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{{Infobox monarch |
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{{Infobox monarch|name=Masuna|title=|image=|reign=c. 508 - c. 535|coronation=|full name=|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|burial_date=|burial_place=|predecessor=Unknown|successor=[[Mastigas]]|spouse=|issue=|royal house=|dynasty=|father=|mother=|religion=|signature=|succession=[[Mauro-Roman Kingdom|King of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom]]}}'''Masuna''' (fl. 508) was a Romano-Berber king in [[Mauretania Caesariensis]] (western [[Algeria]]). He ruled the [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom]] (''Regnum Maurorum et Romanorum'' or "Kingdom of the Moors and the Romans" in English), a Christian Berbers kingdom that existed in the Berber region from the 4th century AD until the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb]]. |
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| name = Masuna |
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| title = |
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| image = |
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| reign = c. 508–535 |
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| coronation = |
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| birth_place = [[Mauretania Caesariensis]] (western Algeria)<ref name=Compton> [https://books.google.com/books?id=suCfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 Surveying Christianity's African Roots] |
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Jimmie Compton</ref> |
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| death_date = Unknown |
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| predecessor = ''Unknown'' |
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| successor = [[Mastigas]] |
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| caption = Mosaic believed to be of Masuna |
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| succession = [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom|King of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom]] |
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}} |
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'''Masuna''' or '''Massonas''' ({{floruit|c. 508–535}}) was a Berber from what is now western Algeria who was said to have been a Christian, he ruled the [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom]] with its capital based in Altava which is now in present-day Algeria around the Tlemcen area.<ref name=Compton /> He was able to maintain the independence of his kingdom by resisting occupation from the [[Vandals]]. King Masuna allied with the Eastern Roman Emperor [[Justinian I|Justinian]] and assisted him in a war against the Vandals in 533 and also against other invading Berber tribal confederations.<ref name=Compton /> During his reign he was obeyed by the tribes of [[Mauretania]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=he5BAQAAMAAJ&dq=massinas+obéissaient&pg=PA168 Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1-2]. Ernest Mercier. E. Leroux.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RPMxAQAAMAAJ&q=massinas+obéissaient Oudjda et l'Amalat (Maroc)]. Louis Voinot. L. Fouque.</ref> |
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== Reign == |
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Masuna is the earliest recorded ruler of the [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom]], a Berber kingdom that sprung up in the former province of [[Mauretania Caesariensis]] following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This kingdom, unlike many other Barbarian kingdoms, extended beyond the borders of the former Roman Empire, encompassing [[Berbers|Berber]] territories that had never been under Roman control.{{sfn|Merrills|2017|p=118}} Masuna is known only from an inscription on a fortification in [[Altava]] (modern [[Ouled Mimoun]], in the region of [[Oran]]), dated 508 AD, where he styles himself as the ''Rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum'', the "King of the Roman and Moorish peoples". He is known to have possessed Altava, assumed to have been the capital due to its prominence under subsequent kings, and at least two other cities, ''[[Castra Severiana]]'' and ''[[Safar (city)|Safar]]'', as mention is made of officials he appointed there. As the seat of an ecclesiarchal [[diocese]] (the diocese of Castra Severiana, an ancient bishophoric which flourished during Late Antiquity), the control of ''Castra Severiana'' may have been particularly important.{{sfn|Morcelli|1816|p=130}} |
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=== Relations with the Eastern Roman Empire === |
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Although evidence is scant, it is presumed that Masuna (who was probably a Christian) ruled over a Romano-Moorish kingdom that stretched (or had ambitions to stretch) over a substantial part of [[Mauretania Caesariensis]]. It may have been originally a successor state to the [[western Roman Empire]] (similar to [[Aegidius]] in Gaul) that managed to maintain its independence and resist occupation by the [[Vandal]]s, or it may have been carved out later when Vandal rule weakened. It is almost certain Masuna was a [[Berber people|Berber]], possibly descended from a Romano-Berber family appointed as federate commanders in Roman times, who simply continued after the Vandal invasion, or a Berber warlord who extended his rule in the chaos of Vandal times beyond the pastoralist Berber tribes (contemporaneously known as "[[Mauri people|Mauri]]" or [[Moors]]), to also cover the Romanized cities of Mauretania. |
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The Eastern Roman historian Procopius mentions a Berber king called "''Massonas''", often assumed to be the same person as Masuna, as having allied with the forces of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] in the 530s against the [[Vandal Kingdom]] in the [[Vandalic War]].{{sfn|Martindale|1980|p=734}} Masuna is assumed to have been among the Berber rulers that willingly submitted to [[Belisarius]] and the Eastern Roman forces, demanding in return the symbols of their offices: a silver crown, a staff of silver gilt, a tunic and gilded boots.{{sfn|Grierson|1959|p=127}} |
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After the Vandals were defeated and the Eastern Roman Empire restored Roman rule over Northern Africa, the local Byzantine governors would begin to experience problems with some of the local Berber tribes and kingdoms. The province of [[Byzacena]] was particularly affected, seeing repeated invasions and the destruction of the local garrison and death of its commanders. The [[Praetorian prefect of Africa]], [[Solomon (magister militum)|Solomon]], waged several wars against these Berbers and defeated them twice. Surviving Berber soldiers retreated into Numidia, joining forces with [[Iaudas]], [[Kingdom of the Aurès|King of the Aurès]].{{sfn|Martindale|1992|p=1171}}{{sfn|Bury|1958|p=143}} |
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Masuna may be the same person as the Berber chieftain called "Massonas" by [[Procopius]] in 535 AD, who allied with the Byzantines during the [[Vandalic War]].<ref>Martindale (1980: p.734)</ref> Massonas is said to have encouraged the Byzantine general [[Solomon (Byzantine general)|Solomon]], the [[Praetorian prefecture of Africa|Prefect of Africa]], to launch an invasion of the Moorish kingdom of [[Numidia]]. |
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Masuna and another Berber king allied with the Eastern Empire, [[Ortaias]] (who ruled a kingdom in the former province of [[Mauretania Sitifensis]]),{{sfn|Grierson|1959|p=126}} suggested that Solomon pursue the enemy Berbers into Numidia, which he did. Solomon did not engage Iaudas in battle however as he distrusted the loyalty of his allies, and instead constructed a series of fortified posts along the roads linking Byzacena with Numidia.{{sfn|Martindale|1992|p=1172}}{{sfn|Bury|1958|p=143}} |
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Masuna may have been succeeded as Moorish king of Altava by [[Mastigas]] in the late 530s (known from coinage), and the more famous [[Garmul]] in the 560s. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== Citations === |
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{{ |
{{Reflist|20em}} |
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* Graham, A. (1902) ''Roman Africa: an outline of the history of the Roman occupation of North Africa, based chiefly upon inscriptions and monumental remains in that country'' London: Longmans Green. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GR4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false online] |
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===Bibliography=== |
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* Martindale (1980) ''A Prosopography of the later Roman Empire, vol. 2 AD 395-527''. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. |
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* {{cite book|title=History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnell|date=1958|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-20399-9}} |
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*{{citation |last=Conant |first=Jonathan |year=2004 |contribution=Literacy and Private Documentation in Vandal North Africa: The Case of the Albertini Tablets |title=Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=0-7546-4145-7 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xdnrTM_d1GkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Vandals&hl=en&ei=uKjUS-OzCeihOOOSoY4O&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |pages=199–224}} |
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* {{cite journal|jstor=42662366|title=Matasuntha or Mastinas: a reattribution|last1=Grierson|first1=Philip|date=1959|journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society|volume=19|pages=119–130}} |
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* {{cite book|title=[[The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]]: Volume 2, AD 395-527|last1=Martindale|first1=John Robert|date=1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521201599}} |
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* {{cite book|title=[[The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]]: Volume 3, AD 527-641|last1=Martindale|first1=John Robert|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521201599}} |
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* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zdBDgAAQBAJ&q=Regnum+Maurorum+et+Romanorum&pg=PT118|title=Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa|last1=Merrills|first1=Andrew|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1138252684}} |
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* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dO4-AAAAcAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dO4-AAAAcAAJ/page/n155 130]|title=Africa christiana, Volume I|last1=Morcelli|first1=Stefano Antonio|date=1816|publisher=Brescia}} |
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{{S-start}} |
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{{s-reg}} |
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{{Succession box |
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| title = [[King of the Moors and Romans]] |
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| years = c. 508–535 |
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| before = Unknown |
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| after = [[Mastigas]] |
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}} |
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{{s-end}} |
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[[Category:Mauretania Caesariensis]] |
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[[Category:Berber rulers]] |
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[[Category:Berber Christians]] |
[[Category:Berber Christians]] |
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[[Category:Christianity in Algeria]] |
[[Category:Christianity in Algeria]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Monarchs of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:6th-century Romans]] |
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[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Africa]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:47, 6 October 2024
| Masuna | |
|---|---|
| King of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom | |
| Reign | c. 508–535 |
| Predecessor | Unknown |
| Successor | Mastigas |
| Born | Mauretania Caesariensis (western Algeria)[1] |
| Died | Unknown |
Masuna or Massonas (fl. c. 508–535) was a Berber from what is now western Algeria who was said to have been a Christian, he ruled the Mauro-Roman Kingdom with its capital based in Altava which is now in present-day Algeria around the Tlemcen area.[1] He was able to maintain the independence of his kingdom by resisting occupation from the Vandals. King Masuna allied with the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian and assisted him in a war against the Vandals in 533 and also against other invading Berber tribal confederations.[1] During his reign he was obeyed by the tribes of Mauretania.[2][3]
Reign
[edit]Masuna is the earliest recorded ruler of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom, a Berber kingdom that sprung up in the former province of Mauretania Caesariensis following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This kingdom, unlike many other Barbarian kingdoms, extended beyond the borders of the former Roman Empire, encompassing Berber territories that had never been under Roman control.[4] Masuna is known only from an inscription on a fortification in Altava (modern Ouled Mimoun, in the region of Oran), dated 508 AD, where he styles himself as the Rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum, the "King of the Roman and Moorish peoples". He is known to have possessed Altava, assumed to have been the capital due to its prominence under subsequent kings, and at least two other cities, Castra Severiana and Safar, as mention is made of officials he appointed there. As the seat of an ecclesiarchal diocese (the diocese of Castra Severiana, an ancient bishophoric which flourished during Late Antiquity), the control of Castra Severiana may have been particularly important.[5]
Relations with the Eastern Roman Empire
[edit]The Eastern Roman historian Procopius mentions a Berber king called "Massonas", often assumed to be the same person as Masuna, as having allied with the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 530s against the Vandal Kingdom in the Vandalic War.[6] Masuna is assumed to have been among the Berber rulers that willingly submitted to Belisarius and the Eastern Roman forces, demanding in return the symbols of their offices: a silver crown, a staff of silver gilt, a tunic and gilded boots.[7]
After the Vandals were defeated and the Eastern Roman Empire restored Roman rule over Northern Africa, the local Byzantine governors would begin to experience problems with some of the local Berber tribes and kingdoms. The province of Byzacena was particularly affected, seeing repeated invasions and the destruction of the local garrison and death of its commanders. The Praetorian prefect of Africa, Solomon, waged several wars against these Berbers and defeated them twice. Surviving Berber soldiers retreated into Numidia, joining forces with Iaudas, King of the Aurès.[8][9]
Masuna and another Berber king allied with the Eastern Empire, Ortaias (who ruled a kingdom in the former province of Mauretania Sitifensis),[10] suggested that Solomon pursue the enemy Berbers into Numidia, which he did. Solomon did not engage Iaudas in battle however as he distrusted the loyalty of his allies, and instead constructed a series of fortified posts along the roads linking Byzacena with Numidia.[11][9]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c Surveying Christianity's African Roots Jimmie Compton
- ^ Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1-2. Ernest Mercier. E. Leroux.
- ^ Oudjda et l'Amalat (Maroc). Louis Voinot. L. Fouque.
- ^ Merrills 2017, p. 118.
- ^ Morcelli 1816, p. 130.
- ^ Martindale 1980, p. 734.
- ^ Grierson 1959, p. 127.
- ^ Martindale 1992, p. 1171.
- ^ a b Bury 1958, p. 143.
- ^ Grierson 1959, p. 126.
- ^ Martindale 1992, p. 1172.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bury, John Bagnell (1958). History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20399-9.
- Grierson, Philip (1959). "Matasuntha or Mastinas: a reattribution". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 19: 119–130. JSTOR 42662366.
- Martindale, John Robert (1980). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 2, AD 395-527. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521201599.
- Martindale, John Robert (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 3, AD 527-641. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521201599.
- Merrills, Andrew (2017). Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138252684.
- Morcelli, Stefano Antonio (1816). Africa christiana, Volume I. Brescia. p. 130.