Hydrophis cyanocinctus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of snake}} |
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{{speciesbox |
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| image = Hydrophis cyanocinctus lores.jpg |
| image = Hydrophis cyanocinctus lores.jpg |
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| image_caption = |
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| name = ''Hydrophis cyanocinctus'' |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| genus = Hydrophis |
| genus = Hydrophis |
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| species = cyanocinctus |
| species = cyanocinctus |
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| authority = [[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803 |
| authority = [[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803 |
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| synonyms = *''Distira cyanocincta'' - [[Franz Werner|F. Werner]], 1895 |
| synonyms = *''Distira cyanocincta'' - [[Franz Werner|F. Werner]], 1895 |
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*''Leioselasma cyanocincta'' - [[Frank Wall|Wall]], 1921<ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref> |
*''Leioselasma cyanocincta'' - [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1921<ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref> |
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}} |
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'''''Hydrophis cyanocinctus''''', commonly called the '''annulated sea snake''' or the '''blue-banded sea snake''', is a [[species]] of [[venomous]] [[ |
'''''Hydrophis cyanocinctus''''', commonly called the '''annulated sea snake''' or the '''blue-banded sea snake''', is a [[species]] of [[venomous]] [[sea snake]] in the family [[Elapidae]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=700227 |taxon=''Hydrophis'' |accessdate=7 September 2007}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Head moderate. Diameter of eye less than its distance from the mouth in the adult. Rostral slightly more broad than deep. Nasals shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the prefrontals. Prefrontals usually in contact with the second upper labial. Frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout. One preocular and two postoculars. Two superposed anterior temporals. Seven or eight upper labials; third, fourth, and usually fifth entering the eye. Both pairs of chin-shields in contact, or posterior pair separated by one scale. |
Head moderate. Diameter of eye less than its distance from the mouth in the adult. Rostral slightly more broad than deep. Nasals shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the prefrontals. Prefrontals usually in contact with the second upper labial. Frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout. One preocular and two postoculars. Two superposed anterior temporals. Seven or eight upper labials; third, fourth, and usually fifth entering the eye. Both pairs of chin-shields in contact, or posterior pair separated by one scale. |
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Body long. Dorsal scales subimbricate, keeled or with two or three tubercles, in 39-45 rows (27-33 anteriorly). Ventrals |
Body long. Dorsal scales subimbricate, keeled or with two or three tubercles, in 39-45 rows (27-33 anteriorly). Ventrals 281–385, smooth or with two or more tubercles. |
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Greenish-olive above, with blackish or olive transverse bars or annuli, broadest on the back, sometimes connected by a black band along the belly; or yellowish, with a black vertebral band and a few black bars on the neck. |
Greenish-olive above, with blackish or olive transverse bars or annuli, broadest on the back, sometimes connected by a black band along the belly; or yellowish, with a black vertebral band and a few black bars on the neck. |
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Length of head and body 1360 mm; tail 140 mm.<ref>Rooij, Nelly de. 1915. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian archipelago. Leiden.</ref> |
Length of head and body 1360 mm; tail 140 mm.<ref>Rooij, Nelly de. 1915. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian archipelago. Leiden.</ref> |
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In a 2019 study it has been found it uses a complex system of blood vessels in its head called, the Modified Cephalic Vascular Network (MCVN) which is an adaptation that helps provide the brain with extra oxygen from water when submerged.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rsos.191099|title=Novel vascular plexus in the head of a sea snake (Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) revealed by high-resolution computed tomography and histology|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=6|issue=9|pages=191099|year=2019|last1=Palci|first1=Alessandro|last2=Seymour|first2=Roger S.|last3=Van Nguyen|first3=Cao|last4=Hutchinson|first4=Mark N.|last5=Lee|first5=Michael S. Y.|last6=Sanders|first6=Kate L.|pmid=31598325|pmc=6774945|bibcode=2019RSOS....691099P |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Flinders |title=Tropical sea snake uses its head to 'breathe' |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-09-tropical-sea-snake.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Sea snake {{!}} Types, Habitat, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/sea-snake |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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Found in the [[Indian Ocean]] (From the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]]: [[Visayan Sea]], [[Panay]] |
Found in the [[Indian Ocean]] (From the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]]: [[Visayan Sea]], [[Panay]]) and the marine waters around [[Korea]], [[Japan]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[South China Sea]] (including [[Hainan]]), [[East China Sea]] (including [[Taiwan]]), coastal regions of [[Shandong]] and [[Liaoning]] ([[China]]) coasts of [[Persian Gulf]] ([[Oman]], [[United Arab Emirates]]), east through [[South Asia]] until [[New Guinea]]. It is also reported from Brunei<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0567|title=WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources}}</ref> |
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[[File:Hydrophis - Brehms.jpg|thumb|right|''H. cyanocinctus'']] |
[[File:Hydrophis - Brehms.jpg|thumb|right|''H. cyanocinctus'']] |
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==Reproduction== |
==Reproduction== |
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This [[species]] is [[ovoviviparous]]. The young are born alive in broods of |
This [[species]] is [[ovoviviparous]]. The young are born alive in broods of 3–16. The newborns are about {{convert|38|cm|in}} long.<ref name="Das, 2006"/> |
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==Antimicrobial Peptide== |
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==References==<!-- BiodiversConserv17:2037. --> |
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Vipericidin, a protein of 187 amino acids synthesized by H. cyanocinctus, is the precursor of a cathelicidin, a type of antimicrobial peptide (AMP). The peptide, Hc-CATH, consists of 30 amino acids derived from cleavage of vipericidin.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wei, Lin; Gao, Jiuxiang; Zhang, Shumin; Wu, Sijin; Xie, Zeping; Ling, Guiying; Kuang, Yi-Qun; Yang, Yongliang; Yu, Haining; Wang, Yipeng | title = Identification and Characterization of the First Cathelicidin from Sea Snakes with Potent Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity and Special Mechanism | journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry | year = 2015 | pages = 16653–16652 | pmid = 26013823 | volume = 290 | issue = 27 | pmc=4505416 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M115.642645 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Hc-CATH mainly assumes an amphipathic alpha-helical conformation typical of vertebrate AMPs, with the hydrophobic amino acids concentrated on one side of the helix and the hydrophilic cationic amino acids on the other; this conformation is universal for cationic linear AMPs. The high positive charge and the typical amphipathic alpha-helical conformation of Hc-CATH may be responsible for its potent antimicrobial activity. |
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{{reflist}} |
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Hc-CATH is apparently present in the venom gland, spleen, lung, and skin. Gene-encoded AMPs represent the main component of an innate immune system that protects snakes from microbial infections. Sea snakes inhabit an ecological niche that differs from that of terrestrial snakes, and encounter distinct pathogens. The innate immune system of sea snakes apparently enables them to resist both terrestrial and marine pathogens. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* Bussarawitt, S.; Rasmussen, A.R.; & Andersen, M. 1989. A preliminary study on sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) from Phuket Harbor, Phuket Island, Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc., Bangkok 37 (2): |
* Bussarawitt, S.; Rasmussen, A.R.; & Andersen, M. 1989. A preliminary study on sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) from Phuket Harbor, Phuket Island, Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc., Bangkok 37 (2): 209–225. |
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*[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin, F.M.]] 1803. ''Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles, Volume VII''. Dufart. Paris. p. 383. |
*[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin, F.M.]] 1803. ''Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles, Volume VII''. Dufart. Paris. p. 383. |
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* Murray, J.A. 1887. Three New Species of Hydrophis. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 2: |
* Murray, J.A. 1887. Three New Species of Hydrophis. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 2: 32–35. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{NRDB species|genus=Leioselasma |species=cyanocincta }} |
* {{NRDB species|genus=Leioselasma |species=cyanocincta }} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2355580}} |
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[[Category:Hydrophis|cyanocinctus]] |
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{{Elapidae-stub}} |
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[[Category:Reptiles described in 1803]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by François Marie Daudin]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:33, 7 October 2024
| Hydrophis cyanocinctus | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | Hydrophis |
| Species: | H. cyanocinctus
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| Binomial name | |
| Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803
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| Synonyms | |
Hydrophis cyanocinctus, commonly called the annulated sea snake or the blue-banded sea snake, is a species of venomous sea snake in the family Elapidae.[2]
Description
[edit]Head moderate. Diameter of eye less than its distance from the mouth in the adult. Rostral slightly more broad than deep. Nasals shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the prefrontals. Prefrontals usually in contact with the second upper labial. Frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout. One preocular and two postoculars. Two superposed anterior temporals. Seven or eight upper labials; third, fourth, and usually fifth entering the eye. Both pairs of chin-shields in contact, or posterior pair separated by one scale.
Body long. Dorsal scales subimbricate, keeled or with two or three tubercles, in 39-45 rows (27-33 anteriorly). Ventrals 281–385, smooth or with two or more tubercles.
Greenish-olive above, with blackish or olive transverse bars or annuli, broadest on the back, sometimes connected by a black band along the belly; or yellowish, with a black vertebral band and a few black bars on the neck.
Length of head and body 1360 mm; tail 140 mm.[3]
In a 2019 study it has been found it uses a complex system of blood vessels in its head called, the Modified Cephalic Vascular Network (MCVN) which is an adaptation that helps provide the brain with extra oxygen from water when submerged.[4][5][6]
Distribution
[edit]Found in the Indian Ocean (From the Persian Gulf, Iran, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines: Visayan Sea, Panay) and the marine waters around Korea, Japan, Solomon Islands, South China Sea (including Hainan), East China Sea (including Taiwan), coastal regions of Shandong and Liaoning (China) coasts of Persian Gulf (Oman, United Arab Emirates), east through South Asia until New Guinea. It is also reported from Brunei[7]
Behavior
[edit]Hydrophis cyanocinctus inhabits shallow coastal waters. It is often accidentally caught by prawn trawlers.[8]
Diet
[edit]It feeds on marine invertebrates and also on various groups of fish such as eels and gobies.[9]
Reproduction
[edit]This species is ovoviviparous. The young are born alive in broods of 3–16. The newborns are about 38 centimetres (15 in) long.[9]
Antimicrobial Peptide
[edit]Vipericidin, a protein of 187 amino acids synthesized by H. cyanocinctus, is the precursor of a cathelicidin, a type of antimicrobial peptide (AMP). The peptide, Hc-CATH, consists of 30 amino acids derived from cleavage of vipericidin.[10] Hc-CATH mainly assumes an amphipathic alpha-helical conformation typical of vertebrate AMPs, with the hydrophobic amino acids concentrated on one side of the helix and the hydrophilic cationic amino acids on the other; this conformation is universal for cationic linear AMPs. The high positive charge and the typical amphipathic alpha-helical conformation of Hc-CATH may be responsible for its potent antimicrobial activity.
Hc-CATH is apparently present in the venom gland, spleen, lung, and skin. Gene-encoded AMPs represent the main component of an innate immune system that protects snakes from microbial infections. Sea snakes inhabit an ecological niche that differs from that of terrestrial snakes, and encounter distinct pathogens. The innate immune system of sea snakes apparently enables them to resist both terrestrial and marine pathogens.
References
[edit]- ^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ "Hydrophis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
- ^ Rooij, Nelly de. 1915. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian archipelago. Leiden.
- ^ Palci, Alessandro; Seymour, Roger S.; Van Nguyen, Cao; Hutchinson, Mark N.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Sanders, Kate L. (2019). "Novel vascular plexus in the head of a sea snake (Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) revealed by high-resolution computed tomography and histology". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (9): 191099. Bibcode:2019RSOS....691099P. doi:10.1098/rsos.191099. PMC 6774945. PMID 31598325.
- ^ University, Flinders. "Tropical sea snake uses its head to 'breathe'". phys.org. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
- ^ "Sea snake | Types, Habitat, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
- ^ "WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources".
- ^ Das, Indraneil. 2006. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Borneo. Ralph Curtis Publishing. Sanibel Island. Florida. p. 67.
- ^ a b Das, 2006.
- ^ Wei, Lin; Gao, Jiuxiang; Zhang, Shumin; Wu, Sijin; Xie, Zeping; Ling, Guiying; Kuang, Yi-Qun; Yang, Yongliang; Yu, Haining; Wang, Yipeng (2015). "Identification and Characterization of the First Cathelicidin from Sea Snakes with Potent Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity and Special Mechanism". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (27): 16653–16652. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.642645. PMC 4505416. PMID 26013823.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading
[edit]- Bussarawitt, S.; Rasmussen, A.R.; & Andersen, M. 1989. A preliminary study on sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) from Phuket Harbor, Phuket Island, Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc., Bangkok 37 (2): 209–225.
- Daudin, F.M. 1803. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles, Volume VII. Dufart. Paris. p. 383.
- Murray, J.A. 1887. Three New Species of Hydrophis. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 2: 32–35.