Jump to content

Elaeocarpus serratus: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
 
(33 intermediate revisions by 27 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family}}
{{speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Elaeocarpus serratus 16.JPG
| image = Elaeocarpus serratus IMG20170816074532.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| genus = Elaeocarpus
| genus = Elaeocarpus
| species = serratus
| species = serratus
| authority = Linnaeus, 1753 <ref name=Linnaeus>Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, Tomus I: 515</ref>
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Varieties
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="powovw">{{cite web |title=Elaeocarpus serratus var. weibelii Zmarzty |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1020873-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>
| subdivision = ''Elaeocarpus serratus'' var. ''weibelii'' <small>Zmarzty</small>
| synonyms =
*''Elaeocarpus adenophyllus'' {{small|Wall.}}
*''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' {{small|Wight}}
*''Elaeocarpus barnardii'' {{small|Burkill}}
*''Elaeocarpus cuneatus'' {{small|Wight}}
*''Elaeocarpus malabaricus'' {{small|Oken}}
*''Elaeocarpus monogynus'' {{small|Murray}}
*''Elaeocarpus perim-kara'' {{small|DC.}}
*''Elaeocarpus perincara'' {{small|Buch.-Ham.}}
*''Ganitrus roxburghii'' {{small|Wight}}
*''Misipus serratus'' {{small|(L.) Raf.}}
*''Monocera serrata'' {{small|(L.) Turcz.}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=Elaeocarpus serratus L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:833955-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>
}}
}}
[[File:CeylonOliveVeralu.jpg|thumbnail|''Elaeocarpus serratus'' (Veralu / Ceylon Olive) fruits]]
[[File:Elaeocarpus serratus 16.JPG|thumb|Flowers]]
[[File:Elaeocarpus_serratus_08.JPG|thumb|Flowers detail]]
[[File:Ceylon-olive (Elaeocarpus serratus) seeds.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Ceylon-olive (Elaeocarpus serratus) seeds]]
[[File:CeylonOliveVeralu.jpg|thumbnail|Fruits]]


'''''Elaeocarpus serratus''''' is a tropical fruit found in the Indian Subcontinent, Indo-China and South East Asia. It is an ornamental medium-sized tree indigenous to Sri Lanka, producing smooth, ovoid green fruits. The fruit has nutritive and medicinal values.This Ceylon Olive is a beneficial herbal plant used to cure various diseases.
'''''Elaeocarpus serratus''''', the '''Ceylon olive''', is a tropical [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Elaeocarpaceae]]. It is a medium to large tree, with white flowers. It has a disjunctive distribution, with the species occurring in Sri Lanka and southern India, and in Assam, Bangladesh and other parts in the north of the Indian subcontinent. The fruit is commonly eaten, and people also use the plant for ornamental, religious and folk-medicinal purposes. There are historical records of traditional-medicine use of the plant. ''Paradoxurus jerdoni'' ([[Brown palm civet]]) consumes parts of the tree.


==Taxonomy==
==Variety==
The species has an accepted variety, ''Elaeocarpus serratus'' var. ''weibelii''.<ref name="powovw">{{cite web |title=Elaeocarpus serratus var. weibelii Zmarzty |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1020873-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>


⚫
==Description==
The botanical name is ''Elaeocarpus serratus''. Classified by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name=Linnaeus /> Belongs to genus ''[[Elaeocarpus]]'' and Family ''[[Elaeocarpaceae]]''.
The taxa is a medium to large evergreen tree with a large spreading crown, reaching 15 to 60m in height.<ref name="baruah"/> The flowers have pale-green petiole, 5 white to pale-olive-green calyxes calyx, sepal 4-6mm long, 5 white corollas, petals 4-5mm long, slightly-black anther, 18-30 stamen.<ref name="susanti">{{cite book |last1=Susanti |first1=Ruliyana |last2=Sripanomyom |first2=Siriya |editor1-last=Khoo |editor1-first=Min Sheng |editor2-last=Hong-Wa |editor2-first=Cynthia |editor3-last=Harrison |editor3-first=Rhett D. |title=Proceedings of the Center for Tropical Forest Science – Arnold Arboretum International Field Biology Course 2006 |publisher=Center for Tropical Forest Science – Arnold Arboretum Asia Program University of Peradeniya Forest Department Sri Lanka |pages=89–91 |url=https://www.pfs-tropasia.org/storage/uploads/2012/10/Proceedings.IFBC-2006.pdf#page=97 |access-date=11 May 2021 |chapter=Role of Calyx Coloration in the Attraction of Pollinators in Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae)}}</ref>
⚫
The flowers expand to maximum size in late afternoon and hence are likely adapted to night pollinators, i.e. moths. Bears smooth ovoid green fruits<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Tropical Plants|year=1989|pages=560|author=M.F. Macmillan}}</ref> the size of about 2.5&nbsp;cm long. Recommended varieties are local cultivars (round and oval fruits).<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL" /> It has a brown seed inside the fruit. The seed has a hard outer shell. The seeds are slow for germination and can take up to 2 years. The wood is whitish yellow.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The species has a disjunctive distribution, it is native to an area of southern and southwest India and Sri Lanka, and to an area from [[Assam]], northeast India, to Bangladesh.<ref name="powo"/> Countries and regions in which it is indigenous to are: Sri Lanka; India ([[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], Assam, [[Arunachal Pradesh]]);<ref name="baruah"/> [[Bangladesh]]. It has been introduced/[[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] to [[Réunion]] and [[Mauritius]]. It is widely available in the villages of West Bengal also. It is called 'Jalpai' and people eat it raw or make chutney, Jalpai ambal, or make Achar also.


The ''weibelii'' variety is native to Karnataka and Kerala in southwest India.<ref name="powovw"/>
It is an Asia-tropical fruit tree. Found in [[India]] - Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Manipur, Assam and [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]] in the Indian Subcontinent. Also found in Indo-China - [[Myanmar]] and [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref name="Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].">{{GRIN | accessdate=18 August 2011}}</ref>


==Habitat and ecology==
⚫
In Sri Lanka the fruit is well known.<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL">{{cite book|last=Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka|first=Task Force on Fruits & Fruit Development Board|title=Tropical Fruits of Sri Lanka|year=1997|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Sri Lanka|page=29}}</ref>
The tree is drought tolerant.<ref name="baruah"/> Areas of high suitability for the plant in Assam include continuous patches of tropical and subtropical forest, and areas with a mosaic of fragmented groves, settled cultivation areas and human settlements. It grow less well in areas of degraded open forest, settled cultivation, homestead gardens and some human settlements. Areas of low suitability include grasslands, degraded open forest and some human settlements.


It natively occurs in the [[Sinharaja Forest Reserve]], Sri Lanka,<ref name="susanti"/> and is found in various protected areas of Assam, including [[Nameri National Park]], [[Dibru-Saikhowa National Park]], [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]] and [[Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary]].<ref name="baruah"/>
⚫
==Local names==


The palm civet ''Paradoxurus jerdoni'' ([[Brown palm civet]]) consumes parts of the plant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elaeocarpus serratus L. |url=https://eol.org/pages/2900051 |website=Encyclopedia of Life |publisher=eol.org |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>
Known as Veralu (වෙරළු) in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], Veralikkai in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], Kaarakka or Kaara in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], Jolphai in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], জলপাই in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Chorphon in Manipur and as Ceylon olive in [[English language|English]].<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL" />


The population in India is rapidly decreasing, partly due to over-exploitation of the plant (particularly for seeds), and partly due to [[habitat destruction]].<ref name="baruah"/> It is cited as vulnerable in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
⚫
==Description==

⚫
==Vernacular names==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
⚫
*''veralu'' (වෙරළු) ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]])<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL">{{cite book|author=Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka|first=Task Force on Fruits & Fruit Development Board|title=Tropical Fruits of Sri Lanka|year=1997|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Sri Lanka|page=29}}</ref>
*''veralikkai'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/>
*''kaarakka'', ''kaara'' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]])<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/>
*''belfoi''(ꠛꠦꠟꠚꠁ) ([[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], Bangladesh)<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/>
*''jalpai'' (জলপাই) ([[Bengali language|Bengali]])<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/>
*''okhi-siming'' ([[Karbi language]], Assam)<ref name="kar"/>
*''zolphai'' (জলফাই) ([[Assamese language|Assamese]])<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/>
*''chorphon'' ([[Meitei language]], Manipur)<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/>
*''rudraksh'' (India)<ref name="baruah">{{cite journal |last1=Baruah |first1=Prantik Sharma |last2=with five others |title=Habitat distributionmodelling and reinforcement of Elaeocarpus serratus L. - A threatened tree species of Assam, India for improvement of its conservation status |journal=Acta Ecologica Sinica |date=2019 |volume=39 |pages=42–49 |doi=10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.06.002 |s2cid=89985091 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325777612 |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>
*''bead tree'' (India)<ref name="baruah"/>
*''Ceylon-olive'' (English)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mabberley |first1=D. J. |title=The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants |date=1997 |publisher=cited at Taxon: Elaeocarpus serratus L.: GRIN-Global |edition=2 |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14954 |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL" />
{{div col end}}

==Uses==
The taxa is used as an ornamental plant and its fruit are eaten.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taxon: Elaeocarpus serratus L. |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14954 |website=GRIN-Global |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>

The fruit of the taxa is well known in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL">{{cite book|author=Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka|first=Task Force on Fruits & Fruit Development Board|title=Tropical Fruits of Sri Lanka|year=1997|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Sri Lanka|page=29}}</ref> Pickled Ceylon olives are eaten as popular street food within the country. It is also used as a part of indigenous medical treatments and as a part of local cuisine.

Use of the plant is recorded historically in India, the fruit was believed to ward off evil spirits and omens.<ref name="baruah"/> In recent folk medicine, various parts of the plant have been used to treat a large variety of ailments.<ref name="baruah"/>


People living in [[Mai Municipality]], [[Ilam District]], far-eastern Nepal, use the plant as part of folk medicine and in religion. Juice from the bark is drunk in treatment for jaundice, while a paste from the seed is eaten in belief of a treatment for pneumonia and ulcer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattarai |first1=K. R. |title=Ethnobotanical survey on plants used in Mai Municipality of Ilam district, eastern Nepal |journal=Banko Janakari |date=2020 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=11‒35 |doi=10.3126/banko.v30i2.33476 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BANKO/article/download/33476/26298 |access-date=11 May 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref>
⚫
It is an ornamental medium-sized tree. Bears smooth ovoid green fruits<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Tropical Plants|year=1989|pages=560|author=M.F.Macmillan}}</ref> the size of about 2.5&nbsp;cm long. Recommended varieties are local cultivars (round and oval fruits).<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL" /> It has a brown coloured seed inside the fruit.


The [[Karbi people]] of [[Karbi Anglong District]], Assam, harvest both ripe and unripe fruit from August to October, the ripe fruit is made into a pickle, the taste of the fruit is sour.<ref name="kar">{{cite journal |last1=Kar |first1=A. |last2=Borkataki |first2=S. |last3=Borthakur |first3=S. K. |title=Wild edible fruits of the Karbi's of Karbi Anglong district of Assam, India |journal=Pleione |date=2008 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=175–181 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/52828685/005_Wild_edible_fruits_of_Karbis_in_Assam.pdf |access-date=11 May 2021}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
==Nutritive and medicinal values==
Both ripe and unripe fruit are also sold in local markets, in the years 2005-2007 they fetched [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 20/- to 30/- per kilogram (cheap, but not in the cheapest price range).


The fruits are high in starch and sugar and have low amounts of protein and iron.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} It may help treat [[diarrhoea]] due to its constipating effect.<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/>{{MEDRS|date=June 2012}}.
The fruits are high in starch and sugar and have low amounts of protein and iron.<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/> It may help treat [[diarrhoea]] due to its constipating effect.<ref name="TropicalFruitsOfSL"/>{{MEDRS|date=June 2012}}.


==History==
In [[Sri Lanka]] pickled Ceylon olives are eaten as popular street food.
The founder of modern biological nomenclature, the Swede [[Carl Linnaeus]] (1707-78) named the species in 1753 in his work ''[[Species Plantarum]]''. The ''weibelii'' variety was named by the taxonomist [[Sue Zmarzty]] (born 1959) in 2001, publishing the description in the [[Kew Bulletin]], 56(2), page 437.
[[File:Elaeocarpus serratus2.jpg|thumb|Leaves in canopy]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


{{Commons category|Elaeocarpus serratus}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Elaeocarpus serratus}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q28501}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q28501|from2=Q43294729}}


[[Category:Elaeocarpus|serratus]]
[[Category:Elaeocarpus|serratus]]
[[Category:Edible plants]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flora of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Flora of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Flora of Kerala]]
[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Trees of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 2001]]

Latest revision as of 08:14, 7 October 2024

Elaeocarpus serratus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Oxalidales
Family: Elaeocarpaceae
Genus: Elaeocarpus
Species:
E. serratus
Binomial name
Elaeocarpus serratus
Varieties[1]

Elaeocarpus serratus var. weibelii Zmarzty

Synonyms[2]
  • Elaeocarpus adenophyllus Wall.
  • Elaeocarpus angustifolius Wight
  • Elaeocarpus barnardii Burkill
  • Elaeocarpus cuneatus Wight
  • Elaeocarpus malabaricus Oken
  • Elaeocarpus monogynus Murray
  • Elaeocarpus perim-kara DC.
  • Elaeocarpus perincara Buch.-Ham.
  • Ganitrus roxburghii Wight
  • Misipus serratus (L.) Raf.
  • Monocera serrata (L.) Turcz.
Flowers
Flowers detail
Ceylon-olive (Elaeocarpus serratus) seeds
Fruits

Elaeocarpus serratus, the Ceylon olive, is a tropical flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae. It is a medium to large tree, with white flowers. It has a disjunctive distribution, with the species occurring in Sri Lanka and southern India, and in Assam, Bangladesh and other parts in the north of the Indian subcontinent. The fruit is commonly eaten, and people also use the plant for ornamental, religious and folk-medicinal purposes. There are historical records of traditional-medicine use of the plant. Paradoxurus jerdoni (Brown palm civet) consumes parts of the tree.

Variety

[edit]

The species has an accepted variety, Elaeocarpus serratus var. weibelii.[1]

Description

[edit]

The taxa is a medium to large evergreen tree with a large spreading crown, reaching 15 to 60m in height.[3] The flowers have pale-green petiole, 5 white to pale-olive-green calyxes calyx, sepal 4-6mm long, 5 white corollas, petals 4-5mm long, slightly-black anther, 18-30 stamen.[4] The flowers expand to maximum size in late afternoon and hence are likely adapted to night pollinators, i.e. moths. Bears smooth ovoid green fruits[5] the size of about 2.5 cm long. Recommended varieties are local cultivars (round and oval fruits).[6] It has a brown seed inside the fruit. The seed has a hard outer shell. The seeds are slow for germination and can take up to 2 years. The wood is whitish yellow.

Distribution

[edit]

The species has a disjunctive distribution, it is native to an area of southern and southwest India and Sri Lanka, and to an area from Assam, northeast India, to Bangladesh.[2] Countries and regions in which it is indigenous to are: Sri Lanka; India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh);[3] Bangladesh. It has been introduced/naturalised to Réunion and Mauritius. It is widely available in the villages of West Bengal also. It is called 'Jalpai' and people eat it raw or make chutney, Jalpai ambal, or make Achar also.

The weibelii variety is native to Karnataka and Kerala in southwest India.[1]

Habitat and ecology

[edit]

The tree is drought tolerant.[3] Areas of high suitability for the plant in Assam include continuous patches of tropical and subtropical forest, and areas with a mosaic of fragmented groves, settled cultivation areas and human settlements. It grow less well in areas of degraded open forest, settled cultivation, homestead gardens and some human settlements. Areas of low suitability include grasslands, degraded open forest and some human settlements.

It natively occurs in the Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka,[4] and is found in various protected areas of Assam, including Nameri National Park, Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Pakke Tiger Reserve and Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary.[3]

The palm civet Paradoxurus jerdoni (Brown palm civet) consumes parts of the plant.[7]

The population in India is rapidly decreasing, partly due to over-exploitation of the plant (particularly for seeds), and partly due to habitat destruction.[3] It is cited as vulnerable in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.

Vernacular names

[edit]

Uses

[edit]

The taxa is used as an ornamental plant and its fruit are eaten.[10]

The fruit of the taxa is well known in Sri Lanka.[6] Pickled Ceylon olives are eaten as popular street food within the country. It is also used as a part of indigenous medical treatments and as a part of local cuisine.

Use of the plant is recorded historically in India, the fruit was believed to ward off evil spirits and omens.[3] In recent folk medicine, various parts of the plant have been used to treat a large variety of ailments.[3]

People living in Mai Municipality, Ilam District, far-eastern Nepal, use the plant as part of folk medicine and in religion. Juice from the bark is drunk in treatment for jaundice, while a paste from the seed is eaten in belief of a treatment for pneumonia and ulcer.[11]

The Karbi people of Karbi Anglong District, Assam, harvest both ripe and unripe fruit from August to October, the ripe fruit is made into a pickle, the taste of the fruit is sour.[8] Both ripe and unripe fruit are also sold in local markets, in the years 2005-2007 they fetched Rs. 20/- to 30/- per kilogram (cheap, but not in the cheapest price range).

The fruits are high in starch and sugar and have low amounts of protein and iron.[6] It may help treat diarrhoea due to its constipating effect.[6][unreliable medical source?].

History

[edit]

The founder of modern biological nomenclature, the Swede Carl Linnaeus (1707-78) named the species in 1753 in his work Species Plantarum. The weibelii variety was named by the taxonomist Sue Zmarzty (born 1959) in 2001, publishing the description in the Kew Bulletin, 56(2), page 437.

Leaves in canopy

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Elaeocarpus serratus var. weibelii Zmarzty". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Elaeocarpus serratus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Baruah, Prantik Sharma; with five others (2019). "Habitat distributionmodelling and reinforcement of Elaeocarpus serratus L. - A threatened tree species of Assam, India for improvement of its conservation status". Acta Ecologica Sinica. 39: 42–49. doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.06.002. S2CID 89985091. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  4. ^ a b Susanti, Ruliyana; Sripanomyom, Siriya. "Role of Calyx Coloration in the Attraction of Pollinators in Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae)". In Khoo, Min Sheng; Hong-Wa, Cynthia; Harrison, Rhett D. (eds.). Proceedings of the Center for Tropical Forest Science – Arnold Arboretum International Field Biology Course 2006 (PDF). Center for Tropical Forest Science – Arnold Arboretum Asia Program University of Peradeniya Forest Department Sri Lanka. pp. 89–91. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  5. ^ M.F. Macmillan (1989). Handbook of Tropical Plants. p. 560.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, Task Force on Fruits & Fruit Development Board (1997). Tropical Fruits of Sri Lanka. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Sri Lanka. p. 29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Elaeocarpus serratus L." Encyclopedia of Life. eol.org. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  8. ^ a b Kar, A.; Borkataki, S.; Borthakur, S. K. (2008). "Wild edible fruits of the Karbi's of Karbi Anglong district of Assam, India" (PDF). Pleione. 2 (2): 175–181. Retrieved 11 May 2021.[dead link‍]
  9. ^ Mabberley, D. J. (1997). The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants (2 ed.). cited at Taxon: Elaeocarpus serratus L.: GRIN-Global. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Taxon: Elaeocarpus serratus L." GRIN-Global. United States Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  11. ^ Bhattarai, K. R. (2020). "Ethnobotanical survey on plants used in Mai Municipality of Ilam district, eastern Nepal". Banko Janakari. 30 (2): 11‒35. doi:10.3126/banko.v30i2.33476. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Elaeocarpus_serratus&oldid=1249869616"