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{{short description|Patriotic song of Scotland with lyrics by Robert Burns}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} |
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{{Use British English|date=June 2017}} |
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}} |
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[[File:Scots Wha hae wi' Wallace Bled.jpg|thumb|300px|Scots Wha hae wi' Wallace Bled]] |
[[File:Scots Wha hae wi' Wallace Bled.jpg|thumb|300px|Scots Wha hae wi' Wallace Bled]] |
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"'''Scots Wha Hae'''" ([[English language|English]]: ''Scots |
"'''Scots Wha Hae'''" ([[English language|English]]: ''Scots Who Have'') is a patriotic song of [[Scotland]] written using both words of the [[Scots language]] and [[English language|English]], which served for centuries as an unofficial [[National anthem of Scotland|national anthem]] of the country, but has lately been largely supplanted by "[[Scotland the Brave]]" and "[[Flower of Scotland]]". |
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== Background == |
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The lyrics were written by [[Robert Burns]] in 1793, in the form of a speech given by [[Robert the Bruce]] before the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314, where Scotland maintained its [[sovereignty]] from the [[Kingdom of England]]. Although the lyrics are by Burns, he wrote them to the traditional Scottish tune "[[Hey Tuttie Tatie]]" which, according to tradition, was played by Bruce's army at the Battle of Bannockburn,<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8gOMBoI60QC&pg=PA218 |title=Poetry and Jacobite politics in eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland |author=Murray Pittock}}</ref> and by the Franco-Scots army at the [[Siege of Orleans]]. |
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The tune tends to be played as a slow [[air (music)|air]], but certain arrangements put it at a faster tempo, as in the ''[[Scottish Fantasy]]'' by [[Max Bruch]], the concert overture ''Rob Roy'' by [[Hector Berlioz]], and the [[Real McKenzies]]' [[punk rock]] rendition on their 1998 album ''[[Clash of the Tartans]]''. |
The lyrics were written by [[Robert Burns]] in 1793, in the form of a speech given by [[Robert the Bruce]] before the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314 during the [[Scottish Wars of Independence]]. Although the lyrics are by Burns, he wrote them to the traditional Scottish tune "[[Hey Tuttie Tatie]]", which according to tradition, was played by Bruce's army at the Battle of Bannockburn.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8gOMBoI60QC&pg=PA218 |title=Poetry and Jacobite politics in eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland |author=Murray Pittock}}</ref> According to tradition, the same theme was played in 1429 by the Franco-Scots army at the [[siege of Orléans]] in front of [[Joan of Arc]].{{Citation needed|reason=Needs a reliable source for this claim.|date=May 2021}} The song, called "Marche des soldats de Robert Bruce" in France, belongs to the traditional list of military music, and commemorates the [[Auld Alliance]] between France and Scotland. As for the Battle of Bannockburn, the theme really played was probably a traditional Scottish theme such as "Hey Tuttie Tatie". The tune tends to be played as a slow [[air (music)|air]], but certain arrangements put it at a faster tempo, as in the ''[[Scottish Fantasy]]'' by [[Max Bruch]], the concert overture ''Rob Roy'' by [[Hector Berlioz]], and the [[Real McKenzies]]' [[punk rock]] rendition on their 1998 album ''[[Clash of the Tartans]]''. |
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The song was sent by Burns to his publisher [[George Thomson (musician)|George Thomson]], at the end of August 1793, with the title |
The song was sent by Burns to his publisher, [[George Thomson (musician)|George Thomson]], at the end of August 1793, with the title "Robert Bruce's March To Bannockburn", and a postscript saying that he had been inspired by Bruce's "glorious struggle for Freedom, associated with the glowing ideas of some other struggles of the same nature, not quite so ancient." This is seen as a covert reference to the [[Radicalism (historical)|Radical]] movement, and particularly to the trial of [[Glasgow]] lawyer [[Thomas Muir of Huntershill]], whose trial began on 30 August 1793 as part of a government crackdown, after the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] led to France declaring war on the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] on 1 February 1793. Muir was accused of [[sedition]] for allegedly inciting the Scottish people to oppose the government during the December 1792 convention of the Scottish [[Friends of the People Society]], and was eventually sentenced to 14 years' [[penal transportation|transportation]] to the convict settlement at [[Botany Bay]]. Burns was aware that if he declared his [[Republicanism|republican]] and radical sympathies openly, he could suffer the same fate. |
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When Burns notably agreed to let the ''[[Morning Chronicle]]'', of 8 May 1794, publish the song, it was on the basis of "let them insert it as a thing they have met with by accident, and unknown to me." The song was included in the 1799 edition of ''A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=George Thomson (1757-1851) |url=http://archive.org/details/ThomsonScottishAirsNewEd1826Vol3 |title=[George Thomson (ed.)], A Select Collection Of Original Scottish Airs For The Voice [...] New Edition, Vol. 3, Preston, London, 1826 |date=1826 |pages=132-33}}</ref> edited by [[George Thomson (musician)|George Thomson]], but Thomson preferred the tune "Lewie Gordon", and had Burns add to the fourth line of each [[stanza]], to suit. In the 1802 edition, the original words and tune were restored. In 1881, ''[[The New York Times]]'', reviewing ''Our Familiar Songs and Those Who Made Them'' by [[Helen Kendrick Johnson]], asserted that no song was "more glorious" than "{{lang|sco|Scots, wha hae wi Wallace bled}}", explaining that once Burns' poem had been set to the tune of ''Hey Tuttie Tatie'', it "marched through the land forever, loud, and triumphant."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Songs of Former Days |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 November 1881}}</ref> "Scots Wha Hae" is the [[party song]] of the [[Scottish National Party]]. In the past, it was sung at the close of their annual national conference each year. The tune was adapted for military band as {{lang|fr|Marche des soldats de Robert Bruce}} by French army {{lang|fr|Chef de Musique Léonce Chomel|italics=no}}, and recorded around 1910 in his {{lang|fr|Marches historiques, chants et chansons des soldats de France}}.<ref>Chomel, Léonce, ''Marches historiques, chants et chansons des soldats de France'', 3 tomes, Musée de l’armée, 1912 (manuscrit).</ref> The tune is also featured in the fourth movement of the [[Scottish Fantasy]], composed in 1880 by German composer [[Max Bruch]] . |
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Muir was accused of [[sedition]] for allegedly inciting the Scottish people to oppose the government during the December 1792 convention of the Scottish '[[Friends of the People Society]], and was eventually sentenced to fourteen years' [[penal transportation|transportation]] to the convict settlement at [[Botany Bay]], [[Australia]]. |
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Burns was aware that if he declared his [[Republicanism|Republican]] and Radical sympathies openly he could suffer the same fate. It is notable that when Burns agreed to let the ''[[Morning Chronicle]]'', of 8 May 1794, publish the song, it was on the basis of 'let them insert it as a thing they have met with by accident, and unknown to me.' |
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The song was included in the 1799 edition of ''A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice'', edited by [[George Thomson (musician)|George Thomson]], but Thomson preferred the tune "[[Lewie Gordon]]" and had Burns add to the fourth line of each [[stanza]], to suit. In the 1802 edition, the original words and tune were restored. |
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"Scots Wha Hae" is the [[party song]] of the [[Scottish National Party]]. In the past, it was sung at the close of their annual national conference each year. |
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The tune was adapted for military band as ''Marche des soldats de Robert Bruce'' by French army Chef de Musique Léonce Chomel, and recorded around 1910 in his ''Marches historiques, chants et chansons des soldats de France''.<ref>Chomel, Léonce, ''Marches historiques, chants et chansons des soldats de France'', 3 tomes, Musée de l’armée, 1912 (manuscrit).</ref> |
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==Lyrics== |
==Lyrics== |
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{| role="presentation" |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2016}} |
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{| |
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|- Burns Night P6/7 |
|- Burns Night P6/7 |
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| lang="sco" | |
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: '''{{lang|en|Original lyrics|italic=no}}''' |
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: Scots, wha hae wi [[William Wallace|Wallace]] bled, |
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: Scots, wham [[Robert the Bruce|Bruce]] has aften led, |
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: Welcome tae yer gory bed, |
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: Or tae victorie. |
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:''' |
: '''English translation''' |
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: |
: Scots, who have with Wallace bled, |
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:Scots, |
: Scots, whom Bruce has often led, |
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:Welcome |
: Welcome to your gory bed |
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:Or |
: Or to victory. |
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:'''English translation''' |
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:'Scots, who have with Wallace bled, |
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:Scots, whom Bruce has often led, |
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:Welcome to your gory bed |
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:Or to victory. |
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:'''Scottish Gaelic translation''' |
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:Fheachd Alba, thug le Uallas buaidh, |
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:'S tric fo Bhrus bha 'n cogadh cruaidh, |
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:Fàilte dhuibh gu fois na h-uaigh, |
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:No gu buaidh is sìth. |
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|- |
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| lang="sco" | |
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: Now's the day, an now's the hour: |
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: See the front o battle lour, |
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: See approach [[Edward II of England|proud Edward's]] power— |
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: Chains and Slaverie. |
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: Now's the day, and now's the hour: |
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:'Wha will be a traitor knave? |
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: See the front of battle lower (threaten), |
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:Wha will fill a coward's grave? |
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: See approach proud Edward's power— |
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:Wha sae base as be a slave? |
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: Chains and slavery. |
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:Let him turn an flee. |
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:'Who will be a traitor knave? |
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:Who will fill a coward's grave? |
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:Who's so base as be a slave? – |
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:Let him turn, and flee. |
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:Cò 'na shloightear, feallta, fuar? |
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:Cò 'na ghealtar dh'iarradh uaigh? |
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:Cò 'na thràill fo shail luchd-fuath? |
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:Clis bi bhuam fhir-chlith. |
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|- |
|- |
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| lang="sco" | |
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: Wha will be a traitor knave? |
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: Wha will fill a coward's grave? |
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: Wha sae base as be a slave? |
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: Let him turn a flee. |
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: Who will be a traitor knave? |
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:'Now's the day, an now's the hour: |
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: Who will fill a coward's grave? |
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:See the front o battle lour, |
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: Who's so base as be a slave? |
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:See approach [[Edward II of England|proud Edward's]] power – |
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: |
: Let him turn, and flee. |
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| |
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:'Now is the day, and now is the hour: |
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:See the front of battle lower (threaten), |
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:See approach proud Edward's power – |
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:Chains and slavery. |
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|Bithidh na feartan carboin na mara agus tha i na ball co-chaidreachas agus tha iad gu math crochte air turasachd tha taigh nan cumantan agus tha iad suidhichte anns Eilean agus tha an cuid bu i tè an cuid bu i ogha aige Ruairidh MacIlleathain craoladair tha an cuid eile dhen aon mheud air turasachd àiteachas an cuid eile gur an aon rud ann leis gu bheil thu ag ràdh gu robh na feartan carboin sin bha an dùthaich seo fo ainmean breugach an dùthaich nam Basgach agus tha i suidhichte air turasachd àiteachas agus dreuchdan dhan an dùthaich air fad ann leis an dùthaich air feadh nan Eilean siar mar an dùthaich air turasachd agus iasgach nan gnìomhairean agus tha an cuid obrach air feadh<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cambridge Middle English Iyrics|author=Person, Henry A.|date=1969|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=Iyrics|isbn=|location=Lyrics|pages=Lyrics|oclc=771324541}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| lang="sco" | |
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: Wha, for Scotland's [[Robert the Bruce|king]] and [[Scots law|law]], |
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: Freedom's sword will strongly draw, |
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: Freeman stand, or Freeman fa, |
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: Let him on wi me. |
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: |
: Who for Scotland's King and Law |
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:Freedom's sword will strongly draw, |
: Freedom's sword will strongly draw, |
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:Freeman stand |
: Freeman stand or freeman fall, |
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:Let him |
: Let him follow me. |
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:'Who for Scotland's King and Law |
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:Freedom's sword will strongly draw, |
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:Freeman stand or freeman fall, |
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:Let him follow me. |
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:Cò às leth a Thìr, 's a Còir |
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:Thairrneas stàillinn chruaidh 'na dhòrn? |
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:Buaidh an àird, no bàs le glòir! |
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:Lean a dheòin do Rìgh. |
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|- |
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| lang="sco" | |
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: By Oppression's woes and pains, |
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: By your sons in servile chains! |
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: We will drain our dearest veins, |
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: But they shall be free. |
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: By oppression's woes and pains, |
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:By your sons in servile chains |
: By your sons in servile chains, |
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:We will drain our dearest veins |
: We will drain our dearest veins |
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:But they shall be free. |
: But they shall be free. |
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:'By oppression's woes and pains, |
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:By your sons in servile chains, |
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:We will drain our dearest veins |
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:But they shall be free. |
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:Air ar bruid fo shluagh neo-chaomh, |
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:Air bhur n-àl an sàs san daors', |
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:Tràighidh sinn ar fuil 's an raon, |
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:Bheir sinn saors' d' ar linn. |
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| lang="sco" | |
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: Lay the proud usurpers low, |
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: Tyrants fa in every foe, |
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: Libertie's in every blow!— |
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: Let us do or dee. |
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: |
: Lay the proud usurpers low, |
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:Tyrants fall in every foe, |
: Tyrants fall in every foe, |
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:Liberty's in every blow! |
: Liberty's in every blow!— |
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:Let us do or |
: Let us do or die. |
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:'Lay the proud usurpers low, |
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:Tyrants fall in every foe, |
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:Liberty is in every blow, |
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:Let us do or die!' |
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:Sìos na coimhich bhorb gur bas! |
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:Sreath gun ìochd – gach ceann thig 'bhàin, |
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:Saorsa thig an lorg gach stràic. |
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:Buaidh no bàs man till. |
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|} |
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==In popular culture== |
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==References<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pearce|first=Kenneth L.|date=2017-04-20|title=Reference and Quasi‐Reference|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198790334.003.0006|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online|volume=Reference|pages=Reference|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198790334.003.0006|via=}}</ref>== |
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* The opening lyrics of the song are the key words for the posthypnotic-suggestion programming of [[United Nations]] Exploratory Force soldiers in [[Joe Haldeman]]'s [[military science-fiction]] novel ''[[The Forever War]],'' intended to make them particularly aggressive in battle. |
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* In the ''[[Dad's Army]]'' episode "[[My British Buddy]]", [[Private Frazer]] recites a personally updated version of the song's second and third lyrics to an American colonel during the welcoming of the [[United States]] into [[World War II]]. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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*Bold, Alan (editor), Rhymer Rab, An Anthology of Poems and Prose by Robert Burns, Black Swan, Transworld Publishers Ltd, London 1993, {{ISBN|0-552-99526-6}} |
*Bold, Alan (editor), ''Rhymer Rab, An Anthology of Poems and Prose by Robert Burns,'' Black Swan, Transworld Publishers Ltd, London 1993, {{ISBN|0-552-99526-6}} |
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*Mackay, James A. (editor), The Complete Letters of Robert Burns, Ayr 1987. |
*Mackay, James A. (editor), ''The Complete Letters of Robert Burns'', Ayr 1987. |
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==External links== |
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==External links<ref name="Exterlan links">{{Citation|title=Stud link cables (anchor cables) common links, enlarged links, end links and joining shackles.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/30308140|publisher=BSI British Standards|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>== |
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*Digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/91460792 Scots Wha Hae] in James Johnson's [[Scots Musical Museum]], printed between 1787 and 1803, from [[National Library of Scotland]]. JPEG, PDF, XML versions. |
*Digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/91460792 Scots Wha Hae] in James Johnson's [[Scots Musical Museum]], printed between 1787 and 1803, from [[National Library of Scotland]]. JPEG, PDF, XML versions. |
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* [http://www.electricscotland.com/music/artists/mp3/scots_wha_hae.mp3 MP3 file of vocal performance] |
* [http://www.electricscotland.com/music/artists/mp3/scots_wha_hae.mp3 MP3 file of vocal performance] The Reevers • Farewell to the Highlands |
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{{Robert Burns}} |
{{Robert Burns}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1790s songs]] |
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[[Category:1793 in Scotland]] |
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[[Category:1793 works]] |
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[[Category:Cultural depictions of William Wallace]] |
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[[Category:Poetry by Robert Burns]] |
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[[Category:Political party songs]] |
[[Category:Political party songs]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Robert the Bruce]] |
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[[Category:Scots-language works]] |
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[[Category:Scottish National Party]] |
[[Category:Scottish National Party]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Scottish patriotic songs]] |
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[[Category:Scottish literature]] |
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[[Category:Traditional ballads]] |
[[Category:Traditional ballads]] |
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[[Category:William Wallace]] |
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[[Category:1793 works]] |
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[[Category:1793 in Scotland]] |
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[[Category:European anthems]] |
Latest revision as of 09:09, 7 October 2024
"Scots Wha Hae" (English: Scots Who Have) is a patriotic song of Scotland written using both words of the Scots language and English, which served for centuries as an unofficial national anthem of the country, but has lately been largely supplanted by "Scotland the Brave" and "Flower of Scotland".
Background
[edit]The lyrics were written by Robert Burns in 1793, in the form of a speech given by Robert the Bruce before the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 during the Scottish Wars of Independence. Although the lyrics are by Burns, he wrote them to the traditional Scottish tune "Hey Tuttie Tatie", which according to tradition, was played by Bruce's army at the Battle of Bannockburn.[1] According to tradition, the same theme was played in 1429 by the Franco-Scots army at the siege of Orléans in front of Joan of Arc.[citation needed] The song, called "Marche des soldats de Robert Bruce" in France, belongs to the traditional list of military music, and commemorates the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland. As for the Battle of Bannockburn, the theme really played was probably a traditional Scottish theme such as "Hey Tuttie Tatie". The tune tends to be played as a slow air, but certain arrangements put it at a faster tempo, as in the Scottish Fantasy by Max Bruch, the concert overture Rob Roy by Hector Berlioz, and the Real McKenzies' punk rock rendition on their 1998 album Clash of the Tartans.
The song was sent by Burns to his publisher, George Thomson, at the end of August 1793, with the title "Robert Bruce's March To Bannockburn", and a postscript saying that he had been inspired by Bruce's "glorious struggle for Freedom, associated with the glowing ideas of some other struggles of the same nature, not quite so ancient." This is seen as a covert reference to the Radical movement, and particularly to the trial of Glasgow lawyer Thomas Muir of Huntershill, whose trial began on 30 August 1793 as part of a government crackdown, after the French Revolutionary Wars led to France declaring war on the Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 February 1793. Muir was accused of sedition for allegedly inciting the Scottish people to oppose the government during the December 1792 convention of the Scottish Friends of the People Society, and was eventually sentenced to 14 years' transportation to the convict settlement at Botany Bay. Burns was aware that if he declared his republican and radical sympathies openly, he could suffer the same fate.
When Burns notably agreed to let the Morning Chronicle, of 8 May 1794, publish the song, it was on the basis of "let them insert it as a thing they have met with by accident, and unknown to me." The song was included in the 1799 edition of A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice,[2] edited by George Thomson, but Thomson preferred the tune "Lewie Gordon", and had Burns add to the fourth line of each stanza, to suit. In the 1802 edition, the original words and tune were restored. In 1881, The New York Times, reviewing Our Familiar Songs and Those Who Made Them by Helen Kendrick Johnson, asserted that no song was "more glorious" than "Scots, wha hae wi Wallace bled", explaining that once Burns' poem had been set to the tune of Hey Tuttie Tatie, it "marched through the land forever, loud, and triumphant."[3] "Scots Wha Hae" is the party song of the Scottish National Party. In the past, it was sung at the close of their annual national conference each year. The tune was adapted for military band as Marche des soldats de Robert Bruce by French army Chef de Musique Léonce Chomel, and recorded around 1910 in his Marches historiques, chants et chansons des soldats de France.[4] The tune is also featured in the fourth movement of the Scottish Fantasy, composed in 1880 by German composer Max Bruch .
Lyrics
[edit]
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In popular culture
[edit]- The opening lyrics of the song are the key words for the posthypnotic-suggestion programming of United Nations Exploratory Force soldiers in Joe Haldeman's military science-fiction novel The Forever War, intended to make them particularly aggressive in battle.
- In the Dad's Army episode "My British Buddy", Private Frazer recites a personally updated version of the song's second and third lyrics to an American colonel during the welcoming of the United States into World War II.
References
[edit]- ^ Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite politics in eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland
- ^ George Thomson (1757-1851) (1826). [George Thomson (ed.)], A Select Collection Of Original Scottish Airs For The Voice [...] New Edition, Vol. 3, Preston, London, 1826. pp. 132–33.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Songs of Former Days". The New York Times. 6 November 1881.
- ^ Chomel, Léonce, Marches historiques, chants et chansons des soldats de France, 3 tomes, Musée de l’armée, 1912 (manuscrit).
- Bold, Alan (editor), Rhymer Rab, An Anthology of Poems and Prose by Robert Burns, Black Swan, Transworld Publishers Ltd, London 1993, ISBN 0-552-99526-6
- Mackay, James A. (editor), The Complete Letters of Robert Burns, Ayr 1987.
External links
[edit]- Digitised copy of Scots Wha Hae in James Johnson's Scots Musical Museum, printed between 1787 and 1803, from National Library of Scotland. JPEG, PDF, XML versions.
- MP3 file of vocal performance The Reevers • Farewell to the Highlands