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Add effects of climate change on groundwater resources

Hi User:Jarble, I saw your note in to-dos ("Describe the effects of climate change on groundwater resources") and I agree it's a good task and I plan to tackle this in the coming week. Do you have any particular pointers in mind, e.g. also related Wikipedia articles where this is perhaps already included? I'll look at effects of climate change and effects of climate change on the water cycle. We'll have to make sure the same content is not repeated too much on several Wikipedia articles. EMsmile (talk) 13:36, 7 December 2022 (UTC)[reply]

@EMsmile: I updated the to-do list a while ago (in 2019); since then, an article about the effects of climate change on the water cycle has been written. This article describes some of the effects of climate change on groundwater resources. Jarble (talk) 17:49, 7 December 2022 (UTC)[reply]

OK, then I have now removed that item from the to do list. I'll do a bit more work to link better to that article. EMsmile (talk) 14:40, 12 December 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Removed content on management issues

I've removed this section on management issues because it was overly specific and not suitable for a high level overview article on groundwater. Also it was all relying on just one primary source. EMsmile (talk) 14:49, 19 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Management issues

Water management agencies, when calculating the "sustainable yield" of aquifer and river water, have often counted the same water twice, once in the aquifer, and once in its connected river. This problem, although understood for centuries, has persisted, partly through inertia within government agencies. In Australia, for example, prior to the statutory reforms initiated by the Council of Australian Governments water reform framework in the 1990s, many Australian states managed groundwater and surface water through separate government agencies, an approach beset by rivalry and poor communication.

In general, the time lags inherent in the dynamic response of groundwater to development have been ignored by water management agencies, decades after scientific understanding of the issue was consolidated. The effects of groundwater overdraft may take decades or centuries to manifest themselves.^[1] The science has been available to make these calculations for decades; however, in general water management agencies often ignore such effects that have longer timeframes.^[1] Management agencies need to define and use appropriate timeframes in groundwater planning.^[1] This will mean calculating groundwater withdrawal permits based on predicted effects decades, sometimes centuries in the future.

For example, a modelling study investigated a situation where groundwater extraction in an intermontane basin withdrew the entire annual recharge, leaving ‘nothing’ for the natural groundwater-dependent vegetation community.^[1] Even when the borefield was situated close to the vegetation, 30% of the original vegetation demand could still be met by the lag inherent in the system after 100 years. By year 500, this had reduced to 0%, signalling complete death of the groundwater-dependent vegetation. EMsmile (talk) 14:49, 19 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sophocleous, Marios (2002). "Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science". Hydrogeology Journal. 10 (1): 52–67. Bibcode:2002HydJ...10...52S. doi:10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8. S2CID 2891081.

Groundwater pollution content replaced with excerpt

Instead of this text I have now added an excerpt from groundwater pollution. That excerpt is more up to date and better written. Also that image with the iron oxide staining didn't say very much so I have removed that as well. EMsmile (talk) 14:59, 19 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]

++++++++

Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems. Polluted groundwater is mapped by sampling soils and groundwater near suspected or known sources of pollution, to determine the extent of the pollution, and to aid in the design of groundwater remediation systems. Preventing groundwater pollution near potential sources such as landfills requires lining the bottom of a landfill with watertight materials, collecting any leachate with drains, and keeping rainwater off any potential contaminants, along with regular monitoring of nearby groundwater to verify that contaminants have not leaked into the groundwater.^[1] In some areas, the groundwater can become contaminated by arsenic and other mineral poisons.

Groundwater pollution, from pollutants released to the ground that can work their way down into groundwater, can create a contaminant plume within an aquifer. Pollution can occur from landfills, naturally occurring arsenic, on-site sanitation systems or other point sources, such as petrol stations with leaking underground storage tanks, or leaking sewers.

Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area, its advancing boundary often called a plume edge, which can then intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and springs, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. Different mechanism have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g. diffusion, adsorption, precipitation, decay, in the groundwater. The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of hydrology transport models.

The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.^[1]

Around one-third of the world's population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10 percent, approximately 300 million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are heavily polluted with arsenic or fluoride.^[2] These trace elements derive mainly from natural sources by leaching from rock and sediments.

References

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference hydrology was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Eawag (2015) Geogenic Contamination Handbook – Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water. C.A. Johnson, A. Bretzler (Eds.), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. (download: www.eawag.ch/en/research/humanwelfare/drinkingwater/wrq/geogenic-contamination-handbook/)

EMsmile (talk) 14:59, 19 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Ecology Winter 2023

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 January 2023 and 10 April 2023. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Azadirachta indica (article contribs).

— Assignment last updated by Azadirachta indica (talk) 16:13, 24 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Difference between groundwater and aquifer 2602:306:BC65:43D9:7889:BA5:E32A:81A2 (talk) 06:42, 29 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

This doesn't appear in any of the wiki articles, but I'm beginning to think it's this simple: "groundwater" is simply the water within an "aquifer." 2602:306:BC65:43D9:7889:BA5:E32A:81A2 (talk) 06:45, 29 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

You may want to look at Hyporheic zone for starters and then consider soil water as examples. Velella ^{Velella Talk} 22:41, 29 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

[Sophocleous,_2002-1] Sophocleous, Marios (2002). "Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science". Hydrogeology Journal. 10 (1): 52–67. Bibcode:2002HydJ...10...52S. doi:10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8. S2CID 2891081.

[hydrology-2] Cite error: The named reference hydrology was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[3] Eawag (2015) Geogenic Contamination Handbook – Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water. C.A. Johnson, A. Bretzler (Eds.), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. (download: www.eawag.ch/en/research/humanwelfare/drinkingwater/wrq/geogenic-contamination-handbook/)

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+==Add effects of climate change on groundwater resources==
-==2005-2006 discussion==
+Hi [[User:Jarble]], I saw your note in to-dos ("Describe the [[google:"climate+change"+groundwater|effects of climate change on groundwater resources]]") and I agree it's a good task and I plan to tackle this in the coming week. Do you have any particular pointers in mind, e.g. also related Wikipedia articles where this is perhaps already included? I'll look at [[effects of climate change]] and [[effects of climate change on the water cycle]]. We'll have to make sure the same content is not repeated too much on several Wikipedia articles. [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]] ([[User talk:EMsmile|talk]]) 13:36, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
-Is the ground water flow parallel to water table? why? <small><span class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:216.232.201.182 |216.232.201.182 ]] ([[User talk:216.232.201.182 |talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/216.232.201.182 |contribs]]) 23:50, 4 December 2005</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned -->
+:{{reply to|EMsmile}} I updated the to-do list a while ago (in 2019); since then, an article about the [[effects of climate change on the water cycle]] has been written. This article describes some of the effects of climate change on groundwater resources. [[User:Jarble|Jarble]] ([[User talk:Jarble|talk]]) 17:49, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
+:: OK, then I have now removed that item from the to do list. I'll do a bit more work to link better to that article. [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]] ([[User talk:EMsmile|talk]]) 14:40, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
+== Removed content on management issues ==
-:in an unconfined aquifer (an aquifer with a water table), if there is no recharge from above, the water table is a no-flow boundary or streamline. This means that flow would move parallel to the water table.
+I've removed this section on management issues because it was overly specific and not suitable for a high level overview article on groundwater. Also it was all relying on just one primary source. [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]] ([[User talk:EMsmile|talk]]) 14:49, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
-:If there is significant recharge or flow down through the vadose zone, there would be a component of flow normal to the water table, and flow would therefore not be parallel to it (but unless the recharge is large, flow will *nearly* be parallel to the water table). --kris 23:52, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
+=== Management issues ===
+Water management agencies, when calculating the "[[sustainable yield]]" of aquifer and river water, have often counted the same water twice, once in the aquifer, and once in its connected river. This problem, although understood for centuries, has persisted, partly through inertia within government agencies. In Australia, for example, prior to the statutory reforms initiated by the [[Council of Australian Governments]] water reform framework in the 1990s, many Australian states managed groundwater and surface water through separate government agencies, an approach beset by rivalry and poor communication.
+In general, the time lags inherent in the dynamic response of groundwater to development have been ignored by water management agencies, decades after scientific understanding of the issue was consolidated. The effects of groundwater overdraft may take decades or centuries to manifest themselves.<ref name="Sophocleous, 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Sophocleous |first1=Marios |year=2002 |title=Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=52–67 |bibcode=2002HydJ...10...52S |doi=10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8 |s2cid=2891081}}</ref>  The science has been available to make these calculations for decades; however, in general water management agencies often ignore such effects that have longer timeframes.<ref name="Sophocleous, 2002" /> Management agencies need to define and use appropriate timeframes in groundwater planning.<ref name="Sophocleous, 2002" /> This will mean calculating groundwater withdrawal permits based on predicted effects decades, sometimes centuries in the future.
-: [as an aside, I don't think this talk page is probably the best place to learn about groundwater.] --[[User:KrisK|kris]] 23:52, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
+For example, a modelling study investigated a situation where groundwater extraction in an intermontane basin withdrew the entire annual recharge, leaving ‘nothing’ for the natural groundwater-dependent vegetation community.<ref name="Sophocleous, 2002" /> Even when the borefield was situated close to the vegetation, 30% of the original vegetation demand could still be met by the lag inherent in the system after 100 years. By year 500, this had reduced to 0%, signalling complete death of the groundwater-dependent vegetation. [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]] ([[User talk:EMsmile|talk]]) 14:49, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
-Just a note, when I checked the Environment Canada Website and the Coastal Ocean Institute Website, I got the impression that the vast majority of ''usable'' freshwater is groundwater (Coastal Ocean Institute Website says 97%). I don't doubt the statistic that 20% of the world's total freshwater is groundwater, but the statistic can be a bit misleading to someone who doesn't know the other 80% of this freshwater is in the icecaps and inaccessable to nearly everyone.  <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:129.21.112.186|129.21.112.186]] ([[User talk:129.21.112.186|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/129.21.112.186|contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned -->
+{{reflist|talk}}
-==Later discussion==
-'Groundwater' is the correct spelling in Australia in any case
+== Groundwater pollution content replaced with excerpt ==
+Instead of this text I have now added an excerpt from [[groundwater pollution]]. That excerpt is more up to date and better written. Also that image with the iron oxide staining didn't say very much so I have removed that as well. [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]] ([[User talk:EMsmile|talk]]) 14:59, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
-:Are you sure?  Many engineers in US use the single term out of poor education in english.  It's easier for them to remember.  But it is still incorrect. <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Dbt23|Dbt23]] ([[User talk:Dbt23|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dbt23|contribs]]) 14:25, 7 September 2006</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned -->
+[[File:Limestone building with pollution.jpg|thumb|right|Iron (III) oxide staining (after water capillary rise in a wall) caused by oxidation of dissolved iron (II) and its subsequent precipitation, from an unconfined aquifer in karst topography. [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]].]]
+ ++++++++
-Groundwater as one word is incorrect.  As a noun, it is 'ground water' and as an adjective it is 'ground-water'.  See, http://www.ngwa.org/  <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Kdoudman|Kdoudman]] ([[User talk:Kdoudman|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kdoudman|contribs]]) 20:17, 8 July 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
+Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage [[landfill]]s, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process [[wastewater]] from mines, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, [[sewage sludge]] and septic systems. Polluted groundwater is mapped by sampling soils and groundwater near suspected or known sources of pollution, to determine the extent of the pollution, and to aid in the design of groundwater remediation systems. Preventing groundwater pollution near potential sources such as landfills requires lining the bottom of a landfill with watertight materials, collecting any leachate with drains, and keeping rainwater off any potential contaminants, along with regular monitoring of nearby groundwater to verify that contaminants have not leaked into the groundwater.<ref name="hydrology" /> In some areas, the groundwater can become [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|contaminated by arsenic]] and other mineral poisons.
+Groundwater pollution, from [[pollutant]]s released to the ground that can work their way down into groundwater, can create a contaminant [[Plume (hydrodynamics)|plume]] within an aquifer. Pollution can occur from landfills, naturally occurring arsenic, on-site [[sanitation]] systems or other point sources, such as [[petrol station]]s with leaking underground storage tanks, or leaking [[Sewerage|sewer]]s.
-Groundwater as one word is the industry standard and the correct spelling in the UK. Look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology#Further_reading to see Driscoll and Freeze & Cherry, two standard textbooks both using groundwater. Also the Environment Agency in the UK use groundwater http://maps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/wiybyController?topic=groundwater&layerGroups=default&lang=_e&ep=map&scale=1&x=357682.99999999994&y=355133.99999999994  <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/91.195.113.2|91.195.113.2]] ([[User talk:91.195.113.2|talk]]) 10:46, 12 June 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
+Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area, its advancing boundary often called a plume edge, which can then intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into [[surface water]] such as [[seep (hydrology)|seeps]] and [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]], making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. Different mechanism have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g. [[diffusion]], [[adsorption]], [[precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]], [[radioactive decay|decay]], in the groundwater. The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of [[hydrology transport model]]s.
-==Underwater streams==
+The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.<ref name="hydrology" />
-I have often heard people refer to 'underwater streams', as if the water flowed underground in some kind of narrow channel.  Dowsers sometimes refer to this, I believe.
+Around one-third of the world's population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10 percent, approximately 300&nbsp;million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are heavily polluted with [[arsenic]] or [[fluoride]].<ref>Eawag (2015) Geogenic Contamination Handbook – Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water. C.A. Johnson, A. Bretzler (Eds.), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. (download: www.eawag.ch/en/research/humanwelfare/drinkingwater/wrq/geogenic-contamination-handbook/)</ref> These trace elements derive mainly from natural sources by leaching from rock and sediments.
-However, I suspect this never happens, apart from caves in limestone areas (and possibly lava tubes, but I suspect there's not much water in lava flows).  And I suppose you could get pockets in fractured rock, although such pockets probably fill up with clay rather quickly.  Rather, I suspect that groundwater is fairly uniformly distributed in the ground, and furthermore that any flow is extremely slow.  Fast enough to re-charge a well, but certainly not like a stream.
+{{reflist-talk}} [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]] ([[User talk:EMsmile|talk]]) 14:59, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
-If that's correct, then I would imagine an artesian spring would be the result of a relatively permeable rock layer being exposed in a very small area (or of a limestone cave, of course).
+==Wiki Education assignment: Plant Ecology Winter 2023==
-Can anyone confirm this?  And if so, edit the article to correct this common misconception (if it is a misconception!). [[User:Mcswell|Mcswell]] ([[User talk:Mcswell|talk]]) 19:58, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
+{{dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment | course = Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/York_University/Plant_Ecology_Winter_2023_(Winter) | assignments = [[User:Azadirachta indica|Azadirachta indica]] | start_date = 2023-01-16 | end_date = 2023-04-10 }}
+<span class="wikied-assignment" style="font-size:85%;">— Assignment last updated by [[User:Azadirachta indica|Azadirachta indica]] ([[User talk:Azadirachta indica|talk]]) 16:13, 24 February 2023 (UTC)</span>
-==Subsidence and aquifer capacity==
+Difference between groundwater and aquifer [[Special:Contributions/2602:306:BC65:43D9:7889:BA5:E32A:81A2|2602:306:BC65:43D9:7889:BA5:E32A:81A2]] ([[User talk:2602:306:BC65:43D9:7889:BA5:E32A:81A2|talk]]) 06:42, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
-The section on subsidence seems entirely wrong to me - I was under the impression that subsidence occurs where the aquifer is of compressible soil, and that only some part of the subsidence is recoverable, and with it, the capacity. Can someone provide a reference for the theory expounded in the subsidence subsection? '''[[User:Argyriou|Argyriou]]''' <small>[[User talk:Argyriou|(talk)]]</small> 02:03, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
+:This doesn't appear in any of the wiki articles, but I'm beginning to think it's this simple: "groundwater" is simply the water within an "aquifer." [[Special:Contributions/2602:306:BC65:43D9:7889:BA5:E32A:81A2|2602:306:BC65:43D9:7889:BA5:E32A:81A2]] ([[User talk:2602:306:BC65:43D9:7889:BA5:E32A:81A2|talk]]) 06:45, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
-:A small fraction of the subsidence is elastic, and therefore recoverable.  The vast majority of the land subsidence in most cases is non-elastic, since the clays and silts in aquitards have re-arranged and cannot simply re-inflate back to their pre-development state.  If you Google for "USGS subsidence California", you will find lots of USGS report and papers which state the theory and show consolidation data to back it up (I can remember seeing some figures which show there were feet of subsidence and a few inches of rebound in San Jose).  There was subsidence in the central valley and San Jose area which the USGS did a bunch of reports on over the years. --[[User:KrisK|kris]] 18:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
+::You may want to look at [[:Hyporheic zone]] for starters and then consider soil water as examples. <span style="background-color:lightblue">'''''&nbsp;[[User:Velella|Velella]]&nbsp;'''''</span><span style="background-color:lightblue">&nbsp;<sup>''[[User talk:Velella|Velella]] Talk ''</sup>&nbsp;</span> 22:41, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
-::I understand consolidation and rebound (I'm a geotechnical engineer).  However, it's the contention that subsidence comes from consolidation of the '''aquitard''' that I question. There are plenty of soil deposits in which water flows moderately well horizontally, but poorly vertically, including those in the Bay margins and the Central Valley. Those layers are subject to consolidation, and thus would lose capacity as aquifers as they settled. The article as written appears to believe that all aquifers are essentially granular soils or rock formations, and that subsidence is related to water draining out of the aquitards, not the aquifers. '''[[User:Argyriou|Argyriou]]''' <small>[[User talk:Argyriou|(talk)]]</small> 19:06, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
-== thanks ==
-this is very resourceful for research for school and i think you should make more web sites like this. thank you... do not write back :) <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/216.99.112.151|216.99.112.151]] ([[User talk:216.99.112.151|talk]]) 14:58, 16 April 2007 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned -->
-== Safe Drinking Water Act ==
-In my quick scan of this article, I did not see any reference to the Safe Drinking Water Act which regulates discharges that might affect groundwater.  Some sort of reference should be included. <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/206.170.183.60|206.170.183.60]] ([[User talk:206.170.183.60|talk]]) 21:51, 14 May 2007 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned -->
-:see -- [[Safe Drinking Water Act]]
-:I don't know if they want groundwater to be expanded more to include the water act or not. [[User:Brian Pearson|Brian Pearson]] 14:51, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
-::It might be worth including something, but that would also add a strong U.S.-centric bias to the article.  Better would be to discuss legal mechanisms for protecting groundwater worldwide, and include reference to the US act, and to similar laws in other countries. <span style="font-family:serif;font-size:120%">'''[[User:Argyriou|Argyriou]]''' [[User talk:Argyriou|(talk)]]</span> 16:51, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
-:::Sounds good. I'm not up to it, now. Maybe somebody else can do it. [[User:Brian Pearson|Brian Pearson]] 01:48, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
-== Cleaning groundwater pollution; transgenic poplars ==
-Transgenic poplars can clean up a number of contaminants in the groundwater. [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/uow-sru101207.php] [[User:Brian Pearson|Brian Pearson]] 04:35, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
-== Problems deforestation ==
-if i had good citations i'd put this directly in the article, but it is my understanding that forests, in particular, are the largest single natural phenomenon for both cleaning, and maintaining a natural aquifer.
-since forests prevent run-off from leaving the forest floor, both though preventing surface groundwater evaporation, and leaving organic debris that 'soaks' up rainfall until it becomes ground water, as well as increasing the amount of 'precipitation' that returns to the atmosphere after a rain fall, causing collateral rainfall downwind, usually withing a day or two of the first rainfall...  it is my understanding that the rapid deforestation of Brazil's rain-forest  has caused parts of the amazon river to drop by a lot.  <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.191.101.81|66.191.101.81]] ([[User talk:66.191.101.81|talk]]) 23:43, 11 February 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
-== Regional Ground Water Summit 2009, March 5-6, 2009 in CII Chandigarh ==
-In the Regional Ground Water Summit 2009, March 5-6, 2009 in CII Chandigarh the following point was very interesting. Where there is coal, there is no diamond and where there is oil, there is no water! The water is not there because the space is occupied with oil.
-We must individually conserve rain water in a drum to water the plants at home.Isn't it simple to store the rain water via a pipe in a drum? [[User:Swaranjit|Swaranjit]] ([[User talk:Swaranjit|talk]]) 01:19, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
-Initiator: Dr. Swaranjit Singh Cameotra, Deputy Director, Chandigarh  <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/122.173.6.84|122.173.6.84]] ([[User talk:122.173.6.84|talk]]) 01:16, 7 March 2009 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
-I am interested to work on As and fluorides in ground water and am currently preparing a project for submission  <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/117.197.159.254|117.197.159.254]] ([[User talk:117.197.159.254|talk]]) 00:35, 17 November 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
-== Kanye West ==
-In the "water cycle" section it is stated that "Kanye West is the manns".  I think this statement needs to be supported by a credible source. It may well be true that this person is "the man", but for all we know he could be some sort of arrogant, infantile rap musician of questionable talent who is prone to making unwanted interruptions at music award shows.  <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/213.40.110.152|213.40.110.152]] ([[User talk:213.40.110.152|talk]]) 11:36, 27 January 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
-== Removed section from article ==
-Moved from article, as this is far too in-depth and location-specific for this article.
-<span style="font-family:serif;font-size:120%">'''[[User:Argyriou|Argyriou]]''' [[User talk:Argyriou|(talk)]]</span> 20:17, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
-====A possible solution to over-use of groundwater in India====
-As ageing large-scale surface irrigation schemes have become increasingly inefficient, and farmers have begun growing a wider range of crops requiring water on demand, the number of groundwater wells in India has exploded.<ref>Mukherji, A. [http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Other/index.aspx Revitalising Asia’s Irrigation: To sustainably meet tomorrow’s food needs] 2009, [[IWMI]] and [[FAO]]</ref> In 1960, there were fewer than 100,000 such wells; by 2006 the figure had risen to nearly 12 million.<ref>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/Ground_Water/protected/Giordano_1845931726-Chapter10.pdf Chapter 10: The Groundwater Recharge Movement in India], By Sakthivadivel, R. in ''The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution'', Ed. Giordano, M. and Villholth, K, CABI Publications, 2007</ref> In India, a possible solution to over-use of groundwater is emerging, known as 'groundwater recharge'. It involves capturing rainwater that would otherwise run off, and using it to refill aquifers. Since 2000, the [[International Water Management Institute]] (IWMI) has been working with the Indian authorities to help improve the availability of water for agriculture in India. In 2006, India’s finance minister invited IWMI to submit policy recommendations based on its research on groundwater depletion. One of the key recommendations was to instigate a programme of recharging groundwater across the 65% of India that has hard-rock aquifers. As a result, the Indian government allocated Rs 1800 crore (US$400million) to fund dug-well recharge projects (a dug-well is a wide, shallow well, often lined with concrete) in 100 districts within seven states where water stored in hard-rock aquifers has been over-exploited. These geological formations have a much lower capacity to store rainwater than alluvial areas with porous sand or clay rocks, hence being given priority. The money is sufficient to fund seven million structures to be installed on dug-wells to divert monsoon runoff. The structures include a de-siltation chamber, plus pipes to collect surplus rainwater and divert de-silted water from the chamber to the well.<ref>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/index.aspx Influencing irrigation policy in India], Success Story 6, 2010, [[International Water Management Institute]], Colombo, Sri Lanka</ref> As of the end of November 2009, funds amounting to  Rs. 216.98 crore (including Rs. 199.98 crore as subsidy to beneficiaries and 17 crore for IEC/Capacity Building activities) had been released to the concerned states. Subsidies had been released to 566,637 beneficiaries.<ref>[http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/initiatives-in-water-resources Initiatives in Water Resources], Indian Current Affairs, December 30, 2009, page accessed 5 May 2011</ref>
-{{reflist-talk}}
-== Groundwater Rule ==
-The section on the groundwater rule (GWR) seems out of place. GWR deals specifically with US drinking water regulations pertaining only to [[Public water system|public water systems]] that use groundwater--not private wells. Including it here seems too specific for this. --[[Special:Contributions/108.52.55.61|108.52.55.61]] ([[User talk:108.52.55.61|talk]]) 03:47, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
-== Remove some superfluous links in the External Links section? ==
-As far as I understand Wikipedia, the external links section should be used very sparingly and not as a collection of links to various NGOs, universities, etc. I therefore suggest that this section is cleaned up and reduced to max. 3-4 external links which are really the most important, worldwide websites/organisations on groundwater issues. I have already removed 2 now which were too specific (India, Australia). [[User:EvM-Susana|EvM-Susana]] ([[User talk:EvM-Susana|talk]]) 20:46, 26 October 2014 (UTC)
-== Expand the section on groundwater pollution? ==
-I have expanded the section on groundwater pollution a bit (regarding pollution from on-site sanitation) but I think it needs some further work, e.g. the part on pollution from landfill sites. Also pollution from industrial sites? It could even eventually be expanded into a Wikipedia article on its own as it's so important. [[User:EvM-Susana|EvM-Susana]] ([[User talk:EvM-Susana|talk]]) 20:46, 26 October 2014 (UTC)
-== Create a spin-off article on groundwater pollution ==
-I am proposing to created a spin-off article on groundwater pollution as this merits its own article. I looked at the article on [[water pollution]] but it also only mentions groundwater pollution in passing. So I think a separate article would be helpful. Is anyone watching this page and has an opinion on it? E.g. [[User:JMWt|JMWt]] [[User:EvM-Susana|EvM-Susana]] ([[User talk:EvM-Susana|talk]]) 13:59, 17 March 2015 (UTC)
-: sounds like a good plan, but also sounds like a big task - there are many aspects of groundwater pollution. [[User:JMWt|JMWt]] ([[User talk:JMWt|talk]]) 14:02, 17 March 2015 (UTC)
-:: Thanks for the heads up. I would start by moving most of the content from the existing article on the topic "groundwater pollution" to a new article, and then slowly but surely flesh out the new article, hopefully with the help of other editors, too. Members of the working group 11 of the [[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance]] could get involved ideally. [[User:EvM-Susana|EvM-Susana]] ([[User talk:EvM-Susana|talk]]) 21:04, 17 March 2015 (UTC)
-::: OK, done, article created: [[groundwater pollution]]. Please help me folks to build it up further over time. [[User:EvM-Susana|EvM-Susana]] ([[User talk:EvM-Susana|talk]]) 22:11, 18 March 2015 (UTC)
-== Re-focus the section on aquifer ==
-I think the section on aquifer should be focused more and probably condensed a bit. Given that there is a dedicated article for [[aquifer]] we don't need to repeat the same information here. For the length that it currently has it would need a sub-structure. E.g. there is information about the US mixed in which I will move together with a sub-headig.  [[User:EvM-Susana|EvM-Susana]] ([[User talk:EvM-Susana|talk]]) 10:00, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
-: I have now moved the information about pollution from the aquifer section to the pollution section, and another section to the lead. I think the section on aquifer is better now. [[User:EvM-Susana|EvM-Susana]] ([[User talk:EvM-Susana|talk]]) 10:10, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
-== Finding Groundwater ==
-I believe a really useful piece of information that is missing from this article is the mentioning of ''scientific'' methods for finding groundwater (or the absolute lack of any at the present moment, in case they don't exist).
-[[User:Luckylemming|Luckylemming]] ([[User talk:Luckylemming|talk]]) 18:37, 5 October 2016 (UTC)
-== External links modified ==
-Hello fellow Wikipedians,
-I have just modified one external link on [[Groundwater]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=772151608 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
-*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130426092518/http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/index to http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/index
-When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
-{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}
-Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''<span style="color:darkgrey;font-family:monospace">InternetArchiveBot</span>''']] <span style="color:green;font-family:Rockwell">([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]])</span> 16:37, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
-== Further Reading section?? Where to include open-source copy of Freeze and Cherry (1979) Groundwater ==
-What's the best way to make a link to Freeze and Cherry's foundation book on Groundwater? The textbook is [http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-toc/ now available for free online], and is being translated into several languages. I just thought this should be linked to the wikipedia page somehow but not sure where it fits best. Perhaps there should be a further reading section like hydrology has? What other foundation texts should be included? <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Natokr|Natokr]] ([[User talk:Natokr#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Natokr|contribs]]) 2017-05-16T06:41:10 (UTC)</small>
-:If you look closely at the licence, it is [[by-nc-nd]], where ND means "No Derivatives". See [[WP:COMPLIC]], which shows this license type is ''not'' compatible with Wikipedia. So while we can use this resource for references, we cannot re-use any content in Wikipedia articles. <tt>+<font color="#008000">[[User:Mwtoews|m]]</font><font color="#6B3FA0">[[User talk:Mwtoews|t]]</font></tt> 23:17, 15 May 2017 (UTC)