 3, Column 1|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-loony.html|access-date=2007-08-30|archive-date=November 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111081054/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-loony.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The novel was published in hardback in 1961 to mixed reviews, with the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' calling it "the best American novel in years",<ref name="kisor"/> while other critics derided it as "disorganized, unreadable, and crass".<ref name="shenker">{{Citation|last=Shenker|first=Israel|title=Joseph Heller Draws Dead Bead on the Politics of Gloom|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 10, 1968|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-politics.html|access-date=2007-08-30|archive-date=March 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316105325/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It sold only 30,000 hardback copies in the United States in its first year of publication. Reaction was very different in the UK, where, within one week of its publication, the novel was number one on the bestseller lists.<ref name="aldridge"/> In the years after its release in paperback in October 1962, however, ''Catch-22'' caught the imaginations of many [[baby boomer]]s, who identified with the novel's anti-war sentiments.<ref name="cnn"/> The book went on to sell 10&nbsp;million&nbsp;copies in the United States. The novel's title became a standard term in English and other languages for a dilemma with no easy way out. Now considered a classic, the book was listed at number 7 on [[Modern Library]]'s list of the top 100 novels of the century.<ref name="cnnobit"/> The [[United States Air Force Academy]] uses the novel to "help prospective officers recognize the dehumanizing aspects of bureaucracy."{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
===Novels===
* ''[[Catch 22]]'' ([[1961 in literature|1961]])
* ''[[Something Happened]]'' ([[1974 in literature|1974]])
* ''[[Good as Gold]]'' ([[1979 in literature|1979]])
* ''[[God Knows]]'' ([[1984 in literature|1984]])
* ''[[Picture This (novel)|Picture This]]'' ([[1988 in literature|1988]])
* ''[[Closing Time (novel)|Closing Time]]'' ([[1994 in literature|1994]])


The movie rights to the novel were purchased in 1962, and, combined with his royalties, made Heller a millionaire. [[Catch-22 (film)|The film]], which was directed by [[Mike Nichols]] and starred [[Alan Arkin]], [[Jon Voight]] and [[Orson Welles]], was not released until 1970.<ref name="bbc"/>
===Plays===
* ''[[We Bombed in New Haven]]'' ([[1967 in literature|1967]])
* ''[[Catch 22 (play)|Catch 22]]'' ([[1971 in literature|1971]])
* ''[[Clevinger's Trial]]'' ([[1973 in literature|1973]])


In April 1998, Lewis Pollock wrote to ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' for clarification as to "the amazing similarity of characters, personality traits, eccentricities, physical descriptions, personnel injuries and incidents" in ''Catch-22'' and a novel published in England in 1951. The book that spawned the request was written by [[Louis Falstein]] and titled ''The Sky Is a Lonely Place'' in Britain and ''[[Face of a Hero]]'' in the United States. Falstein's novel was available two years before Heller wrote the first chapter of ''Catch-22'' (1953). ''The Times'' stated: "Both have central characters who are using their wits to escape the aerial carnage; both are haunted by an omnipresent injured airman, invisible inside a white body cast". Stating he had never read Falstein's novel, or heard of him,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19980428/ai_n10413175 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121637/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19980428/ai_n10413175 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}(link broken)</ref> Heller said: "My book came out in 1961[;] I find it funny that nobody else has noticed any similarities, including Falstein himself, who died just last year".<ref>''[[The Washington Post]]'', April 27, 1998</ref>
== Quotations ==
{{wikiquote}}
*"When I read something saying I've not done anything as good as ''Catch-22'' I'm tempted to reply, 'Who has?'"


===Other works===
*"How much reverence can you have for a Supreme Being who finds it necessary to include such phenomena as phlegm and tooth decay in His divine system of Creation? What in the world was running through that warped, evil, scatological mind of His when He robbed old people of the power to control their bowel movements?"


Other works by Heller are examples of modern satire which center on the lives of members of the middle class.
*"Some men are born mediocre, some men achieve mediocrity, and some men have mediocrity thrust upon them."


Shortly after ''Catch-22'' was published, Heller thought of an idea for his next novel, which would become ''[[Something Happened]]'', but did not act on it for two years. In the meantime he focused on scripts, completing the final screenplay for the movie adaptation of [[Helen Gurley Brown]]'s ''[[Sex and the Single Girl]]'', as well as a television comedy script that eventually aired as part of ''[[McHale's Navy]]''.
*There's a big cocktail party on Martha's Vineyard. Someone comes up to Joseph Heller, and says, "Joe, see that guy over there? He's a hedge fund manager, and he made more money yesterday than you made on all the books you have ever published." Heller looks over, pauses and says, "Yeah, but I have something he'll never have: enough."


In 1967, Heller wrote a play called ''[[We Bombed in New Haven]]''. He completed the play in only six weeks, but spent a great deal of time working with the producers as it was brought to the stage.<ref name="plimpton"/> It delivered an anti-war message while discussing the [[Vietnam War]]. It was originally produced by the Repertory Company of the [[Yale Drama School]], with [[Stacy Keach]] in the starring role. After a slight revision, it was published by [[Alfred A. Knopf]] and then debuted on Broadway, starring [[Jason Robards]].<ref name="barnes">{{citation|last=Barnes|first=Clive|title=Theater:Heller's 'We Bombed in New Haven' Opens|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 17, 1968|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-bombed.html|access-date=2007-08-30|archive-date=April 10, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410084303/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-bombed.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Ever since Franklin Delano Roosevelt, every president has been worse than his predecessor."


Heller's follow-up novel, ''[[Something Happened]]'', was finally published in 1974. Critics were enthusiastic about the book, and both its hardcover and paperback editions reached number one on the ''New York Times'' bestseller list.<ref name="bbc"/>
== Trivia ==
Heller wrote another five novels, each of which took him several years to complete.<ref name="cnn"/> One of them, ''[[Closing Time (novel)|Closing Time]],'' revisited many of the characters from ''Catch-22'' as they adjusted to post-war New York.<ref name="cnn"/><ref name="abc"/> All of the novels sold respectably well, but could not duplicate the success of his first novel.<ref name="bbc"/> Told by an interviewer that he had never produced anything else as good as ''Catch-22'', Heller famously responded, "Who has?"<ref name=NYTobit>{{cite news|title= Joseph Heller, Darkly Surreal Novelist, Dies at 76|author1= Severo, Richard|author2= Mitgang, Herbert|newspaper= The New York Times|date= December 14, 1999|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/14/books/joseph-heller-darkly-surreal-novelist-dies-at-76.html?ref=joseph_heller|access-date= 2010-06-15|archive-date= April 21, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421195808/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/14/books/joseph-heller-darkly-surreal-novelist-dies-at-76.html?ref=joseph_heller|url-status= live}}</ref>
* Joseph Heller was friends with fellow satiric author (and World War II veteran and coeval) [[Kurt Vonnegut]], who wrote a review on his ''Something Happened''.

* In ''[[Timequake]]'' [[Kurt Vonnegut]] cites Joseph Heller's ''[[Catch-22]]'' as a 'must read'.
===Work process===
Heller did not begin work on a story until he had envisioned both a first and last line. The first sentence usually appeared to him "independent of any conscious preparation."<ref name="plimpton"/> In most cases, the sentence did not inspire a second sentence. At times, he would be able to write several pages before giving up on that hook. Usually, within an hour or so of receiving his inspiration, Heller would have mapped out a basic plot and characters for the story. When he was ready to begin writing, he focused on one paragraph at a time, until he had three or four handwritten pages, which he then spent several hours reworking.<ref name="plimpton"/>

Heller maintained that he did not "have a philosophy of life, or a need to organize its progression. My books are not constructed to 'say anything.{{' "}}<ref name="plimpton"/> Only when he was almost one-third finished with the novel would he gain a clear vision of what it should be about. At that point, with the idea solidified, he would rewrite all that he had finished and then continue to the end of the story.<ref name="abc">{{citation|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|last=Koval|first=Ramona|title=Joseph Heller – Closing Time|year=1998|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/bwriting/heller.htm|access-date=2007-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000306044602/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/bwriting/heller.htm|archive-date=March 6, 2000|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The finished version of the novel would often not begin or end with the sentences he had originally envisioned, although he usually tried to include the original opening sentence somewhere in the text.<ref name="plimpton"/>

==Later teaching career==
After the publication of ''Catch-22'', Heller resumed a part-time academic career as an adjunct professor of creative writing at [[Yale University]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>Muste, John M. "Joseph Heller." Magill's Survey of American Literature, Revised Edition (2007): EBSCO. Web. Nov 8, 2010.</ref> In the 1970s, Heller taught creative writing as a distinguished professor at the [[City College of New York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Joseph+Heller |title=Joseph Heller definition of Joseph Heller in the Free Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2011-12-05 |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102233836/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Joseph+Heller |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Illness==
On Sunday, December 13, 1981, Heller was diagnosed with [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]], a debilitating syndrome that left him temporarily paralyzed.<ref name="cnn"/> He was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Mount Sinai Medical Hospital the same day,<ref>{{harv|Heller|Vogel|1986|pp=23–34}}</ref> and remained there, bedridden, until his condition had improved enough to permit his transfer to the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine on January 26, 1982.<ref>{{harv|Heller|Vogel|1986|pp=170–174}}</ref> His illness and recovery are recounted at great length in the autobiographical ''[[No Laughing Matter (book)|No Laughing Matter]]'',<ref>{{harv|Heller|Vogel|1986}}</ref> which contains alternating chapters by Heller and his good friend [[Speed Vogel]]. The book describes the assistance and companionship Heller received during this period from a number of his prominent friends—[[Mel Brooks]], [[Mario Puzo]], [[Dustin Hoffman]] and [[George Mandel]] among them.<ref name="kisor"/>

Heller eventually made a substantial recovery. In 1987 he married Valerie Humphries, formerly one of his nurses.

==Later years==
Heller returned to St. Catherine's as a visiting Fellow, for a term, in 1991 and was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the college.<ref name="Catz People"/> In 1998, he released a memoir, ''[[Now and Then: From Coney Island to Here]]'', in which he relived his childhood as the son of a deliveryman and offered some details about the inspirations for ''[[Catch-22]]''.<ref name="kisor"/>

Heller was an agnostic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Conversations With Joseph Heller|year=1993|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-0878056354|author1=Joseph Heller |author2=Adam J. Sorkin |editor=Adam J. Sorkin|page=75|quote=Mandel: You are expressing an agnostic attitude toward reality and I am glad to see you so healthy. Heller: I realize that even if I received convincing physical evidence that there is a God and a heaven and hell, it wouldn't affect me one bit. I think the experience of life is more important than the experience of eternity. Life is short. Eternity never runs out.}}</ref>

He died of a heart attack at his home in [[East Hampton (town), New York|East Hampton]], on Long Island, in December 1999,<ref name="cnnobit"/><ref name=NYTobit/> shortly after the completion of his final novel, ''[[Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man]]''. On hearing of Heller's death, his friend [[Kurt Vonnegut]] said, "Oh, God, how terrible. This is a calamity for American literature."<ref name="NY Times">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/books/review/the-enigma-of-joseph-heller.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Blake | last=Bailey | title=The Enigma of Joseph Heller | date=August 26, 2011 | access-date=February 10, 2017 | archive-date=April 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421195813/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/books/review/the-enigma-of-joseph-heller.html?pagewanted=all | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Works==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}

===Novels===
* ''[[Catch-22]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Something Happened]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Good as Gold (novel)|Good as Gold]]'' (1979)
* ''[[God Knows (novel)|God Knows]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Picture This (novel)|Picture This]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Closing Time (novel)|Closing Time]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man]]'' (2000, posthumous)

===Short stories===
* “Love, Dad” (1969)
* “Yossarian Survives” (1987)
* "The Day Bush Left" (1990)
* ''[[Catch as Catch Can: The Collected Stories and Other Writings]]'' (2003, posthumous)
* "Almost Like Christmas" (2013, posthumous)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2013/07/almost_like_christmas_a_pre-ca.html |title = 'Almost Like Christmas,' story by Joseph Heller before 'Catch-22,' to be published|date = July 11, 2013}}</ref>{{col-break|gap=4em}}

===Plays===
* ''[[We Bombed in New Haven]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Catch-22 (play)|Catch-22]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Clevinger’s Trial]]'' (1973)

===Screenplays===
* ''[[Sex and the Single Girl (film)|Sex and the Single Girl]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Casino Royale (1967 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (1967) (uncredited)
* ''[[Dirty Dingus Magee]]'' (1970)

===Teleplay===
* ''[[McHale's Navy]]'', episode four, "PT 73, Where Are You?" (1962)

===Autobiographies===
* ''[[No Laughing Matter (book)|No Laughing Matter]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Now and Then (Joseph Heller book)|Now And Then]]'' (1998)
{{col-end}}

==Reviews==
* [[Frederic Lindsay|Lindsay, Frederic]] (1975), review of ''Something Happened'', in Burnett, Ray (ed.), ''Calgacus'' 2, Summer 1975, pp.&nbsp;59 & 60, {{issn|0307-2029}}


==References==
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}

'''Bibliography'''
* {{Citation |title=No Laughing Matter |last=Heller |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Heller |last2=Vogel |first2=Speed |year=1986 |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |isbn=0-399-13086-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nolaughingmatter00hell }}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/amlit/heller.html A Joseph Heller Archive at the University at South Carolina's Thomas Cooper Library]
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/bwriting/heller.htm A conversation with Joseph Heller]
* [https://archives.library.sc.edu/repositories/5/resources/103 Joseph Heller papers at the University of South Carolina Department of Rare Books and Special Collections]
* [http://wiredforbooks.org/josephheller/ 1984 and 1986 audio interview with Joseph Heller by Don Swaim of CBS Radio, RealAudio]
*[http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/markers/postwar/postwar.html Joseph Heller's Penn State University historical marker]
* [https://archives.library.sc.edu/repositories/5/resources/944 Collection of Joseph Heller manuscripts and speeches at the University of South Carolina Department of Rare Books and Special Collections]
* [https://archives.library.sc.edu/repositories/5/resources/115 Sylvia Heller Gurian papers at the University of South Carolina Department of Rare Books and Special Collections]
*[http://www.theparisreview.com/viewinterview.php/prmMID/3894 ''The Paris Review'' interview]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/bookshow/stories/2008/2266926.htm#transcript Transcript] of conversation with [[Ramona Koval]], [[ABC Radio National]], recorded 1998 and rebroadcast on ''[[The Book Show]]'', June 9, 2008
*{{IBList |type=author|id=334|name=Joseph Heller}}
* [http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/markers/postwar.html Joseph Heller's Penn State University historical marker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516145947/http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/markers/postwar.html |date=May 16, 2011 }}
* {{Citation| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3894/the-art-of-fiction-no-51-joseph-heller| journal= The Paris Review| volume= Winter 1974| title=Joseph Heller, The Art of Fiction No. 51| issue= 60| date=Winter 1974| author=Plimpton, George| author-link=George Plimpton|postscript=. }}
* {{IBList |type=author|id=334|name=Joseph Heller}}
* {{C-SPAN|39917}}
* {{IMDb name|nm0375342}}


{{Heller}}
{{Heller|state=expanded}}
{{Catch-22}}


{{Authority control}}
[[Category:American novelists|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:American satirists|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:American short story writers|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:American dramatists and playwrights|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:Postmodernists|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:Postmodern literature|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State University faculty|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:United States Army officers|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:Copywriters|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:1923 births|Heller, Joseph]]
[[Category:1999 deaths|Heller, Joseph]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Heller, Joseph}}
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[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
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[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]
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[[Category:American agnostics]]
[[pt:Joseph Heller]]
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[[Category:American male short story writers]]
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[[Category:American satirical novelists]]
[[Category:American satirists]]
[[Category:Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish agnostics]]
[[Category:Jewish American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Jewish American novelists]]
[[Category:Jewish American short story writers]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
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[[Category:Novelists from Pennsylvania]]
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[[Category:United States Army Air Forces officers]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Writers from Brooklyn]]

Latest revision as of 22:26, 5 October 2024

Joseph Heller
Heller c. 1979
Heller c. 1979
Born(1923-05-01)May 1, 1923
New York City, U.S.
DiedDecember 12, 1999(1999-12-12) (aged 76)
East Hampton, New York, U.S.
Resting placeCedar Lawn Cemetery
East Hampton, New York, U.S.
OccupationWriter[1]
Alma mater
GenreSatire, black comedy
Notable worksCatch-22,
Something Happened
SpouseShirley Held (1945–1984; divorced; 2 children)
Valerie Humphries (1987–1999; his death)
Signature

Joseph Heller (May 1, 1923 – December 12, 1999) was an American author of novels, short stories, plays, and screenplays. His best-known work is the 1961 novel Catch-22, a satire on war and bureaucracy, whose title has become a synonym for an absurd or contradictory choice. He was nominated in 1972 for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[2]

Early life

[edit]

Heller was born on May 1, 1923, in Coney Island in Brooklyn,[3][4] son of poor Jewish parents, Lena and Isaac Donald Heller,[5] from Russia.[6] Even as a child, he loved to write; as a teenager, he wrote a story about the Soviet invasion of Finland and sent it to the New York Daily News, which rejected it.[7] After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1941,[8][9] Heller spent the next year working as a blacksmith's apprentice,[10] a messenger boy, and a filing clerk.[6]

In 1942, at age 19, he joined the U.S. Army Air Corps. Two years later he was sent to the Italian Front, where he flew 60 combat missions as a B-25 bombardier.[10] His unit was the 488th Bombardment Squadron, 340th Bomb Group, 12th Air Force. Heller later remembered the war as "fun in the beginning ... You got the feeling that there was something glorious about it."[11] On his return home he "felt like a hero ... People think it quite remarkable that I was in combat in an airplane and I flew sixty missions even though I tell them that the missions were largely milk runs."[11]

After the war, Heller studied English at the University of Southern California and then New York University on the G.I. Bill, graduating from the latter institution in 1948.[12] In 1949, he received his M.A. in English from Columbia University.[13] Following his graduation from Columbia, he spent a year as a Fulbright scholar in St Catherine's Society, Oxford[14] before teaching composition at Pennsylvania State University for two years (1950–52).[15] He then briefly worked for Time Inc.,[12] before taking a job as a copywriter at a small advertising agency,[10][16] where he worked alongside future novelist Mary Higgins Clark.[17] At home, Heller wrote. He was first published in 1948, when The Atlantic ran one of his short stories. The story nearly won the "Atlantic First".[7]

He was married to Shirley Held from 1945 to 1981 and they had two children, Erica (born 1952) and Theodore (born 1956).[18]

Career

[edit]

Catch-22

[edit]

While sitting at home one morning in 1953, Heller thought of the lines, "It was love at first sight. The first time he saw the chaplain, [Yossarian] fell madly in love with him."[7] Within the next day, he began to envision the story that could result from this beginning, and invented the characters, the plot, and the tone that the story would eventually take. Within a week, he had finished the first chapter and sent it to his agent. He did not do any more writing for the next year, as he planned the rest of the story.[7] The initial chapter was published in 1955 as "Catch-18", in Issue 7 of New World Writing.[19]

Although he originally intended the story to be no longer than a novelette, Heller was able to add enough substance to the plot that he felt it could become his first novel. When he was one-third done with the work, his agent, Candida Donadio, sent it to publishers. Heller was not particularly attached to the work, and decided that he would not finish it if publishers were not interested.[7] The work was soon purchased by Simon & Schuster, which gave him US$750 and promised him an additional $750 when the full manuscript was delivered.[19] Heller missed his deadline by four to five years,[19] but, after eight years of thought, delivered the novel to his publisher.[10]

The finished novel describes the wartime experiences of Army Air Corps Captain John Yossarian. Yossarian devises multiple strategies to avoid combat missions, but the military bureaucracy is always able to find a way to make him stay.[20] As Heller observed, "Everyone in my book accuses everyone else of being crazy. Frankly, I think the whole society is nuts – and the question is: What does a sane man do in an insane society?"[10]

Just before publication in 1961, the novel's title was changed to Catch-22 to avoid confusion with Leon Uris' new novel, Mila 18.[19] The novel was published in hardback in 1961 to mixed reviews, with the Chicago Sun-Times calling it "the best American novel in years",[12] while other critics derided it as "disorganized, unreadable, and crass".[21] It sold only 30,000 hardback copies in the United States in its first year of publication. Reaction was very different in the UK, where, within one week of its publication, the novel was number one on the bestseller lists.[19] In the years after its release in paperback in October 1962, however, Catch-22 caught the imaginations of many baby boomers, who identified with the novel's anti-war sentiments.[20] The book went on to sell 10 million copies in the United States. The novel's title became a standard term in English and other languages for a dilemma with no easy way out. Now considered a classic, the book was listed at number 7 on Modern Library's list of the top 100 novels of the century.[10] The United States Air Force Academy uses the novel to "help prospective officers recognize the dehumanizing aspects of bureaucracy."[citation needed]

The movie rights to the novel were purchased in 1962, and, combined with his royalties, made Heller a millionaire. The film, which was directed by Mike Nichols and starred Alan Arkin, Jon Voight and Orson Welles, was not released until 1970.[6]

In April 1998, Lewis Pollock wrote to The Sunday Times for clarification as to "the amazing similarity of characters, personality traits, eccentricities, physical descriptions, personnel injuries and incidents" in Catch-22 and a novel published in England in 1951. The book that spawned the request was written by Louis Falstein and titled The Sky Is a Lonely Place in Britain and Face of a Hero in the United States. Falstein's novel was available two years before Heller wrote the first chapter of Catch-22 (1953). The Times stated: "Both have central characters who are using their wits to escape the aerial carnage; both are haunted by an omnipresent injured airman, invisible inside a white body cast". Stating he had never read Falstein's novel, or heard of him,[22] Heller said: "My book came out in 1961[;] I find it funny that nobody else has noticed any similarities, including Falstein himself, who died just last year".[23]

Other works

[edit]

Other works by Heller are examples of modern satire which center on the lives of members of the middle class.

Shortly after Catch-22 was published, Heller thought of an idea for his next novel, which would become Something Happened, but did not act on it for two years. In the meantime he focused on scripts, completing the final screenplay for the movie adaptation of Helen Gurley Brown's Sex and the Single Girl, as well as a television comedy script that eventually aired as part of McHale's Navy.

In 1967, Heller wrote a play called We Bombed in New Haven. He completed the play in only six weeks, but spent a great deal of time working with the producers as it was brought to the stage.[7] It delivered an anti-war message while discussing the Vietnam War. It was originally produced by the Repertory Company of the Yale Drama School, with Stacy Keach in the starring role. After a slight revision, it was published by Alfred A. Knopf and then debuted on Broadway, starring Jason Robards.[24]

Heller's follow-up novel, Something Happened, was finally published in 1974. Critics were enthusiastic about the book, and both its hardcover and paperback editions reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list.[6] Heller wrote another five novels, each of which took him several years to complete.[20] One of them, Closing Time, revisited many of the characters from Catch-22 as they adjusted to post-war New York.[20][25] All of the novels sold respectably well, but could not duplicate the success of his first novel.[6] Told by an interviewer that he had never produced anything else as good as Catch-22, Heller famously responded, "Who has?"[26]

Work process

[edit]

Heller did not begin work on a story until he had envisioned both a first and last line. The first sentence usually appeared to him "independent of any conscious preparation."[7] In most cases, the sentence did not inspire a second sentence. At times, he would be able to write several pages before giving up on that hook. Usually, within an hour or so of receiving his inspiration, Heller would have mapped out a basic plot and characters for the story. When he was ready to begin writing, he focused on one paragraph at a time, until he had three or four handwritten pages, which he then spent several hours reworking.[7]

Heller maintained that he did not "have a philosophy of life, or a need to organize its progression. My books are not constructed to 'say anything.'"[7] Only when he was almost one-third finished with the novel would he gain a clear vision of what it should be about. At that point, with the idea solidified, he would rewrite all that he had finished and then continue to the end of the story.[25] The finished version of the novel would often not begin or end with the sentences he had originally envisioned, although he usually tried to include the original opening sentence somewhere in the text.[7]

Later teaching career

[edit]

After the publication of Catch-22, Heller resumed a part-time academic career as an adjunct professor of creative writing at Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania.[27] In the 1970s, Heller taught creative writing as a distinguished professor at the City College of New York.[28]

Illness

[edit]

On Sunday, December 13, 1981, Heller was diagnosed with Guillain–Barré syndrome, a debilitating syndrome that left him temporarily paralyzed.[20] He was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Mount Sinai Medical Hospital the same day,[29] and remained there, bedridden, until his condition had improved enough to permit his transfer to the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine on January 26, 1982.[30] His illness and recovery are recounted at great length in the autobiographical No Laughing Matter,[31] which contains alternating chapters by Heller and his good friend Speed Vogel. The book describes the assistance and companionship Heller received during this period from a number of his prominent friends—Mel Brooks, Mario Puzo, Dustin Hoffman and George Mandel among them.[12]

Heller eventually made a substantial recovery. In 1987 he married Valerie Humphries, formerly one of his nurses.

Later years

[edit]

Heller returned to St. Catherine's as a visiting Fellow, for a term, in 1991 and was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the college.[14] In 1998, he released a memoir, Now and Then: From Coney Island to Here, in which he relived his childhood as the son of a deliveryman and offered some details about the inspirations for Catch-22.[12]

Heller was an agnostic.[32]

He died of a heart attack at his home in East Hampton, on Long Island, in December 1999,[10][26] shortly after the completion of his final novel, Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man. On hearing of Heller's death, his friend Kurt Vonnegut said, "Oh, God, how terrible. This is a calamity for American literature."[33]

Works

[edit]

Reviews

[edit]
  • Lindsay, Frederic (1975), review of Something Happened, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), Calgacus 2, Summer 1975, pp. 59 & 60, ISSN 0307-2029

References

[edit]

Notes

  1. ^ Fine, Richard A (November 24, 2010), "Joseph Heller", Critical Survey of Long Fiction, EBSCO.
  2. ^ "Nomination Archive - Joseph Heller". NobelPrize.org. March 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  3. ^ "Joseph Heller". UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2003. p. 870..
  4. ^ "Joseph Heller Biography". www.cliffsnotes.com. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  5. ^ Loveday, Veronica (2005), Joseph Heller, History Reference Center. EBSCO, pp. 1–2, ISBN 978-1-4298-0286-4.
  6. ^ a b c d e Joseph Heller: Literary giant, BBC, December 14, 1999, archived from the original on December 28, 2008, retrieved August 30, 2007
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Plimpton, George (Winter 1974), "The Art of Fiction 51: Joseph Heller" (PDF), The Paris Review, no. 60, archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2007
  8. ^ Hechinger, Fred M. "About education; Personal Touch Helps" Archived April 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, January 1, 1980. Retrieved 2009-09-20. "Lincoln, an ordinary, unselective New York City high school, is proud of a galaxy of prominent alumni, who include the playwright Arthur Miller, Representative Elizabeth Holtzman, the authors Joseph Heller and Ken Auletta, the producer Mel Brooks, the singer Neil Diamond and the songwriter Neil Sedaka."
  9. ^ Abraham Lincoln High School, New York City Schools, archived from the original on October 5, 2006
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Heller's legacy will be 'Catch-22' ideas, CNN, December 13, 1999, archived from the original on November 5, 2013, retrieved August 30, 2007
  11. ^ a b Mallory, Carole (May 1992), The Joe and Kurt Shoe, archived from the original on April 12, 2020, retrieved October 6, 2018
  12. ^ a b c d e Kisor, Henry (December 14, 1999). "Soaring satirist". Chicago Sun-Times.
  13. ^ "Joseph Heller". c250.columbia.edu. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  14. ^ a b "Catz People". Archived from the original on December 23, 2012.
  15. ^ "Joseph Heller | American author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  16. ^ Advertising copywriter for Time (1952–56) and Look (1956–58) magazines; promotion manager for McCall's (1958–61): The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Last Updated 5-15-2014 [1] Archived April 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Clark, Mary Higgins (2002), Kitchen Privileges: A Memoir, Simon & Schuster, pp. 48–49, 53
  18. ^ Young, Melanie (May 1981). "Joseph Heller: A Critical Introduction". Rice University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest 303133063.
  19. ^ a b c d e Aldridge, John W. (October 26, 1986), "The Loony Horror of it All – 'Catch-22' Turns 25", The New York Times, p. Section 7, Page 3, Column 1, archived from the original on November 11, 2017, retrieved August 30, 2007
  20. ^ a b c d e 1999 Year in Review: Joseph Heller, CNN, December 1999, archived from the original on June 3, 2007
  21. ^ Shenker, Israel (September 10, 1968), "Joseph Heller Draws Dead Bead on the Politics of Gloom", The New York Times, archived from the original on March 16, 2017, retrieved August 30, 2007
  22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)(link broken)
  23. ^ The Washington Post, April 27, 1998
  24. ^ Barnes, Clive (October 17, 1968), "Theater:Heller's 'We Bombed in New Haven' Opens", The New York Times, archived from the original on April 10, 2009, retrieved August 30, 2007
  25. ^ a b Koval, Ramona (1998), Joseph Heller – Closing Time, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, archived from the original on March 6, 2000, retrieved August 30, 2007
  26. ^ a b Severo, Richard; Mitgang, Herbert (December 14, 1999). "Joseph Heller, Darkly Surreal Novelist, Dies at 76". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  27. ^ Muste, John M. "Joseph Heller." Magill's Survey of American Literature, Revised Edition (2007): EBSCO. Web. Nov 8, 2010.
  28. ^ "Joseph Heller definition of Joseph Heller in the Free Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  29. ^ (Heller & Vogel 1986, pp. 23–34)
  30. ^ (Heller & Vogel 1986, pp. 170–174)
  31. ^ (Heller & Vogel 1986)
  32. ^ Joseph Heller; Adam J. Sorkin (1993). Adam J. Sorkin (ed.). Conversations With Joseph Heller. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 75. ISBN 978-0878056354. Mandel: You are expressing an agnostic attitude toward reality and I am glad to see you so healthy. Heller: I realize that even if I received convincing physical evidence that there is a God and a heaven and hell, it wouldn't affect me one bit. I think the experience of life is more important than the experience of eternity. Life is short. Eternity never runs out.
  33. ^ Bailey, Blake (August 26, 2011). "The Enigma of Joseph Heller". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  34. ^ "'Almost Like Christmas,' story by Joseph Heller before 'Catch-22,' to be published". July 11, 2013.

Bibliography

[edit]