Eastman tunnel: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Collapsed tunnel in Minneapolis, Minnesota}} |
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[[Image:Hennepin_Island_Tunnel_collapse_1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|<center>1869 Hennepin Island tunnel collapse near [[St. Anthony Falls]].</center>]] |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}} |
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'''Hennepin Island tunnel''' was a 2,500-foot-long underground passage in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]] dug beneath the [[Mississippi River]] riverbed between 1868 and 1869 to create a downstream [[spillway]] for hydro plants, milling and lumber business located upstream of [[St. Anthony Falls]]. The tunnel ran parallel with downstream from [[Nicollet Island]], beneath [[Hennepin Island]], and exited below St. Anthony Falls.<ref>Parker, Dick. ([[October 30]], [[2006]]) [[Star Tribune]] ''Retro: Saving St. Anthony Falls in 1869. Mississippi gorge almost eats Minneapolis' heart.'' Section news; page 3B.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mpls.lib.mn.us/history/eh5.asp |title= Falls of St. Anthony |accessdate = 2007-08-02 |work= A History of Minneapolis |publisher= Minnesota Public Library}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mvp.usace.army.mil/history/engineering/ Engineering the Falls: The Corps Role at St. Anthony Falls] - an article on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers website covering the history and geology of St. Anthony Falls.</ref><ref>[http://www.minneapolis-riverfront.com Minneapolis' official promotional site for the riverfront district]</ref> |
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{{Infobox NRHP |
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| name = Eastman tunnel |
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| nrhp_type = cp |
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| nocat = yes |
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| partof = [[St. Anthony Falls Historic District]] |
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| partof_refnum = 71000438 |
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| image = Hennepin Island Tunnel collapse 1.JPG |
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| caption = 1869 Eastman tunnel collapse near [[Saint Anthony Falls]] |
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| location = [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]] |
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| architect = |
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| architecture = |
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| builder = W. W. Eastman |
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| built = 1868 started |
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| added = |
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| refnum = |
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}} |
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The '''Eastman tunnel''', also called the '''Hennepin Island tunnel''', was a {{Convert|2000|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|-2}} underground passage in Saint Anthony, Minnesota (now [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]), dug beneath the [[Mississippi River]] riverbed between 1868 and 1869 to create a [[Water wheel|tailrace]] so water-powered business could be located upstream of [[Saint Anthony Falls]] on [[Nicollet Island]]. The tunnel ran downstream from Nicollet Island, beneath [[Hennepin Island]], and exited below Saint Anthony Falls. |
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During construction of the tunnel, on [[October 5]], [[1869]], the river broke through the thin layer of [[limestone]] separating the river's bed from the tunnel. The rushing river scoured the tunnel, caving in parts of Hennepin Island and causing the earth supporting St. Anthony Falls to collapse upstream. There was serious concern that the riverbed would crumble and reduce St. Anthony Falls to a long set of rapids. However, within a few weeks, dams were built to divert the river and stop St. Anthony Falls from being washed away. The fix was temporary and the 1870 spring floods tore up some of the new dams and swept away more of Hennepin Island. By the fall of 1870, the riverbed and banks were stabilized and a wooden apron capped St. Anthony Falls to stop the upstream progression of the collapsing falls. As a direct result of the collapse of the Hennepin Island tunnel, St. Anthony Falls ultimately received a sloping concrete apron to create an artificial falls that are held out as the only major waterfall on the Mississippi River. |
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During construction of the tunnel on October 5, 1869, the river broke through the thin layer of [[limestone]] separating the river's bed from the tunnel. The rushing river scoured the tunnel, caving in parts of Hennepin Island and causing the earth supporting Saint Anthony Falls to collapse upstream. There was serious concern that the riverbed would crumble and reduce Saint Anthony Falls to a long set of rapids. Within a few weeks, dams were built to divert the river and stop Saint Anthony Falls from being washed away. The fix was temporary as the 1870 spring floods damaged some of the new dams and swept away more of Hennepin Island. The final fix for the tunnel disaster was a concrete dike constructed by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]. The Corps also built a protective sloping wood timber apron to create an artificial waterfall which remains the only major waterfall on the Mississippi River. |
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The site of the tunnel is located just upstream from the 2007 collapsed [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]]. |
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The Eastman tunnel is a [[contributing property|contributing resource]] to the [[St. Anthony Falls Historic District]]. The District is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].{{sfn|Nomination|1971|pp=pdf 83–84}} |
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==History== |
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Hennepin Island was named after [[explorer]], [[Catholic priest]], and [[Franciscan]] [[missionary]] [[Father Louis Hennepin|Louis Hennepin]] ([[12 May]], [[1626]] – [[c.]] [[1705]]). In 1865, entrepreneurs William W. Eastman and John L. Merriam had bought its sister island, Nicollet Island, with the idea of creating a tunnel from Nicollet Island under St. Anthony Falls to provide for-profit spillway services to the many milling and lumber business located upstream of St. Anthony Falls.<ref name="falls">McAuliffe, Bill. (September 29, 1997) [[Star Tribune]] ''Time capsule: "The falls are going out!"'' Section news; page 1B.</ref> The tunnel was to be part of a system of waterworks that supported the industries driving Minneapolis' growth.<ref name="falls"/> The project was designed to create more industry on Nicollet Island through the waterpower.<ref name="damage">Benidt, Bruce. (November 15, 1987) [[Star Tribune]] ''River has powerful history of damage at falls.'' Section: news; Page 7B.</ref> |
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The site of the tunnel is about a mile upstream from the site of the [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] that collapsed in 2007. |
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St. Anthony Falls are made up of a hard limestone cap over soft sandstone.<ref name="falls"/> 10,000 years ago the falls were located near present-day [[Fort Snelling, Minnesota]] at the mouth of the [[glacial River Warren]].<ref name="falls"/><ref name="damage"/> However, in the succeeding millenia, the river had been washing away the sandstone and undermining the limestone lip of St. Anthony Falls, causing the falls to slowly retreat upriver near its present location.<ref name="falls"/><ref name="heart">Parker, Dick. (October 30, 2006) [[Star Tribune]] ''Retro: Saving St. Anthony Falls in 1869. Mississippi gorge almost eats Minneapolis' heart.'' Section news; page 3B.</ref> |
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== Background == |
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In 1868, workers began to dig a 2,500-foot-long tunnel beneath the riverbed from Nicollet Island downstream under Hennepin Island, exiting below the falls.<ref name="damage"/><ref name="heart"/> For the next year, workers dug in the soft sandstone beneath the thin layer of limestone that forms the river's bed.<ref name="damage"/> However, by October 1869, water began seeping into the tunnel from above.<ref name="damage"/> |
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Hennepin Island was named after explorer, Catholic priest, and Franciscan missionary Father [[Louis Hennepin]]. In 1865, entrepreneurs William W. Eastman and John L. Merriam had bought its sister island, Nicollet Island, which is {{convert|700|ft|m}} or more above the falls. Eastman and Merriam (and two partners) planned to build a tailrace tunnel from Nicollet Island under Saint Anthony Falls to provide for-profit waterpower for milling and lumber businesses located on Nicollet Island.<ref name="falls">{{Cite news |last=McAuliffe |first=Bill |date=September 29, 1997 |work=[[Star Tribune]] |location=Minneapolis |title=Time Capsule: 'The Falls Are Going Out!' |page=1B}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Engineering">{{cite web|title=Engineering the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls|url=https://www.mvp.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/626089/engineering-the-falls-the-corps-of-engineers-role-at-st-anthony-falls/|url-status=live|publisher=US Army Corps of Engineers|accessdate=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019172609/http://www.mvp.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/626089/engineering-the-falls-the-corps-of-engineers-role-at-st-anthony-falls/ |archive-date=October 19, 2016 }}</ref> |
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The tunnel was to be part of a system of waterworks that supported the industries driving Minneapolis' growth.<ref name="falls" /> The project was designed to create more industry on [[Nicollet Island]] through waterpower.<ref name="damage">{{Cite news |last=Benidt |first=Bruce |date=November 15, 1987 |work=Star Tribune |location=Minneapolis |title=River Has Powerful History of Damage at Falls |page=7B}}</ref> |
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Saint Anthony Falls are made up of a hard limestone cap over soft sandstone.<ref name="falls" /> Ten thousand years ago the falls were located near present-day [[Fort Snelling]], at the confluence of the Mississippi River and [[glacial River Warren]]<ref name="falls" /><ref name="damage" /> (now the Minnesota River). In the succeeding millennia, the river had been washing away the sandstone and undermining the limestone lip of Saint Anthony Falls, causing the falls to slowly retreat upriver to their present location.<ref name="falls" /><ref name="heart">{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Dick |date=October 30, 2006 |work=Star Tribune |location=Minneapolis |title=Retro: Saving Saint Anthony Falls in 1869; Mississippi Gorge Almost Eats Minneapolis' Heart |page=3B}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Hennepin_Island_Tunnel_collapse_2.JPG|thumb|left|250px|<center>Photo taken shortly after the Hennepin Island tunnel collapse. The scene is of a group of men sorting logs on [[Nicollet Island]] looking toward [[St. Anthony Falls]]. A [[barge]] can be seen in foreground and St. Anthony buildings are in the background.</center>]] |
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The limestone cap is increasingly thinning through the falls area and above, and ends about {{convert|1,200|ft|m}} above the falls. In a short time, geologically speaking, the falls would migrate to the end of the cap and become a rapids.<ref name="Engineering" /> |
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On [[October 5]], [[1869]], the river broke through the thin layer of limestone separating the river's bed from the tunnel.<ref name="damage"/> The rushing river scoured the tunnel, caving in parts of Hennepin Island and causing the earth supporting St. Anthony Falls to collapse upstream.<ref name="falls"/><ref name="damage"/> There was immediate, serious concern that the riverbed would crumble and reduce St. Anthony Falls to a long set of rapids.<ref name="damage"/> One witness remembered,<blockquote>"Proprietors of stores hastened to the falls, taking their clerks with them; bakers deserted their ovens, lumbermen were ordered from the mills, barbers left their customers unshorn; mechanics dropped their tools; lawyers shut up their books or stopped pleading in the courts; physicians abandoned their offices. Through the streets, hurrying hundreds were seen on their way to the falls."<ref name="damage"/></blockquote> |
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== History == |
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Work started immediately to plug the tunnel and hundreds of volunteers used timbers and stones.<ref name="falls"/><ref name="damage"/> However, the river easily washed these out of the tunnel.<ref name="damage"/> Within a few weeks, the plug held and dams were built to divert the river and stop St. Anthony Falls from being washed away.<ref name="falls"/><ref name="damage"/> The fix was temporary and the 1870 spring floods tore up some of the new dams and swept away more of Hennepin Island.<ref name="damage"/> In addition, the earth support below the Summit flour mill, Moulton's planing mill and a wheat storehouse were undermined and each of these was tipped into the river.<ref name="damage"/> |
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In 1868, workers began to dig a {{Convert|2500|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} tunnel from below the falls, under Hennepin Island, under the riverbed to Nicollet Island.<ref name="damage" /><ref name="heart" /> |
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<ref>''Tunnel location'' – in "coordinates", is an approximation based on a map on an interpretive panel at the [[Hennepin Island Hydroelectric Plant | Water Power Park]]. The tunnel goes to approximately the south end of Nicollet Island, and in a straight line from those points to the downstream end of Hennepin Island. </ref> |
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<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anfinson |first1=John |display-authors=etal |title=River of History: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi |url=https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/historyculture/upload/hrs-full-comp.pdf |website=NPS |publisher=COE & NPS – National River and Recreation Area |access-date=January 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110135/https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/historyculture/upload/hrs-full-comp.pdf |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |date=2003}} p. 129 Map showing the tunnel.</ref> |
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For the next year, workers dug in the soft sandstone beneath the thin layer of limestone that forms the river's bed.<ref name="damage" /> By October 1869, with about {{convert|2,000|ft|m}} of tunnel dug and the tunnel near Nicollet Island, water had begun seeping into the tunnel from above.<ref name="damage" /><ref name="Engineering" /> |
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[[File:Hennepin Island Tunnel collapse 2.JPG|thumb|left|Photo taken shortly after the Eastman tunnel collapse. The scene is of a group of men sorting logs on [[Nicollet Island]] looking toward [[Saint Anthony Falls]]. A [[barge]] is visible in foreground and Minneapolis buildings are in the background.]] |
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By the fall of 1870, the riverbed and banks were stabilized and a wooden apron capped St. Anthony Falls to stop the upstream progression of the collapsing falls.<ref name="damage"/> The apron buried the falls' jagged rocks and large waterfall cataract and tamed the falls' tumbling water.<ref name="damage"/> |
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On October 5, 1869, the river broke through the thin layer of limestone separating the river's bed from the tunnel.<ref name="damage" /> The rushing river scoured the tunnel, caving in parts of Hennepin Island and causing the earth supporting Saint Anthony Falls to collapse upstream.<ref name="falls" /><ref name="damage" /> There was immediate, serious concern that the riverbed would crumble and reduce Saint Anthony Falls to a long set of rapids.<ref name="damage" /> One witness remembered, "Proprietors of stores hastened to the falls, taking their clerks with them; bakers deserted their ovens, lumbermen were ordered from the mills, barbers left their customers unshorn; mechanics dropped their tools; lawyers shut up their books or stopped pleading in the courts; physicians abandoned their offices. Through the streets, hurrying hundreds were seen on their way to the falls."<ref name="damage" /> |
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Work started immediately to plug the tunnel and hundreds of volunteers used timbers and stones.<ref name="falls" /><ref name="damage" /> The river easily washed these out of the tunnel.<ref name="damage" /> Within a few weeks, the plug held and dams were built to divert the river and stop Saint Anthony Falls from being washed away.<ref name="falls" /><ref name="damage" /> The fix was temporary and the 1870 spring floods tore up some of the new dams and swept away more of Hennepin Island.<ref name="damage" /> In addition, the earth support below the Summit flour mill, Moulton's [[planing mill]], and a wheat storehouse were undermined and each of these was tipped into the river.<ref name="damage" /> |
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==Aftermath== |
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The tremendous damage caused by the Hennepin Island tunnel brought lawsuits and demands for political change.<ref name="falls"/> A central issue at that time was whether local taxpayers should pay for repairs that would enrich riverfront industrialists.<ref name="falls"/> To the relief of the local population, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] made the repairs using federal money on the pretext that it was protecting [[navigation]].<ref name="falls"/> Seven years after the tunnel collapse, by 1876, the falls were stabilized with an underground dike and low dams that largely are still in place upstream of [[Stone Arch Bridge]].<ref name="falls"/> By 1880, the Army Corps of Engineers had covered the face with a sloping concrete apron, creating the artificial falls.<ref name="heart"/> The federal government spent $615,000 on this effort, while the two cities (St. Anthony and Minneapolis) spent $334,500.<ref name="Pennefeather">{{cite book|title=Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District|last=Pennefeather|first=Shannon M.|date=2003|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|location=St. Paul, Minnesota}}</ref> |
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Attempts to plug the collapses had been defeated by subsequent breaks in the cap. Building dams to keep the river away from the breaks had not worked either. The river washed away dams, and tunneling bypassed them. Tunneling was discovered that originated above where the limestone cap ended about {{convert|600|ft|m}} above the original break. If not fixed, this tunneling from above the limestone cap would reduce the falls to a set of rapids.<ref name="Engineering" /> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Hennepin Avenue Bridge]] |
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*[[Hennepin Avenue]] |
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*[[Hennepin Island Hydroelectric Plant]] |
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*[[History of Minneapolis, Minnesota]] |
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*[[Louis Hennepin]] |
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*[[Mill Ruins Park]] |
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*[[Mills District, Minneapolis]] |
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*[[North Star Woolen Mill]] |
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*[[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company]] |
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*[[Pillsbury "A" Mill]] |
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*[[Washburn "A" Mill]] |
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*[[Interstate 35W Bridge]] |
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The final fix was a concrete dike<ref name="also">Also a contributing resource to the St. Anthony Falls Historic District</ref> constructed by the Corps of Engineers. The dike, completed by 1876, was just above the falls and Hennepin Island, from right under the limestone cap down as much as {{convert|40|ft|m}}, and {{convert|1,850|ft|m}} long across the entire river channel. The dike cut off the tunnel and any possible future bypass channels.<ref name="Engineering" /><ref name="falls" /> By 1880, the Corps of Engineers had covered the face of the falls with a sloping wood timber apron,{{sfn|Kane|1987|loc=Two of the pictures after page 69 show the corps timber apron.}}<ref>The sloping dissipates the energy of the falling water on the slope and at the bottom beyond the falls. The slope does the same for errant logs. The wood timber apron was damaged and replaced with the now very visible "concrete apron" in 1952.</ref> creating the artificial falls.<ref name="heart" /><ref name="Engineering" /> The apron stopped the upstream progression of the falls (which was a separate problem from the tunnel) and prevented damage from logs that escaped from the then prevalent sawmills. In 1952 the wood apron was destroyed by a flood and replaced by the current very visible concrete apron.{{sfn|Nomination|1971|loc=p pdf 2}} The corps also constructed two low dams on top of the limestone cap above the falls.<ref name="falls" /> The dams kept the limestone wet, which helps prevent its deterioration.<ref name="Engineering" />{{sfn|Kane|1987|pp=63–79}}{{sfn|Anfinson|2003|pp=127–129}}<ref>The falls had V-shaped dams, still present as the upper (Horseshoe) dam, that split the river to the east and west bank waterpower areas. When the river flow is too low there is no flow over the dams or the falls. The limestone cap between the dams and falls became dry, which accelerated damage.</ref> The corps filled the tunnels and cavities under the limestone with gravel.<ref name="Engineering" /> Regarding the remains of the tunnels: "Portions of the tunnel survive, but their condition is undetermined."{{sfn|Nomination|1971|p=pdf 84}} |
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==References== |
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== Aftermath == |
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The tremendous damage caused by the Hennepin Island tunnel brought lawsuits and demands for political change.<ref name="falls" /> A central issue at that time was whether local taxpayers should pay for repairs that would enrich riverfront industrialists.<ref name="falls" /> To the relief of the local population, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] made the repairs using federal money on the pretext that it was protecting [[navigation]].<ref name="falls" /> The federal government spent $615,000 ({{Inflation|US|615,000|1870|fmt=eq|r=-3|cursign=$}}) on this effort, while the cities of Saint Anthony and Minneapolis spent $334,500 ({{Inflation|US|334,500|1870|fmt=eq|r=-3|cursign=$}}).<ref name="Pennefeather">{{Cite book |title=Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District |last=Pennefeather |first=Shannon M. |year=2003 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |location=Saint Paul}}</ref>{{page number|date=October 2020}} |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|United States}} |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Hennepin Avenue Bridge]] |
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* [[Hennepin Avenue]] |
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* [[Hennepin Island Hydroelectric Plant]] |
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* [[History of Minneapolis]] |
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* [[St. Anthony Falls Historic District]] |
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* [[Mill City Museum]] |
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* [[Mill Ruins Park]] |
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* [[Mill District, Minneapolis]] |
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* [[North Star Woolen Mill]] |
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* [[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company]] |
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* [[Pillsbury A-Mill]] |
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* [[St. Anthony Falls Hydroelectric Development]] |
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{{Div col end}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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---- |
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* Kane, Lucile M. (1966). ''The waterfall that built a city: The Falls of St. Anthony in Minneapolis.'' Publisher: [[Minnesota Historical Society]]. ASIN B0007DN9Z8 |
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===Sources=== |
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{{Locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River|before=—|after=[[Meeker Island Lock and Dam]]''' (demolished)}} |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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{{Registered Historic Places}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Lucile |title=The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis |date=1987 |publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]}} |
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*{{Cite web |author=Minneapolis Public Library |url=http://www.mpls.lib.mn.us/history/eh5.asp |title=Falls of St. Anthony |access-date=August 2, 2007 |work=A History of Minneapolis |publisher=Minneapolis Public Library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815114647/http://www.mpls.lib.mn.us/history/eh5.asp |archive-date=August 15, 2007}} |
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*{{cite web |title=Engineering the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls |url=https://www.mvp.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/626089/engineering-the-falls-the-corps-of-engineers-role-at-st-anthony-falls/ |publisher=US Army Corps of Engineers |accessdate=April 10, 2019}} |
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*{{cite web |
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|last1=Coddington |
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|first1=Donn |
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|last2=Hess |
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|first2=Jeffrey |
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|title=Nomination of the St. Anthony Falls Historic District to be on the National Register of Historic Places |
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|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/0cbb35f0-93c3-456e-a3b9-8027e70f9757 |
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|website= (1971, 1991) |
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|publisher=US-DOI-NPS |
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|accessdate=April 1, 2019 |
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|ref = {{harvid|Nomination|1971}}}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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{{Locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River|before=—|after=[[Meeker Island Lock and Dam]] (demolished)}} |
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{{ |
{{Coord|44|59|03|N|93|15|27|W|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}}<!-- USAF --> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Eastman Tunnel}} |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Minneapolis]] |
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Minneapolis]] |
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[[Category:Mississippi River |
[[Category:Mississippi River locks]] |
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[[Category:Registered Historic Places in Minnesota]] |
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[[Category:Tunnels in Minnesota]] |
[[Category:Tunnels in Minnesota]] |
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[[Category:Water tunnels]] |
[[Category:Water tunnels in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Disasters in Minnesota]] |
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[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1869]] |
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[[Category:1869 establishments in Minnesota]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:45, 6 October 2024
Eastman tunnel | |
 1869 Eastman tunnel collapse near Saint Anthony Falls | |
| Location | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
|---|---|
| Built | 1868 started |
| Built by | W. W. Eastman |
| Part of | St. Anthony Falls Historic District (ID71000438) |
The Eastman tunnel, also called the Hennepin Island tunnel, was a 2,000-foot-long (600 m) underground passage in Saint Anthony, Minnesota (now Minneapolis), dug beneath the Mississippi River riverbed between 1868 and 1869 to create a tailrace so water-powered business could be located upstream of Saint Anthony Falls on Nicollet Island. The tunnel ran downstream from Nicollet Island, beneath Hennepin Island, and exited below Saint Anthony Falls.
During construction of the tunnel on October 5, 1869, the river broke through the thin layer of limestone separating the river's bed from the tunnel. The rushing river scoured the tunnel, caving in parts of Hennepin Island and causing the earth supporting Saint Anthony Falls to collapse upstream. There was serious concern that the riverbed would crumble and reduce Saint Anthony Falls to a long set of rapids. Within a few weeks, dams were built to divert the river and stop Saint Anthony Falls from being washed away. The fix was temporary as the 1870 spring floods damaged some of the new dams and swept away more of Hennepin Island. The final fix for the tunnel disaster was a concrete dike constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps also built a protective sloping wood timber apron to create an artificial waterfall which remains the only major waterfall on the Mississippi River.
The Eastman tunnel is a contributing resource to the St. Anthony Falls Historic District. The District is on the National Register of Historic Places.[1]
The site of the tunnel is about a mile upstream from the site of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge that collapsed in 2007.
Background
[edit]Hennepin Island was named after explorer, Catholic priest, and Franciscan missionary Father Louis Hennepin. In 1865, entrepreneurs William W. Eastman and John L. Merriam had bought its sister island, Nicollet Island, which is 700 feet (210 m) or more above the falls. Eastman and Merriam (and two partners) planned to build a tailrace tunnel from Nicollet Island under Saint Anthony Falls to provide for-profit waterpower for milling and lumber businesses located on Nicollet Island.[2] [3] The tunnel was to be part of a system of waterworks that supported the industries driving Minneapolis' growth.[2] The project was designed to create more industry on Nicollet Island through waterpower.[4]
Saint Anthony Falls are made up of a hard limestone cap over soft sandstone.[2] Ten thousand years ago the falls were located near present-day Fort Snelling, at the confluence of the Mississippi River and glacial River Warren[2][4] (now the Minnesota River). In the succeeding millennia, the river had been washing away the sandstone and undermining the limestone lip of Saint Anthony Falls, causing the falls to slowly retreat upriver to their present location.[2][5] The limestone cap is increasingly thinning through the falls area and above, and ends about 1,200 feet (370 m) above the falls. In a short time, geologically speaking, the falls would migrate to the end of the cap and become a rapids.[3]
History
[edit]In 1868, workers began to dig a 2,500-foot-long (760 m) tunnel from below the falls, under Hennepin Island, under the riverbed to Nicollet Island.[4][5] [6] [7] For the next year, workers dug in the soft sandstone beneath the thin layer of limestone that forms the river's bed.[4] By October 1869, with about 2,000 feet (610 m) of tunnel dug and the tunnel near Nicollet Island, water had begun seeping into the tunnel from above.[4][3]
On October 5, 1869, the river broke through the thin layer of limestone separating the river's bed from the tunnel.[4] The rushing river scoured the tunnel, caving in parts of Hennepin Island and causing the earth supporting Saint Anthony Falls to collapse upstream.[2][4] There was immediate, serious concern that the riverbed would crumble and reduce Saint Anthony Falls to a long set of rapids.[4] One witness remembered, "Proprietors of stores hastened to the falls, taking their clerks with them; bakers deserted their ovens, lumbermen were ordered from the mills, barbers left their customers unshorn; mechanics dropped their tools; lawyers shut up their books or stopped pleading in the courts; physicians abandoned their offices. Through the streets, hurrying hundreds were seen on their way to the falls."[4]
Work started immediately to plug the tunnel and hundreds of volunteers used timbers and stones.[2][4] The river easily washed these out of the tunnel.[4] Within a few weeks, the plug held and dams were built to divert the river and stop Saint Anthony Falls from being washed away.[2][4] The fix was temporary and the 1870 spring floods tore up some of the new dams and swept away more of Hennepin Island.[4] In addition, the earth support below the Summit flour mill, Moulton's planing mill, and a wheat storehouse were undermined and each of these was tipped into the river.[4]
Attempts to plug the collapses had been defeated by subsequent breaks in the cap. Building dams to keep the river away from the breaks had not worked either. The river washed away dams, and tunneling bypassed them. Tunneling was discovered that originated above where the limestone cap ended about 600 feet (180 m) above the original break. If not fixed, this tunneling from above the limestone cap would reduce the falls to a set of rapids.[3]
The final fix was a concrete dike[8] constructed by the Corps of Engineers. The dike, completed by 1876, was just above the falls and Hennepin Island, from right under the limestone cap down as much as 40 feet (12 m), and 1,850 feet (560 m) long across the entire river channel. The dike cut off the tunnel and any possible future bypass channels.[3][2] By 1880, the Corps of Engineers had covered the face of the falls with a sloping wood timber apron,[9][10] creating the artificial falls.[5][3] The apron stopped the upstream progression of the falls (which was a separate problem from the tunnel) and prevented damage from logs that escaped from the then prevalent sawmills. In 1952 the wood apron was destroyed by a flood and replaced by the current very visible concrete apron.[11] The corps also constructed two low dams on top of the limestone cap above the falls.[2] The dams kept the limestone wet, which helps prevent its deterioration.[3][12][13][14] The corps filled the tunnels and cavities under the limestone with gravel.[3] Regarding the remains of the tunnels: "Portions of the tunnel survive, but their condition is undetermined."[15]
Aftermath
[edit]The tremendous damage caused by the Hennepin Island tunnel brought lawsuits and demands for political change.[2] A central issue at that time was whether local taxpayers should pay for repairs that would enrich riverfront industrialists.[2] To the relief of the local population, the United States Army Corps of Engineers made the repairs using federal money on the pretext that it was protecting navigation.[2] The federal government spent $615,000 (equivalent to $14,818,000 in 2023) on this effort, while the cities of Saint Anthony and Minneapolis spent $334,500 (equivalent to $8,060,000 in 2023).[16][page needed]
See also
[edit]
- Hennepin Avenue Bridge
- Hennepin Avenue
- Hennepin Island Hydroelectric Plant
- History of Minneapolis
- St. Anthony Falls Historic District
- Mill City Museum
- Mill Ruins Park
- Mill District, Minneapolis
- North Star Woolen Mill
- Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company
- Pillsbury A-Mill
- St. Anthony Falls Hydroelectric Development
References
[edit]- ^ Nomination 1971, pp. pdf 83–84.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m McAuliffe, Bill (September 29, 1997). "Time Capsule: 'The Falls Are Going Out!'". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. p. 1B.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Engineering the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls". US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Benidt, Bruce (November 15, 1987). "River Has Powerful History of Damage at Falls". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. p. 7B.
- ^ a b c Parker, Dick (October 30, 2006). "Retro: Saving Saint Anthony Falls in 1869; Mississippi Gorge Almost Eats Minneapolis' Heart". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. p. 3B.
- ^ Tunnel location – in "coordinates", is an approximation based on a map on an interpretive panel at the Water Power Park. The tunnel goes to approximately the south end of Nicollet Island, and in a straight line from those points to the downstream end of Hennepin Island.
- ^ Anfinson, John; et al. (2003). "River of History: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi" (PDF). NPS. COE & NPS – National River and Recreation Area. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2023. p. 129 Map showing the tunnel.
- ^ Also a contributing resource to the St. Anthony Falls Historic District
- ^ Kane 1987, Two of the pictures after page 69 show the corps timber apron..
- ^ The sloping dissipates the energy of the falling water on the slope and at the bottom beyond the falls. The slope does the same for errant logs. The wood timber apron was damaged and replaced with the now very visible "concrete apron" in 1952.
- ^ Nomination 1971, p pdf 2.
- ^ Kane 1987, pp. 63–79.
- ^ Anfinson 2003, pp. 127–129.
- ^ The falls had V-shaped dams, still present as the upper (Horseshoe) dam, that split the river to the east and west bank waterpower areas. When the river flow is too low there is no flow over the dams or the falls. The limestone cap between the dams and falls became dry, which accelerated damage.
- ^ Nomination 1971, p. pdf 84.
- ^ Pennefeather, Shannon M. (2003). Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District. Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society.
Sources
[edit]- Kane, Lucile (1987). The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis. Minnesota Historical Society.
- Minneapolis Public Library. "Falls of St. Anthony". A History of Minneapolis. Minneapolis Public Library. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
- "Engineering the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls". US Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
- Coddington, Donn; Hess, Jeffrey. "Nomination of the St. Anthony Falls Historic District to be on the National Register of Historic Places". (1971, 1991). US-DOI-NPS. Retrieved April 1, 2019.