Sodium cyanoborohydride: Difference between revisions
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| Name = Sodium cyanoborohydride |
| Name = Sodium cyanoborohydride |
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| ImageFile = Sodium-cyanoborohydride-2D.png |
| ImageFile = Sodium-cyanoborohydride-2D.png |
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| ImageFileL2 = Sodiumcyano.jpg |
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| ImageFileR2 = |
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| ImageName = Line-bond structure of sodium cyanoborohydride |
| ImageName = Line-bond structure of sodium cyanoborohydride |
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| ImageNameR2 = |
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| ImageNameL2 = Image of sodium cyanoborohydride powder |
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| OtherNames = Sodium cyanotrihydridoborate |
| OtherNames = Sodium cyanotrihydridoborate |
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| IUPACName = Sodium cyanoboranuide |
| IUPACName = Sodium cyanoboranuide |
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== Structure == |
== Structure == |
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Sodium cyanoborohydride is a salt. The [[cationic]] sodium ion, [Na]<sup>+</sup>, interacts with the [[Ion|anionic]] |
Sodium cyanoborohydride is a salt. The [[cationic]] sodium ion, [Na]<sup>+</sup>, interacts with the [[Ion|anionic]] cyanoborohydride ion, [BH3(CN)]<sup>−</sup>. The anionic component of the salt is [[Tetrahedral molecular geometry|tetrahedral]] at the [[boron]] atom. |
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The [[Electron-withdrawing group|electron-withdrawing]] [[cyanide]] substituent draws electron density away from the negatively charged boron; thus, reducing the electrophilic capabilities of the anionic component.<ref name="Reitz-2002" /> This electronic phenomenon causes sodium cyanoborohydride to have more mild reducing qualities than other reducing agents. For example, Na[BH<sub>3</sub>(CN)] is less reducing than its counterpart [[sodium borohydride]], containing [BH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup>.<ref name="Reitz-2002" /> |
The [[Electron-withdrawing group|electron-withdrawing]] [[cyanide]] substituent draws electron density away from the negatively charged boron; thus, reducing the electrophilic capabilities of the anionic component.<ref name="Reitz-2002" /> This electronic phenomenon causes sodium cyanoborohydride to have more mild reducing qualities than other reducing agents. For example, Na[BH<sub>3</sub>(CN)] is less reducing than its counterpart [[sodium borohydride]], containing [BH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup>.<ref name="Reitz-2002" /> |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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Sodium cyanoborohydride is a mild reducing agent. It is generally used for the reduction of [[imine]]s. These reactions occur <pH 7 because the iminium ions are the actual substrates.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/047084289X.rs059.pub3 |chapter=Sodium Cyanoborohydride |title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis |date=2016 |last1=Hutchins |first1=Robert O. |last2=Hutchins |first2=Marygail K. |last3=Crawley |first3=Matthew L. |last4=Mercado-Marin |first4=Eduardo V. |last5=Sarpong |first5=Richmond |pages=1–14 |isbn=978-0-470-84289-8 }}</ref> |
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Sodium cyanoborohydride is a mild reducing agent. It is often used for the reduction of [[imine]]s and [[Carbonyl group|carbonyls]]. |
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| ⚫ | [[Reductive amination]], sometimes called the ''Borch reaction'', is the conversion of a [[Carbonyl group|carbonyl]] into an [[amine]] through an intermediate [[imine]].<ref>{{OrgSynth|author=Richard F. Borch|year=1988|title=Reductive Amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride: N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine|collvol=6|collvolpages=499|prep=CV6P0499}}</ref> The carbonyl is first treated with ammonia to promote imine formation by nucleophilic attack. The imine is then reduced to an amine by sodium cyanoborohydride. This reaction works on both aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl can be treated with [[ammonia]], a [[Amine|primary amine]], or a secondary amine to produce, respectively, 1°, 2°, and 3° amines.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Richard F. Borch and Mark D. Bernstein and H. Dupont Durst |year=1971 |title=Cyanohydridoborate Anion as a Selective Reducing Agent |journal=[[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]] |volume=93 |issue=12 |pages=2897–2904 |doi=10.1021/ja00741a013}}</ref> |
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=== Reduction of Imines === |
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[[Imine|Imines]] can be reduced to [[Amine|amines]] using sodium cyanoborohydride. The reaction will produce two enantiomers in a racemic mixture. |
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[[File:Imine to Amine Reduction.png|thumb|404x404px|Imine to amine reduction using sodium cyanoborohydride.|center]] |
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=== Reductive Amination (Borch Reaction) === |
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| ⚫ | [[Reductive amination]] is the conversion of a [[Carbonyl group|carbonyl]] into an [[amine]] through an intermediate [[imine]].<ref>{{OrgSynth|author=Richard F. Borch|year=1988|title=Reductive Amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride: N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine|collvol=6|collvolpages=499|prep=CV6P0499}}</ref> The carbonyl is first treated with ammonia to promote imine formation by nucleophilic attack. The imine is then reduced to an amine by sodium cyanoborohydride. This reaction works on both aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl can be treated with [[ammonia]], a [[Amine|primary amine]], or a secondary amine to produce, respectively, 1°, 2°, and 3° amines.<ref>{{ |
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[[File:Reductive Amination R.S..png|thumb|406x406px|Reductive amination using sodium cyanoborohydride.|center]] |
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=== Reductive Deoxygenation of Ketones === |
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| ⚫ | [[Aromatic compound|Aromatic]] [[Ketone|ketones]] and aldehydes can be reductively [[Deoxygenation|deoxygenated]] using sodium cyanoborohydride.<ref name=":0">{{ |
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[[File:Reductive Deoxygenation of Ketones R.S..png|thumb|417x417px|Reductive deoxygenation of a ketone using sodium cyanoborohydride.|center]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
Sodium cyanoborohydride can be purchase from most chemical suppliers. It is most commonly synthesized by the following methods: |
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| ⚫ | [[Aromatic compound|Aromatic]] [[Ketone|ketones]] and aldehydes can be reductively [[Deoxygenation|deoxygenated]] using sodium cyanoborohydride.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Box |first1=Vernon G. S. |last2=Meleties |first2=Panayiotis C. |date=1998-09-24 |title=Reductive, selective deoxygenation of acylbenzo[b]furans, aromatic aldehydes and ketones with NaBH3CN-TMSCl |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403998015196 |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |volume=39 |issue=39 |pages=7059–7062 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(98)01519-6 |issn=0040-4039}}</ref> This means that the carbonyl oxygen is being removed completely from the molecule. Deoxygenation using sodium cyanoborohydride is often done in the presence of [[trimethylsilyl chloride]], or TMSCl.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Preparation from Sodium Cyanide and Diborane === |
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Sodium cyanoborohydride can be synthesized from [[sodium cyanide]] and [[diborane]].{{cn}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
This method of preparation can be used for other compounds of the formula RBH<sub>3</sub>CN where R is an alkali metal, a quaternary ammonium radical, or a phosphonium radical.{{cn}} The final products are useful as hydrolysis stable reductants and as synthetic intermediates.{{cn}} |
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Sodium cyanoborohydride can be purchased from most chemical suppliers. It can be synthesized by combining [[sodium cyanide]] and [[borane tetrahydrofuran]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Hui |first=Benjamin C. |date=October 1980 |title=Synthesis and properties of borohydride derivatives |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ic50212a075 |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |language=en |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=3185–3186 |doi=10.1021/ic50212a075 |issn=0020-1669}}</ref> |
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:{{chem2|BH3*thf + NaCN -> NaBH3CN + thf}} |
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[[File:Sodium Cyanoborohydride R.S..png|thumb|694x694px|Preparation sodium cyanoborohydride from sodium cyanide and diborane.|center]] |
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== Selectivity == |
== Selectivity == |
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Since sodium cyanoborohydride is a mild reducing agent, |
Since sodium cyanoborohydride is a mild reducing agent, it gives good [[chemoselectivity]] for reaction with certain [[functional group]]s in the presence of others. For example, sodium cyanoborohydride is generally incapable of reducing [[amide]]s, [[ether]]s, [[ester]]s and [[lactone]]s, [[nitrile]]s, or [[epoxide]]s.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=LANE |first=Clinton F. |date=1975 |title=Sodium Cyanoborohydride - A Highly Selective Reducing Agent for Organic Functional Groups |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1975-23685 |journal=Synthesis |volume=1975 |issue=3 |pages=135–146 |doi=10.1055/s-1975-23685 |s2cid=95157786 |issn=0039-7881}}</ref> Therefore, it can selectively reduce some functionalities in the presence of others. |
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Some examples of |
Some examples of selective reduction include: |
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* Reduction of [[ |
* Reduction of [[iminium]] ions in the presence of [[Carbonyl group|carbonyl]]s<ref name=":2" /> |
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* Reduction of [[ |
* Reduction of [[aldehyde]]s in the presence of [[ketone]]s and esters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Avishek |last2=Shipman |first2=Michael A. |last3=Onabule |first3=Dolapo Y. |last4=Sproules |first4=Stephen |last5=Symes |first5=Mark D. |date=2021-04-15 |title=Selective aldehyde reductions in neutral water catalysed by encapsulation in a supramolecular cage |journal=Chemical Science |language=en |volume=12 |issue=14 |pages=5082–5090 |doi=10.1039/D1SC00896J |issn=2041-6539 |pmc=8179549 |pmid=34163748}}</ref> |
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* Reduction of |
* Reduction of aldehydes in the presence of [[thioester]]s<ref name=":2" /> |
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The selectivity of this reducing agent makes it an important tool in [[organic synthesis]]. It allows for specific modifications to be made to complex organic molecules. |
The selectivity of this reducing agent makes it an important tool in [[organic synthesis]]. It allows for specific modifications to be made to complex organic molecules. |
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== History == |
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[[Georg Wittig]] was the first to synthesize a cyanoborohydride by treating [[lithium borohydride]] with [[hydrogen cyanide]] in 1951.<ref name=":2" /> The corresponding compound, sodium cyanoborohydride, was synthesized following a similar rationale by reacting [[sodium borohydride]] with [[hydrogen cyanide]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/book/10.1021/bk-1996-0641 |title=Reductions in Organic Synthesis: Recent Advances and Practical Applications |date=1996-08-13 |publisher=American Chemical Society |isbn=978-0-8412-3381-2 |editor-last=Abdel-Magid |editor-first=Ahmed F. |series=ACS Symposium Series |volume=641 |location=Washington, DC |language=en |doi=10.1021/bk-1996-0641.ch001}}</ref> The synthesis was later refined to use [[sodium cyanide]] and [[borane]] in [[Tetrahydrofuran|THF]] making the process safer.<ref name=":3" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 20:40, 6 October 2024
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Sodium cyanoboranuide
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| Other names
Sodium cyanotrihydridoborate
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.043.001 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| Na[BH3(CN)] | |
| Molar mass | 62.84 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | white powder, hygroscopic |
| Density | 1.083 g/cm (25°C)3 |
| Melting point | 242 °C (468 °F; 515 K) decomposes |
| 212 g/(100 mL) (29 °C) | |
| Solubility | soluble in water, ethanol, diglyme, tetrahydrofuran, methanol slightly soluble in methanol insoluble in diethyl ether |
| Structure | |
| 4 at boron atom | |
| Tetrahedral at boron atom | |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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Flammable solid, fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas Contact with water liberates highly flammable gas |
| GHS labelling: | |
  
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| Danger | |
| H228, H300, H310, H314, H330, H410 | |
| P210, P260, P264, P273, P280, P284 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Threshold limit value (TLV)
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5 mg/m3 (TWA) |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | Sigma Aldrich[1] |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Sodium borohydride |
Related compounds
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Lithium aluminium hydride |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Sodium cyanoborohydride is a chemical compound with the formula Na[BH3(CN)]. It is a colourless salt used in organic synthesis for chemical reduction including that of imines and carbonyls. Sodium cyanoborohydride is a milder reductant than other conventional reducing agents.[2]
Structure
[edit]Sodium cyanoborohydride is a salt. The cationic sodium ion, [Na]+, interacts with the anionic cyanoborohydride ion, [BH3(CN)]−. The anionic component of the salt is tetrahedral at the boron atom.
The electron-withdrawing cyanide substituent draws electron density away from the negatively charged boron; thus, reducing the electrophilic capabilities of the anionic component.[2] This electronic phenomenon causes sodium cyanoborohydride to have more mild reducing qualities than other reducing agents. For example, Na[BH3(CN)] is less reducing than its counterpart sodium borohydride, containing [BH4]−.[2]
Uses
[edit]Sodium cyanoborohydride is a mild reducing agent. It is generally used for the reduction of imines. These reactions occur <pH 7 because the iminium ions are the actual substrates.[3]
Reductive amination, sometimes called the Borch reaction, is the conversion of a carbonyl into an amine through an intermediate imine.[4] The carbonyl is first treated with ammonia to promote imine formation by nucleophilic attack. The imine is then reduced to an amine by sodium cyanoborohydride. This reaction works on both aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl can be treated with ammonia, a primary amine, or a secondary amine to produce, respectively, 1°, 2°, and 3° amines.[5]
Aromatic ketones and aldehydes can be reductively deoxygenated using sodium cyanoborohydride.[6] This means that the carbonyl oxygen is being removed completely from the molecule. Deoxygenation using sodium cyanoborohydride is often done in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride, or TMSCl.[6]
Preparation
[edit]Sodium cyanoborohydride can be purchased from most chemical suppliers. It can be synthesized by combining sodium cyanide and borane tetrahydrofuran.[7]
- BH3·thf + NaCN → NaBH3CN + thf
Selectivity
[edit]Since sodium cyanoborohydride is a mild reducing agent, it gives good chemoselectivity for reaction with certain functional groups in the presence of others. For example, sodium cyanoborohydride is generally incapable of reducing amides, ethers, esters and lactones, nitriles, or epoxides.[8] Therefore, it can selectively reduce some functionalities in the presence of others.
Some examples of selective reduction include:
- Reduction of iminium ions in the presence of carbonyls[8]
- Reduction of aldehydes in the presence of ketones and esters.[9]
- Reduction of aldehydes in the presence of thioesters[8]
The selectivity of this reducing agent makes it an important tool in organic synthesis. It allows for specific modifications to be made to complex organic molecules.
History
[edit]Georg Wittig was the first to synthesize a cyanoborohydride by treating lithium borohydride with hydrogen cyanide in 1951.[8] The corresponding compound, sodium cyanoborohydride, was synthesized following a similar rationale by reacting sodium borohydride with hydrogen cyanide.[10] The synthesis was later refined to use sodium cyanide and borane in THF making the process safer.[10]
See also
[edit]- Sodium triacetoxyborohydride – a milder reductant, but unstable in water
- Sodium borohydride – a stronger, cheaper reductant
References
[edit]- ^ Sigma-Aldrich Co., Sodium cyanoborohydride. Retrieved on 2014-11-09.
- ^ a b c Baxter, Ellen W.; Reitz, Allen B. (9 January 2002). "Reductive Aminations of Carbonyl Compounds with Borohydride and Borane Reducing Agents". Organic Reactions: 1–714. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or059.01. ISBN 0-471-26418-0.
- ^ Hutchins, Robert O.; Hutchins, Marygail K.; Crawley, Matthew L.; Mercado-Marin, Eduardo V.; Sarpong, Richmond (2016). "Sodium Cyanoborohydride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. pp. 1–14. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rs059.pub3. ISBN 978-0-470-84289-8.
- ^ Richard F. Borch (1988). "Reductive Amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride: N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 499.
- ^ Richard F. Borch and Mark D. Bernstein and H. Dupont Durst (1971). "Cyanohydridoborate Anion as a Selective Reducing Agent". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93 (12): 2897–2904. doi:10.1021/ja00741a013.
- ^ a b Box, Vernon G. S.; Meleties, Panayiotis C. (1998-09-24). "Reductive, selective deoxygenation of acylbenzo[b]furans, aromatic aldehydes and ketones with NaBH3CN-TMSCl". Tetrahedron Letters. 39 (39): 7059–7062. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(98)01519-6. ISSN 0040-4039.
- ^ Hui, Benjamin C. (October 1980). "Synthesis and properties of borohydride derivatives". Inorganic Chemistry. 19 (10): 3185–3186. doi:10.1021/ic50212a075. ISSN 0020-1669.
- ^ a b c d LANE, Clinton F. (1975). "Sodium Cyanoborohydride - A Highly Selective Reducing Agent for Organic Functional Groups". Synthesis. 1975 (3): 135–146. doi:10.1055/s-1975-23685. ISSN 0039-7881. S2CID 95157786.
- ^ Paul, Avishek; Shipman, Michael A.; Onabule, Dolapo Y.; Sproules, Stephen; Symes, Mark D. (2021-04-15). "Selective aldehyde reductions in neutral water catalysed by encapsulation in a supramolecular cage". Chemical Science. 12 (14): 5082–5090. doi:10.1039/D1SC00896J. ISSN 2041-6539. PMC 8179549. PMID 34163748.
- ^ a b Abdel-Magid, Ahmed F., ed. (1996-08-13). Reductions in Organic Synthesis: Recent Advances and Practical Applications. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 641. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. doi:10.1021/bk-1996-0641.ch001. ISBN 978-0-8412-3381-2.
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