Alsophila australis: Difference between revisions

Alsophila australis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Cyatheales
Family:	Cyatheaceae
Genus:	Alsophila
Species:	A. australis
Binomial name
	Alsophila australis; R.Br.
Synonyms
	Alsophila australis var. glauca F.M.Bailey ; Alsophila australis var. williamsii T.Moore ; Alsophila loddigesii Kunze ; Amphicosmia australis T.Moore ; Cyathea australis Domin ; Cyathea australis var. glauca (F.M.Bailey) Domin ; Cyathea loddigesii Domin ;

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Alsophila australis, synonym Cyathea australis,^[1]^[2] also known as the rough tree fern, is a species of tree fern native to southeastern Queensland, New South Wales and southern Victoria in Australia, as well as Tasmania and Norfolk Island.^[3]

It was known as beeow-wang in Illawarra, as pooeet at Corranderrk Station in Victoria, and as nanga-nanga in Queensland.^[4]

Taxonomy

Alsophila australis was described in 1810 by Robert Brown from a specimen collected on King Island in Bass Strait, off the coast of Tasmania. It is a member of the genus Alsophila. The specific epithet australis means 'southern' and refers to this southerly location.^[3]

Alsophila australis is a highly variable taxon. Individuals from the Norfolk Island subspecies, A. australis ssp. norfolkensis, are larger and more robust, differing primarily in scale characteristics. The subspecies is rare in cultivation. Further study is needed to determine whether this taxon represents a separate species or not.^[3]

Description

The massive erect trunk is usually up to 12 m tall, although specimens reaching 20 m have been reported from Queensland, Australia. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and may reach 4 m in length, occasionally even 6 m. These form a distinctive crown that is dark green above and lighter green below. It has adventitious roots, tubercles and hair-like follicles on its 'trunk'.^[5]

Plants growing in southern Australia often lose their fronds by the end of winter, as is the case with Alsophila dregei in South Africa. Characteristically of this species, stipe bases are often retained around the trunk long after withering. They are covered with scales and conical, blunt spines towards the base. The scales range in colour from shiny brown to bicoloured (pale and brown) and are often distinctly twisted. The sori are circular and occur on either side of the fertile pinnule midvein. True indusia are absent, although reduced scales may encircle the sori.

In its montane range, A. australis is ecologically important as it provides the nesting substrate for Exoneura robusta, a native species of reed bee. These bees almost exclusively build their nests in the pith of dead A. australis fronds.^[6] This species of bee is an important pollinator of other plants in southeastern Australia, so thus it can be seen how A. australis is indirectly supportive of other plants in its ecosystem.

Traditional use

Joseph Maiden recorded in 1889 that "The pulp of the top of the trunk is full of starch, and is eaten raw and roasted by the aboriginals. This whitish substance is found in the middle of the tree from the base to the apex, and when boiled tastes like a bad turnip. Pigs feed on it greedily."^[4]

Cultivation

Alsophila australis is a robust tub plant and tolerant of salty winds. It is a popular cool climate hardy tree-fern, adaptable to a variety of climates and soils. It grows in moist shady forest, both coastal and montane, at an altitude up to 1,280 m (4,200 ft), often in the company of Dicksonia antarctica. It is a relatively hardy species and a popular landscape and container plant. Provided moisture levels remain high, it will tolerate frost and full sun, or shade in warmer regions. Although well known in its native country, this species is not common in cultivation outside of Australia.^[7]

Horticulture

In the horticultural trade, most plants labeled as Alsophila australis are in fact Sphaeropteris cooperi. Much confusion has existed between the two, especially in the United States, despite the two species being quite distinct from one another. A. australis is relatively stout trunked and has a large number of closely spaced fronds emerging at one time, with a slower increase in trunk height. S. cooperi in contrast, grows more quickly with fewer fronds emerging each year and has a much narrower trunk, with the frond bases aligned vertically for some distance ('hugging' the trunk, as it were) before arching outwards.

References

^ ^a ^b Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019). "Alsophila australis". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Vol. 8. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ ^a ^b "Alsophila australis R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c Large, Mark F. & Braggins, John E. (2004). Tree Ferns. Timber Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-88192-630-9.
^ ^a ^b Maiden, J. H. (1889). The Useful Native Plants of Australia (including Tasmania). Sydney: Turner and Henderson. p. 6.
^ "Cyathea australis, Cyathea cooperi - Growing Native Plants".
^ Cronin, Adam L. "Social flexibility in a primitively social allodapine bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae): results of a translocation experiment." Oikos 94.2 (2001): 337–343.
^ "Cyathea australis".

[CFLW-1] Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019). "Alsophila australis". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Vol. 8. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2019-08-23.

[POWO_17016010-1-2] "Alsophila australis R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-08-23.

[LargBrag04-3] Large, Mark F. & Braggins, John E. (2004). Tree Ferns. Timber Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-88192-630-9.

[Maiden-1889-p6-4] Maiden, J. H. (1889). The Useful Native Plants of Australia (including Tasmania). Sydney: Turner and Henderson. p. 6.

[5] "Cyathea australis, Cyathea cooperi - Growing Native Plants".

[6] Cronin, Adam L. "Social flexibility in a primitively social allodapine bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae): results of a translocation experiment." Oikos 94.2 (2001): 337–343.

[7] "Cyathea australis".

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[2]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of fern}}
-{{Italic title}}
+{{Speciesbox
-{{Taxobox
-| name = ''Cyathea australis''
-| status =
 | image = Cyathea australis 1.jpg
 | image_caption =
+| genus = Alsophila (plant)
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+| species = australis
-| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
+| authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]<ref name=CFLW/>
-| classis = [[Pteridopsida]]
-| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
-| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
-| genus = ''[[Cyathea]]''
-| subgenus = ''[[Cyathea subg. Cyathea|Cyathea]]''
-| sectio = ''[[Cyathea sect. Alsophila|Alsophila]]''
-| species = '''''C. australis'''''
-| binomial = ''Cyathea australis''
-| binomial_authority = (R. Brown) Domin, 1929
-| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] and [[Variety (biology)|varieties]]
-| subdivision =
-*''C. a. australis'' <small>(R. Brown) Domin, 1929</small>
-**''C. a.'' var. ''australis'' <small>(R. Brown) Domin, 1929</small>
-**''C. a.'' var. ''cervicalis'' <small>(Bailey) Domin</small>
-**''C. a.'' var. ''glauca'' <small>(Bailey) Domin</small>
-**''C. a.'' var. ''pallida'' <small>(Bailey) Domin</small>
-*''C. a. norfolkensis'' <small>Holttum ''comb. ined.''</small>
 | synonyms =
+  {{Species list
-*''Alsophila australis'' <small>R. Brown, 1810</small>
-*''Alsophila loddigesii'' <small>Kunze, 1847</small>
+  |Alsophila australis var. glauca|F.M.Bailey
+  |Alsophila australis var. williamsii|T.Moore
-*''Cyathea loddigesii'' <small>(Kunze) Domin, 1929</small>
+  |Alsophila loddigesii|Kunze
+  |Amphicosmia australis|T.Moore
+  |Cyathea australis|Domin
+  |Cyathea australis var. glauca|(F.M.Bailey) Domin
+  |Cyathea loddigesii|Domin
+  }}
+| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_17016010-1/>
 }}
-'''''Cyathea australis''''', also known as the '''Rough Tree Fern''', is a species of [[Cyatheales|tree fern]] native to southeastern [[Queensland]], [[New South Wales]] and southern [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in [[Australia]], as well as [[Tasmania]] and [[Norfolk Island]]. It grows in moist shady forest, both coastal and montane, at an altitude of up to 1280 m, often in the company of ''[[Dicksonia antarctica]]''. The massive erect trunk is usually up to 12 m tall, although specimens reaching 20 m have been reported from Queensland, Australia. [[Frond]]s are [[bipinnate|bi-]] or [[tripinnate]] and may reach 4 m in length, occasionally even 6 m. These form a distinctive crown that is dark green above and lighter green below. The Tree Fern has quite adventitious roots, tubercles and hair-like follicles on its ‘trunk’.<ref>http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html</ref>
+'''''Alsophila australis''''', [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] '''''Cyathea australis''''',<ref name=CFLW/><ref name=POWO_17016010-1/> also known as the '''rough tree fern''', is a species of [[Cyatheales|tree fern]] native to southeastern [[Queensland]], [[New South Wales]] and southern [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in [[Australia]], as well as [[Tasmania]] and [[Norfolk Island]].<ref name=LargBrag04/>
+It was known as ''beeow-wang'' in [[Illawarra]], as ''pooeet'' at Corranderrk Station in Victoria, and as ''nanga-nanga'' in Queensland.<ref name="Maiden-1889-p6" />
-Plants growing in southern Australia often lose their fronds by the end of winter, as is the case with ''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' in [[South Africa]]. Characteristically of this species, [[Stipe (botany)|stipe]] bases are often retained around the trunk long after withering. They are covered with [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s and conical, blunt spines towards the base. The scales range in colour from shiny brown to bicoloured (pale and brown) and are often distinctly twisted. The [[sorus|sori]] are circular and occur on either side of the fertile [[pinnule]] midvein. True [[indusium|indusia]] are absent, although reduced scales may encircle the sori.
+==Taxonomy==
-''C. australis'' is a highly variable [[taxon]], with several [[subspecies]] and [[variety (biology)|varieties]]. Individuals from the [[Norfolk Island]] subspecies, ''norfolkensis'',  are larger and more robust, differing primarily in scale characteristics. ''C. australis ssp. norfolkensis'' is rare in cultivation. Further study is needed to determine whether this [[taxon]] represents a separate species or not.
+''Alsophila australis'' was described in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] from a specimen collected on [[King Island, Tasmania|King Island]] in [[Bass Strait]], off the coast of Tasmania. It is a member of the genus ''[[Alsophila (plant)|Alsophila]]''. The specific [[epithet]] ''australis'' means 'southern' and refers to this southerly location.<ref name=LargBrag04/>
+''Alsophila australis'' is a highly variable [[taxon]]. Individuals from the [[Norfolk Island]] subspecies, ''A. australis'' ssp. ''norfolkensis'', are larger and more robust, differing primarily in scale characteristics. The subspecies is rare in cultivation. Further study is needed to determine whether this [[taxon]] represents a separate species or not.<ref name=LargBrag04/>
-''C. australis'' was described in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] from a specimen collected on [[King Island, Tasmania|King Island]] in [[Bass Strait]], off the coast of Tasmania. It is the type for the genus ''Alsophila'', which has now been reduced to a section. The specific [[epithet]] ''australis'' means "southern" and refers to this southerly location.
+==Description==
-In its montane range, ''C. australis'' is ecologically important as it provides the nesting substrate for ''[[Exoneura robusta]]'', a native species of reed bee. These bees almost exclusively build their nests in the pith of dead ''C. australis'' fronds.<ref>Cronin, Adam L. "Social flexibility in a primitively social allodapine bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae): results of a translocation experiment." Oikos 94.2 (2001): 337–343.</ref> This species of bee is an important pollinator of other plants in southeastern Australia, so thus it can be seen how ''C. australis'' is indirectly supportive of other plants in its ecosystem.
+[[File:Gardenology.org-IMG 0686 rbgs10dec.jpg|thumb|left|A specimen of ''A. australis'']]
+The massive erect trunk is usually up to 12 m tall, although specimens reaching 20 m have been reported from Queensland, Australia. [[Frond]]s are [[bipinnate|bi-]] or [[tripinnate]] and may reach 4 m in length, occasionally even 6 m. These form a distinctive crown that is dark green above and lighter green below. It has adventitious roots, tubercles and hair-like follicles on its 'trunk'.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html | title=Cyathea australis, Cyathea cooperi - Growing Native Plants }}</ref>
+Plants growing in southern Australia often lose their fronds by the end of winter, as is the case with ''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' in [[South Africa]]. Characteristically of this species, [[Stipe (botany)|stipe]] bases are often retained around the trunk long after withering. They are covered with [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s and conical, blunt spines towards the base. The scales range in colour from shiny brown to bicoloured (pale and brown) and are often distinctly twisted. The [[sorus|sori]] are circular and occur on either side of the fertile [[pinnule]] midvein. True [[indusium|indusia]] are absent, although reduced scales may encircle the sori.
-''C. australis'' is a relatively hardy species and a popular landscape and container plant. Provided moisture levels remain high, it will tolerate frost and full sun, or shade in warmer regions. Although well known in its native country, this species is not common in cultivation outside of Australia.
+In its montane range, ''A.&nbsp;australis'' is ecologically important as it provides the nesting substrate for ''[[Exoneura robusta]]'', a native species of reed bee. These bees almost exclusively build their nests in the pith of dead ''A.&nbsp;australis'' fronds.<ref>Cronin, Adam L. "Social flexibility in a primitively social allodapine bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae): results of a translocation experiment." Oikos 94.2 (2001): 337–343.</ref> This species of bee is an important pollinator of other plants in southeastern Australia, so thus it can be seen how ''A.&nbsp;australis'' is indirectly supportive of other plants in its ecosystem.
-In the [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade, most plants labeled as ''C. australis'' are in fact ''[[Cyathea cooperi]]''. Much confusion has existed between the two, especially in the United States, despite the two species being quite distinct from one another. ''C. australis'' is relatively stout trunked and has a large number of closely spaced fronds emerging at one time, with a slower increase in trunk height. ''C. cooperi'' in contrast, grows more quickly with fewer fronds emerging each year and has a much narrower trunk, with the frond bases aligned vertically for some distance ("hugging" the trunk as it were) before arching outwards.
+==Traditional use==
-''C. australis'' is a robust tub plant and tolerant of salty winds. It is a popular cool climate hardy tree-fern, adaptable to a variety of climates and soils.<ref>http://www.angelfire.com/wa/margate/australis.html</ref>
+[[Joseph Maiden]] recorded in 1889 that "The pulp of the top of the trunk is full of starch, and is eaten raw and roasted by the aboriginals. This whitish substance is found in the middle of the tree from the base to the apex, and when boiled tastes like a bad turnip. Pigs feed on it greedily."<ref name=Maiden-1889-p6>{{cite book |last1=Maiden |first1=J. H. |author-link1=Joseph Maiden |title=The Useful Native Plants of Australia (including Tasmania) |date=1889 |publisher=Turner and Henderson |location=Sydney |page=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45057#page/24/mode/1up 6]}}</ref>
+==Cultivation==
-The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records how the pulp of the top of the trunk was eaten raw and roasted by Indigenous Australians. This whitish substance is found in the middle of the tree from the base to the apex.<ref>{{cite book | author=J. H. Maiden | year=1889 | title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania | publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney | url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}</ref>
+''Alsophila australis'' is a robust tub plant and tolerant of salty winds. It is a popular cool climate hardy tree-fern, adaptable to a variety of climates and soils. It grows in moist shady forest, both coastal and montane, at an altitude up to {{cvt|1280|m|abbr=on}}, often in the company of ''[[Dicksonia antarctica]]''. It is a relatively hardy species and a popular landscape and container plant. Provided moisture levels remain high, it will tolerate frost and full sun, or shade in warmer regions. Although well known in its native country, this species is not common in cultivation outside of Australia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.angelfire.com/wa/margate/australis.html | title=Cyathea australis }}</ref>
+==Horticulture==
+In the [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade, most plants labeled as ''Alsophila australis'' are in fact ''[[Sphaeropteris cooperi]]''. Much confusion has existed between the two, especially in the United States, despite the two species being quite distinct from one another. ''A. australis'' is relatively stout trunked and has a large number of closely spaced fronds emerging at one time, with a slower increase in trunk height. ''S. cooperi'' in contrast, grows more quickly with fewer fronds emerging each year and has a much narrower trunk, with the frond bases aligned vertically for some distance ('hugging' the trunk, as it were) before arching outwards.
 ==References==
+{{Commons category}}
-{{Portal|Trees}}
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name=CFLW>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |contribution=Alsophila australis |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-23 |name-list-style=amp |archive-date=2017-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+<ref name=LargBrag04>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large|first1=Mark F.|last2=Braggins|first2=John E. |author-link2=John E. Braggins|date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |pages=[https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/101 101–102] |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/101 }}</ref>
-{{Reflist}}
+<ref name=POWO_17016010-1>{{cite web |title=''Alsophila australis'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17016010-1 |access-date=2019-08-23 }}</ref>
-*Braggins, John E. & Large, Mark F. 2004. ''Tree Ferns''. Timber Press, Inc., pp.&nbsp;101–102. {{ISBN|0-88192-630-2}}
+}}
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035859/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?habit=&displaylanguage=eng&Genus=%25Cyathea%25&source=plants&Species=australis&Country=&tabname=names UNEP-WCMC Species Database: ''Cyathea australis'']
-*[http://www.angelfire.com/bc/eucalyptus/treeferns/australis.html Cold-Hardy Tree Ferns: ''Cyathea australis'']
+*[https://www.angelfire.com/bc/eucalyptus/treeferns/australis.html Cold-Hardy Tree Ferns: ''Cyathea australis'']
-*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantsearch?id=17312430-1&query_type=by_id&output_format=object_view&back_page=plantsearch&ret_wholeName=Cyathea%20australis The International Plant Names Index: ''Cyathea australis'']
-{{Taxonbar|from=Q738235}}
+{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17185344|from2=Q738235}}
-[[Category:Cyathea|australis]]
+[[Category:Alsophila (plant)|australis]]
-[[Category:Fern species]]
 [[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
 [[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
 [[Category:Flora of Tasmania]]
-[[Category:Flora of Victoria (Australia)]]
+[[Category:Flora of Victoria (state)]]
 [[Category:Flora of Norfolk Island]]
-[[Category:Pteridophyta of Australia]]
+[[Category:Ferns of Australia]]
 [[Category:Trees of Australia]]
 [[Category:Ornamental trees]]
 [[Category:Trees of mild maritime climate]]
+[[Category:Plants described in 1810]]