Overhead crane: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Type of crane found in industrial environments}} |
{{Short description|Type of crane found in industrial environments}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} |
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{{cleanup rewrite|date=October 2011}} |
{{cleanup rewrite|date=October 2011}} |
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[[File:DCC38974rvancopp.jpg|thumb|right|An overhead crane, featuring runways, bridge, and hoist in a traditional industrial environment.]] |
[[File:DCC38974rvancopp.jpg|thumb|right|An overhead crane, featuring runways, bridge, and hoist in a traditional industrial environment.]] |
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[[File:Travers1 hjärup.jpg|thumb|right|Overhead crane at the [[Skanska]] [[precast concrete]] factory in [[Hjärup]]]] |
[[File:Travers1 hjärup.jpg|thumb|right|Overhead crane at the [[Skanska]] [[precast concrete]] factory in [[Hjärup]], Sweden.]] |
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[[File:0 Ponts roulants - Carrières du Hainaut à Soignies (1).JPG|thumb| |
[[File:0 Ponts roulants - Carrières du Hainaut à Soignies (1).JPG|thumb|[[Gantry crane|Gantry]]-style overhead cranes of the Hainaut quarry in [[Soignies]], [[Belgium]].]] |
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An '''overhead crane''', commonly called a '''bridge crane''', is a type of [[Crane (machine)|crane]] found in industrial environments. An overhead crane consists of two parallel [[Rail profile|rails]] seated on longitudinal [[I-beam]]s attached to opposite steel [[column]]s by means of [[bracket]] |
An '''overhead crane''', commonly called a '''bridge crane''', is a type of [[Crane (machine)|crane]] found in industrial environments. An overhead crane consists of two parallel [[Rail profile|rails]] seated on longitudinal [[I-beam]]s attached to opposite steel [[column]]s by means of [[bracket (architecture)|brackets]]. The traveling bridge spans the gap. A [[hoist (device)|hoist]], the lifting component of a crane, travels along the bridge. If the bridge is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on two fixed rails at ground level, the crane is called a [[gantry crane]] (USA, ASME B30 series) or a ''goliath crane'' (UK, BS 466). |
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Unlike mobile or construction cranes, overhead cranes are typically used for either manufacturing or maintenance applications, where efficiency or downtime are critical factors. |
Unlike [[Mobile crane|mobile]] or construction cranes, overhead cranes are typically used for either manufacturing or maintenance applications, where efficiency or downtime are critical factors. |
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The single girder type overhead crane is the most common overhead crane. It is generally used for light applications, normally up to 10 tonnes. |
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'''Double Girder Overhead Crane''' |
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The double girder overhead crane structure is used for heavier applications up to 125 tons and reaching over 100 feet of span. It can also be used to gain lifting height because the hoist of the double girder overhead crane is placed on the beams and the hook fits between them. |
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'''Suspended Overhead Crane''' |
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The rails of a suspended overhead crane are secured to the ceiling of the building. The elimination of dedicated support columns provides additional floor space, but limits lifting capacity. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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In 1876 [[Sampson Moore]] in England designed and supplied the first ever electric overhead crane, which was used to hoist guns at the [[Royal Arsenal]] in Woolwich, London.<ref>"Overhead power travelling crane for the Gun Factory of the Royal Arsenal" The Engineer, 22 September 1876, p219.</ref> Since that time Alliance Machine, now defunct, holds an |
In 1876 [[Sampson Moore]] in England designed and supplied the first ever electric overhead crane, which was used to hoist guns at the [[Royal Arsenal]] in [[Woolwich]], London.<ref>"Overhead power travelling crane for the Gun Factory of the Royal Arsenal" The Engineer, 22 September 1876, p219.</ref> Since that time Alliance Machine, now defunct, holds an AISE citation for one of the earliest cranes in the USA market. This crane was in service until approximately 1980, and is now in a museum in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. Over the years important innovations, such as the Weston load brake (which is now rare) and the wire rope hoist (which is still popular), have come and gone. The original hoist contained components mated together in what is now called the built-up style hoist. These built up hoists are used for heavy-duty applications such as steel coil handling and for users desiring long life and better durability. They also provide for easier maintenance. Now many hoists are package hoists, built as one unit in a single housing, generally designed for ten-year life, but the life calculation is based on an industry standard when calculating actual life. See the Hoists Manufacturers Institute site<ref>{{cite web|title=MHI Vision and Mission|url=http://www.mhi.org/hmi|publisher=MHI|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> for true life calculation, which is based on load and hours used. In today's modern world for the North American market, there are a few governing bodies for the industry. The Overhead Alliance is a group that represents [[Crane Manufacturers Association of America]], Hoist Manufacturers Institute, and Monorail Manufacturers Association. These product counsels of the Material Handling Industry of America have joined forces to create promotional materials to raise the awareness of the benefits of overhead lifting. The members of this group are marketing representatives of the member companies. |
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=== Early manufacture === |
=== Early manufacture === |
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* 1830: First Crane company in Germany Ludwig Stuckenholz company.<ref name="Kurrer2008">{{cite book|last=Kurrer|first=Karl-Eugen|title=The history of the theory of structures: from arch analysis to computational mechanics|url=https://archive.org/details/historytheorystr00kurr|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=Ernst & Sohn|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-433-01838-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historytheorystr00kurr/page/n410 411]–415}}</ref> |
* 1830: First Crane company in Germany, Ludwig Stuckenholz company.<ref name="Kurrer2008">{{cite book|last=Kurrer|first=Karl-Eugen|title=The history of the theory of structures: from arch analysis to computational mechanics|url=https://archive.org/details/historytheorystr00kurr|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=Ernst & Sohn|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-433-01838-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historytheorystr00kurr/page/n410 411]–415}}</ref> |
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* 1840: [[ |
* 1840: [[Mass production]] of overhead cranes starts in Germany. |
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* 1854: |
* 1854: Sampson Moore & Co in [[Liverpool]], England patents a new [[winch]] mechanism that allowed the lifting of heavier weights (such as naval guns) by an [[electric motor]].<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/23214/pages/566/page.pdf The London Gazette, 1 Feb 1867 (original patent filed on 25 Jan 1854)]</ref> |
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* 1861: |
* 1861: The first [[Steam engine|steam powered]] overhead crane is installed by [[John Ramsbottom (engineer)|John Ramsbottom]] at the [[Crewe Works|Crewe Railway workshops]]. Power was transmitted to the crane from a [[pulley]] driven by a stationary engine through an endless cotton rope.<ref name="Kurrer2008" /> |
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* 1887: |
* 1887: The Ludwig Stuckenholz company introduces electrical components to overhead cranes, determining industry design. |
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* 1910: |
* 1910: The first mass-produced electric motor hoist starts in Germany. |
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'''Configurations:''' |
'''Configurations:''' |
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=== EOT (Electric Overhead Traveling) Crane === |
=== EOT (Electric Overhead Traveling) Crane === |
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{{ |
{{Main|Electric overhead traveling crane}} |
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EOT |
EOT cranes are a common type of overhead crane. They are found in many factories and warehouses. These cranes are electrically operated by a control pendant, radio/IR remote pendant, or from an operator cabin attached to the crane. |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights=" |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140"> |
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File:Woman driving 20 ton O.E.T. crane (15402565322).jpg|A woman operating a 20-ton{{which|date=December 2021}} |
File:Woman driving 20 ton O.E.T. crane (15402565322).jpg|A woman operating a 20-ton{{which|date=December 2021}} [[Electric overhead traveling crane|EOT]] crane, 1914 |
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File:Submarí Ictineu 3 col·locat sota un pont grua.JPG|An EOT overhead crane is used to move and build this [[submersible]], the [[Ictineu 3]], in a [[warehouse]] of [[Sant Feliu de Llobregat]]. |
File:Submarí Ictineu 3 col·locat sota un pont grua.JPG|An EOT overhead crane is used to move and build this [[submersible]], the ''[[Ictineu 3]]'', in a [[warehouse]] of [[Sant Feliu de Llobregat]], Spain. |
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File:Essais de charge.jpg|alt=|A VFD crane currently performing a load test |
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File:Pont Roulant Simple Poutre.jpg|alt=|An overhead crane using a [[lifting beam]] for a customized application |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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=== Rotary overhead crane === |
=== Rotary overhead crane === |
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This type of overhead crane has one end of the bridge mounted on a fixed pivot and the other end carried on an annular track; the bridge traverses the circular area beneath. This offers improvement over a [[Crane (machine)#Jib |
This type of overhead crane has one end of the bridge mounted on a fixed pivot and the other end carried on an annular track; the bridge traverses the circular area beneath. This offers improvement over a [[Crane (machine)#Jib|jib crane]] by making possible a longer reach and eliminating lateral strains on the building walls.<ref name="towne">{{cite book|title=A treatise on cranes|last=Towne|first=Henry|publisher=Yale and Towne|year=1883|location=Stamford, CT|page=129|oclc=938144|quote=Rotary Bridge Crane...provided with a circular overhead track carrying the outer end of the jib, or rotary bridge. It...avoids the severe lateral strains upon the building and thus dispenses with heavy walls.|author-link=Henry R. Towne}}</ref> |
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=== Polar crane === |
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This type of overhead crane has both ends of the bridge mounted on an annular track. The bridge runs to entire diameter of the track, as opposed to just the radius for a rotary crane. Polar cranes are commonly used in [[containment building]]s at nuclear power stations, fitting their circular, steam pressure containing design.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/04/15/nuclear-crane-hutchinson | title=Despite no new plants, Minn. Company still part of the nuclear process | date=15 April 2011 }}</ref> |
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== Applications == |
== Applications == |
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Overhead cranes are commonly used in the [[steel industry|refinement of steel]] and other metals such as copper and aluminium. At every step of the manufacturing process, until it leaves a factory as a finished product, metal is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials are poured into a [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]] by crane, hot metal is then rolled to specific thickness and [[tempering (metallurgy)|tempered]] or [[annealing (metallurgy)|annealed]], and then stored by an overhead crane for cooling, the finished coils are lifted and loaded onto trucks and trains by overhead crane, and the [[fabrication (metal)|fabricator]] or stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The [[automobile]] industry uses overhead cranes to handle raw materials. Smaller [[workstation]] cranes, such as |
Overhead cranes are commonly used in the [[steel industry|refinement of steel]] and other metals, such as copper and aluminium. At every step of the manufacturing process, until it leaves a factory as a finished product, metal is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials are poured into a [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]] by crane, hot metal is then rolled to specific thickness and [[tempering (metallurgy)|tempered]] or [[annealing (metallurgy)|annealed]], and then stored by an overhead crane for cooling, the finished coils are lifted and loaded onto trucks and trains by overhead crane, and the [[fabrication (metal)|fabricator]] or stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The [[automobile]] industry uses overhead cranes to handle raw materials. Smaller [[workstation]] cranes, such as jib or [[gantry crane]]s, handle lighter loads in a work area, such as [[CNC]] mill or saw. |
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Almost all paper |
Almost all [[paper mill]]s use bridge cranes for regular maintenance, needing removal of heavy press rolls and other equipment. The bridge cranes are used in the initial construction of paper machines because they make it easier to install the heavy cast iron paper drying drums and other massive equipment, some weighing as much as 70 tons{{which|date=December 2021}}. |
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[[File:Longest Overhead Crane to build the longest wind turbines.jpg|thumb|Longest overhead crane to build the longest wind turbines at LM Windpower.]] |
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[[File:A 160 foot long Overhead Crane in the renewable energy sector.jpg<!-- Do NOT change the spelling of the image file! -->|thumb|A remarkable engineering effort was made by Protech in the province of Quebec, Canada, to build these giant overhead cranes. ]] |
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Recently, overhead cranes have been used in the wind-power industry. Giant cranes such as this one are being used to build the world's longest wind turbines. |
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[[File:Overhead Crane for Coil Lifting.jpg|thumb|Example of an overhead crane being used to lift heavy rolls]] |
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In many instances the cost of a bridge crane can be largely offset with savings from not renting mobile cranes in the construction of a facility that uses a lot of heavy |
In many instances, the cost of a bridge crane can be largely offset with savings from not renting mobile cranes in the construction of a facility that uses a lot of heavy processing equipment. |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights=" |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Examples of overhead cranes"> |
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File:Bridge Crane with Wire Rope Hoist.jpg<!-- Do NOT change the spelling of the image file! -->|Overhead crane and [[hoist (device)|hoist]] mounted on a trolley that can be moved across the bridge beam |
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File:RvancoppSteamCrane1262010.jpg|Example of steam powered overhead crane from 1875, produced by [[Demag|Stuckenholz AG]], [[Wetter (Ruhr)|Wetter |
File:RvancoppSteamCrane1262010.jpg|alt=Example of steam powered overhead crane from 1875, produced by Stuckenholz AG, Wetter an der Ruhr, Germany. Design developed by Rudolf Bredt from an original installation at Crewe railway works|Example of steam powered overhead crane from 1875, produced by [[Demag|Stuckenholz AG]], [[Wetter (Ruhr)|Wetter]], Germany. Design developed by [[:de:Rudolf Bredt|Rudolf Bredt]] from an original installation at Crewe railway works<ref name="Kurrer2008" /> |
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File:Rotary foundry crane.jpg|Rotary overhead crane installed in a [[foundry]], |
File:Rotary foundry crane.jpg|alt=Rotary overhead crane installed in a foundry, ca. 1880|Rotary overhead crane installed in a [[foundry]], {{Circa|1880}}<ref>Towne (1883: 124)</ref> |
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File:Steam travelling crane.png|Steam-powered overhead crane from ca. 1890. Three separate, two-cylinder engines provided transverse, longitudinal, and hoisting motion; a feature of the design was the ability to raise or lower the load while in transit.<ref>{{cite journal|date=21 March 1891|title=Improved overhead steam traveling crane|journal=[[Scientific American]]|location=New York|volume=XXXI|issue=794}}</ref> |
File:Steam travelling crane.png|alt=Steam-powered overhead crane from ca. 1890. Three separate, two-cylinder engines provided transverse, longitudinal, and hoisting motion; a feature of the design was the ability to raise or lower the load while in transit.|Steam-powered overhead crane from {{Circa|1890}}. Three separate, two-cylinder engines provided transverse, longitudinal, and hoisting motion; a feature of the design was the ability to raise or lower the load while in transit.<ref>{{cite journal|date=21 March 1891|title=Improved overhead steam traveling crane|journal=[[Scientific American]] | location=New York|volume=XXXI|issue=794}}</ref> |
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File:STS- |
File:STS-129 ExPRESS Logistics Carrier 13.jpg|One of two overhead cranes hoisting a space shuttle payload in the [[Space Station Processing Facility]] |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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[https://www.hoistsandcrane.com/eot-crane-manufacturer-india.php EOT Cranes Manufacturer, Supplier and Exporters in Ahmedabad] |
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[https://www.ambicaengineering.com/eot-cranes/ Ambica Engineering- EOT Crane Mnufacturer] |
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* ASME B30.2: "Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder, Top Running Trolley Hoist)" |
* ASME B30.2: "Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder, Top Running Trolley Hoist)" |
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* ASME B30.17: "Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist)" |
* ASME B30.17: "Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist)" |
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* ISO 4301-5: "Cranes; classification; part 5: overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes" (1991) |
* ISO 4301-5: "Cranes; classification; part 5: overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes" (1991) |
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* ISO 8686-5: "Cranes; design principles for loads and load combinations; part 5: overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes" (1992) |
* ISO 8686-5: "Cranes; design principles for loads and load combinations; part 5: overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes" (1992) |
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* Indian Standard |
* Indian Standard – 807 |
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* Indian Standard |
* Indian Standard – 3177 |
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* Indian Standard -4137 |
* Indian Standard -4137 |
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* FEM 1.001: "Rules for the Design of Hoisting Appliances" |
* FEM 1.001: "Rules for the Design of Hoisting Appliances" |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9830 OSHA Regs for overhead cranes] |
* [http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9830 OSHA Regs for overhead cranes] |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Lifting equipment]] |
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[[Category:Cranes (machines)]] |
[[Category:Cranes (machines)]] |
Latest revision as of 06:01, 7 October 2024
This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. (October 2011) |
An overhead crane, commonly called a bridge crane, is a type of crane found in industrial environments. An overhead crane consists of two parallel rails seated on longitudinal I-beams attached to opposite steel columns by means of brackets. The traveling bridge spans the gap. A hoist, the lifting component of a crane, travels along the bridge. If the bridge is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on two fixed rails at ground level, the crane is called a gantry crane (USA, ASME B30 series) or a goliath crane (UK, BS 466).
Unlike mobile or construction cranes, overhead cranes are typically used for either manufacturing or maintenance applications, where efficiency or downtime are critical factors.
Single Girder Overhead Crane
The single girder type overhead crane is the most common overhead crane. It is generally used for light applications, normally up to 10 tonnes.
Double Girder Overhead Crane
The double girder overhead crane structure is used for heavier applications up to 125 tons and reaching over 100 feet of span. It can also be used to gain lifting height because the hoist of the double girder overhead crane is placed on the beams and the hook fits between them.
Suspended Overhead Crane
The rails of a suspended overhead crane are secured to the ceiling of the building. The elimination of dedicated support columns provides additional floor space, but limits lifting capacity.
History
[edit]In 1876 Sampson Moore in England designed and supplied the first ever electric overhead crane, which was used to hoist guns at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, London.[1] Since that time Alliance Machine, now defunct, holds an AISE citation for one of the earliest cranes in the USA market. This crane was in service until approximately 1980, and is now in a museum in Birmingham, Alabama. Over the years important innovations, such as the Weston load brake (which is now rare) and the wire rope hoist (which is still popular), have come and gone. The original hoist contained components mated together in what is now called the built-up style hoist. These built up hoists are used for heavy-duty applications such as steel coil handling and for users desiring long life and better durability. They also provide for easier maintenance. Now many hoists are package hoists, built as one unit in a single housing, generally designed for ten-year life, but the life calculation is based on an industry standard when calculating actual life. See the Hoists Manufacturers Institute site[2] for true life calculation, which is based on load and hours used. In today's modern world for the North American market, there are a few governing bodies for the industry. The Overhead Alliance is a group that represents Crane Manufacturers Association of America, Hoist Manufacturers Institute, and Monorail Manufacturers Association. These product counsels of the Material Handling Industry of America have joined forces to create promotional materials to raise the awareness of the benefits of overhead lifting. The members of this group are marketing representatives of the member companies.
Early manufacture
[edit]- 1830: First Crane company in Germany, Ludwig Stuckenholz company.[3]
- 1840: Mass production of overhead cranes starts in Germany.
- 1854: Sampson Moore & Co in Liverpool, England patents a new winch mechanism that allowed the lifting of heavier weights (such as naval guns) by an electric motor.[4]
- 1861: The first steam powered overhead crane is installed by John Ramsbottom at the Crewe Railway workshops. Power was transmitted to the crane from a pulley driven by a stationary engine through an endless cotton rope.[3]
- 1887: The Ludwig Stuckenholz company introduces electrical components to overhead cranes, determining industry design.
- 1910: The first mass-produced electric motor hoist starts in Germany.
Configurations:
While sharing major components, overhead cranes are manufactured in a number of configurations based on applications.
EOT (Electric Overhead Traveling) Crane
[edit]EOT cranes are a common type of overhead crane. They are found in many factories and warehouses. These cranes are electrically operated by a control pendant, radio/IR remote pendant, or from an operator cabin attached to the crane.
-
An EOT overhead crane is used to move and build this submersible, the Ictineu 3, in a warehouse of Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain.
-
A VFD crane currently performing a load test
-
An overhead crane using a lifting beam for a customized application
Rotary overhead crane
[edit]This type of overhead crane has one end of the bridge mounted on a fixed pivot and the other end carried on an annular track; the bridge traverses the circular area beneath. This offers improvement over a jib crane by making possible a longer reach and eliminating lateral strains on the building walls.[5]
Polar crane
[edit]This type of overhead crane has both ends of the bridge mounted on an annular track. The bridge runs to entire diameter of the track, as opposed to just the radius for a rotary crane. Polar cranes are commonly used in containment buildings at nuclear power stations, fitting their circular, steam pressure containing design.[6]
Applications
[edit]Overhead cranes are commonly used in the refinement of steel and other metals, such as copper and aluminium. At every step of the manufacturing process, until it leaves a factory as a finished product, metal is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials are poured into a furnace by crane, hot metal is then rolled to specific thickness and tempered or annealed, and then stored by an overhead crane for cooling, the finished coils are lifted and loaded onto trucks and trains by overhead crane, and the fabricator or stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The automobile industry uses overhead cranes to handle raw materials. Smaller workstation cranes, such as jib or gantry cranes, handle lighter loads in a work area, such as CNC mill or saw.
Almost all paper mills use bridge cranes for regular maintenance, needing removal of heavy press rolls and other equipment. The bridge cranes are used in the initial construction of paper machines because they make it easier to install the heavy cast iron paper drying drums and other massive equipment, some weighing as much as 70 tons[which?].
Recently, overhead cranes have been used in the wind-power industry. Giant cranes such as this one are being used to build the world's longest wind turbines.
In many instances, the cost of a bridge crane can be largely offset with savings from not renting mobile cranes in the construction of a facility that uses a lot of heavy processing equipment.
Gallery
[edit]-
Example of steam powered overhead crane from 1875, produced by Stuckenholz AG, Wetter, Germany. Design developed by Rudolf Bredt from an original installation at Crewe railway works[3]
-
Steam-powered overhead crane from c. 1890. Three separate, two-cylinder engines provided transverse, longitudinal, and hoisting motion; a feature of the design was the ability to raise or lower the load while in transit.[8]
-
One of two overhead cranes hoisting a space shuttle payload in the Space Station Processing Facility
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Overhead power travelling crane for the Gun Factory of the Royal Arsenal" The Engineer, 22 September 1876, p219.
- ^ "MHI Vision and Mission". MHI. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
- ^ a b c Kurrer, Karl-Eugen (2008). The history of the theory of structures: from arch analysis to computational mechanics. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn. pp. 411–415. ISBN 978-3-433-01838-5.
- ^ The London Gazette, 1 Feb 1867 (original patent filed on 25 Jan 1854)
- ^ Towne, Henry (1883). A treatise on cranes. Stamford, CT: Yale and Towne. p. 129. OCLC 938144.
Rotary Bridge Crane...provided with a circular overhead track carrying the outer end of the jib, or rotary bridge. It...avoids the severe lateral strains upon the building and thus dispenses with heavy walls.
- ^ "Despite no new plants, Minn. Company still part of the nuclear process". 15 April 2011.
- ^ Towne (1883: 124)
- ^ "Improved overhead steam traveling crane". Scientific American. XXXI (794). New York. 21 March 1891.
Standards
[edit]- ASME B30.2: "Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder, Top Running Trolley Hoist)"
- ASME B30.17: "Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist)"
- ASME B30.11: "Monorails and Underhung Cranes"
- BS 466: "Specification for Power driven overhead travelling cranes, semi-goliath and goliath cranes for general use" (1984)
- ISO 4301-5: "Cranes; classification; part 5: overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes" (1991)
- ISO 8686-5: "Cranes; design principles for loads and load combinations; part 5: overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes" (1992)
- Indian Standard – 807
- Indian Standard – 3177
- Indian Standard -4137
- FEM 1.001: "Rules for the Design of Hoisting Appliances"