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Coordinates: 40°32′N 108°59′W / 40.533°N 108.983°W / 40.533; -108.983
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{{short description|National monument in Colorado and Utah, United States}}
{{Infobox_protected_area | name = Dinosaur National Monument
{{Infobox protected area
| iucn_category = III
| name = Dinosaur National Monument
| image = US_Locator_Blank.svg
| caption =
| iucn_category = V
| iucn_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Area Profile for Dinosaur from the World Database of Protected Areas|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/367886|website=protectedplanet.net|publisher=[[United Nations|UN]] [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]]|access-date=September 7, 2021}}</ref>
| locator_x = 76
| photo = Dinosaur National Monument Camarasaurus.jpg
| locator_y = 71
| photo_caption = A dinosaur skull embedded in rock at Dinosaur National Monument
| location = [[Utah]] and [[Colorado]], [[United States|USA]]
| location = [[Moffat County, Colorado]] and [[Uintah County, Utah]], U.S.
| nearest_city = [[Vernal, Utah|Vernal, UT]]
| nearest_city = [[Vernal, Utah]]
| lat_degrees = 40
| coordinates = {{coords|40|32|N|108|59|W|display=inline, title}}
| lat_minutes = 32
| lat_seconds =
| map = USA
| map_caption = Location in the United States
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 108
| area_acre = 210844
| established = October 4, 1915<ref name=stats>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/dino/parkmgmt/statistics.htm|title=Dinosaur National Monument Statistics|date=January 11, 2008|publisher=[[National Park Service|NPS]]|access-date=2009-03-21}}</ref>
| long_minutes = 59
| visitation_num = 304,468
| long_seconds =
| visitation_year =2018
| long_direction = W
| visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{NPS visitation|accessdate=2017-05-09}}</ref>
| area = 204,000 acres (826 km&sup2;)
| established = [[October 4]], [[1915]]
| governing_body = U.S. [[National Park Service]]
| website = [https://www.nps.gov/dino/ Dinosaur National Monument]
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = U.S. [[National Park Service]]
}}
}}
[[File:Dinosaur National Monument sign.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Dinosaur National Monument entrance]]
[[File:NPS dinosaur-national-monument-map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map showing the boundaries of Dinosaur National Monument]]


'''Dinosaur National Monument''' is a [[U.S. National Monument]] located on the southeast flank of the [[Uinta Mountains]] on the border between the [[United States|American]] states of [[Colorado]] and [[Utah]] at the confluence of the [[Green River (Utah)|Green]] and [[Yampa River|Yampa]] Rivers. Although most of the monument acreage is in [[Moffat County, Colorado]], the ''Dinosaur Quarry'' is located in Utah just to the north of the town of [[Jensen, Utah]]. The ''[[Dinosaur]] wall'' located within the Dinosaur Quarry building in the park consists of a steeply tilted (67&deg; from the horizontal) [[Rock (geology)|rock]] [[stratum|layer]] which contains hundreds of dinosaur [[fossil]]s. The enclosing rock has been chipped away to reveal the fossil bones intact for public viewing. The nearest communities are [[Vernal, Utah]] and [[Dinosaur, Colorado]].
'''Dinosaur National Monument''' is an [[American national monument]] located on the southeast flank of the [[Uinta Mountains]]<ref name=Hansen1291>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Wallace |title=The Geologic Story of the Uinta Mountains |date=1969 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |edition=USGS Bulletin 1291 |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1291}}</ref> on the border between [[Colorado]] and [[Utah]] at the confluence of the [[Green River (Colorado River tributary)|Green]] and [[Yampa River|Yampa]] rivers. Although most of the monument area is in [[Moffat County, Colorado]], the Dinosaur Quarry is located in Utah, north of the town of [[Jensen, Utah]]. The nearest Colorado town is [[Dinosaur, Colorado|Dinosaur]] while the nearest city is [[Vernal, Utah]].


Originally preserved in 1915 to protect its famous Dinosaur Quarry,<ref name=UGA2010/> the monument was greatly expanded in 1938 to include its wealth of natural history. The park's wild landscapes, topography, geology, paleontology, and history make it a unique resource for both science and recreation. The park contains over 800 paleontological sites and has fossils of [[dinosaur]]s including ''[[Allosaurus]]'', ''[[Deinonychus]]'', ''[[Abydosaurus]]'', and various [[Sauropoda|sauropods]].<ref name=UGA2010>{{cite journal |last1=Gregson |first1=J.D. |last2=Chure |first2=D.J. |last3=Sprinkle |first3=D.A. |title=Geology and Paleontology of Dinosaur National Monument |journal=Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments |date=2010 |volume=UGA Publication 28 (third edition) |issue=Utah Geological Association |pages=161–192}}</ref> The ''Abydosaurus'' consists of a nearly complete skull, the lower jaw, and first four neck vertebrae. The specimen was found at the base of the Mussentuchit Member of the [[Cedar Mountain Formation]] and is the [[holotype]] for the description.
The rock layer enclosing the fossils is a [[sandstone]] and [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] bed of [[alluvial]] or river bed origin known as the [[Morrison Formation]] from the [[Jurassic]] Period some 150 million years old. The dinosaurs and other ancient animals were washed into the area and buried presumably during flooding events. The pile of sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock. The rock layers were later uplifted and tilted to their presnt angle by the mountain building forces theat formed the Uintas. The relentless forces of [[erosion]] exposed the layers at the surface to be found by paleontologists.


Paleontologist Earl Douglass of the Carnegie Museum discovered eight vertebra of an Apatosaurus on August 17, 1909,<ref name=stats/> which became the first dinosaur skeleton discovered and excavated at the new Carnegie Quarry. The area around the quarry was declared a national monument on October 4, 1915.<ref name=stats/> The [[International Dark-Sky Association]] designated Dinosaur National Monument an International Dark Sky Park in April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darksky.org/dinosaur-national-monument-designated-as-an-international-dark-sky-park/|title=Dinosaur National Monument Designated as an International Dark Sky Park|date=2019-04-22|website=International Dark-Sky Association|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>
The dinosaur fossil beds were discovered in 1909 by [[Earl Douglass]], a [[paleontologist]] working and collecting for the [[Carnegie Museum]]. He excavated thousands of fossils and shipped them back to the museum in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] for study and display. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915.


==Geology==
[[Image:Dinosaur National Monument-inside the Dinosaur Quarry building.jpeg|right|thumb|250px|Workers inside the Dinosaur Quarry building]]
[[File:SplitMtnGorgeUT-DrDennisBogdan-1967.jpg|thumb|left|100px|{{small|Split Mountain<br />[[Green River (Colorado River tributary)|Green River]]}}]]
[[File:DNM Morrison.jpg|thumb|Multicolored beds of the Brushy Basin Member of the [[Morrison Formation]]]]
[[File:DNM strata.jpg|thumb|The Quarry Visitor Center in context to the landscape. View is from the west.]]
The rock layer enclosing the fossils is a [[sandstone]] and [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] bed of [[alluvial]] or river bed origin known as the [[Morrison Formation]] from the [[Jurassic]] Period some 150 million years old. The dinosaurs and other ancient animals were carried by the river system which eventually entombed their remains in Utah.


The pile of sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock. The layers of rock were later uplifted and tilted to their present angle by the mountain building forces that formed the [[Uinta Mountains]]<ref name=Hansen1291/> during the [[Laramide orogeny]].<ref name=UGA2010/> The relentless forces of [[erosion]] exposed the layers at the surface to be found by paleontologists.
[[Image:DinosaurNM1Panorama.jpg|thumb|655px|left|none|Green River Canyon in Dinosaur National Monument]]


==History==
===Fremont people===
[[File:Matriarch - Petroglyphs in Dinosaur National Monument.jpg|thumb|upright|Petroglyphs at McKee Spring in Dinosaur National Monument<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainbow and Island Parks |url=https://www.nps.gov/dino/planyourvisit/rainbow-park-and-island-park.htm |website=Dinosaur National Monument |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref>]]
The [[Fremont culture|Fremont]] people lived in the area of what is now Dinosaur National Monument before the 14th century, with archaeological evidence dating from {{circa}} 200 to {{circa}} 1300. [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] first studied and named the Fremont culture along the [[Fremont River (Utah)|Fremont River]] in south-central Utah and have since traced it through much of the Green and Colorado River drainages.<ref name=Fremont>{{NPS|url=https://www.nps.gov/dino/learn/historyculture/fremont-culture.htm |title=Fremont Culture |date=October 7, 2018 |access-date=January 29, 2020}}</ref>


The Fremont did not build large permanent dwellings; instead, they lived in small bands within natural shelters, such as rock overhangs or shallow caves, or small villages. They consumed plant foods, such as [[pine nut]]s, berries, and [[cactus]] fruits, as well as wild game, including [[mule deer]], [[bighorn sheep]], smaller mammals, and birds. They also grew corn, beans, and squash, sometimes using irrigation techniques.<ref name=Fremont/>

The fate of the Fremont culture is unclear. Recent theories suggest that the Fremont's lifestyle may have changed due to drought or other climate factors, dwindling natural resources, or the influence of other neighboring cultures.<ref name=Fremont/> They left evidence of their presence in the form of [[petroglyph]]s and [[Pictogram|pictographs]] of human and animal figures, and abstract designs. Human figures typically have [[trapezoid]]al bodies and elaborate decorations that suggest [[Headgear|headdresses]], earrings, necklaces, or shields. The animal figures include bighorn sheep, birds, snakes, and lizards. Purely abstract or geometric designs, such as circles, spirals, and various combinations of lines, are common. Many designs in the monument are accessible for close viewing, along four trails in Utah, one of which is near the visitor center, and a fifth trail in Colorado.<ref name=Fremont2>{{NPS|url=https://www.nps.gov/dino/learn/historyculture/viewing-petroglyphs-and-pictographs.htm |title=Viewing Petroglyphs and Pictographs |date=December 19, 2017 |access-date=January 29, 2020}}</ref>

===Early scientific explorations===
[[File:Dino vertebrae.jpg|thumb|upright|Paleontologist chips rock matrix from a column of vertebrae in the Dinosaur Quarry.]]
The dinosaur fossil beds ([[bone bed]]s) were discovered in 1909 by [[Earl Douglass]], a [[paleontologist]] working and collecting for the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]].<ref name = "douglass">{{cite book|last1=Douglass|first1=G.E.|editor1-last=Iverson|editor1-first=Diane Douglass|title=Speak to the earth and it will teach you : the life and times of Earl Douglass, 1862-1931|date=2009|publisher=BookSurge|location=Charleston, S.C.|isbn=9781439244371}}</ref> He and his crews excavated thousands of [[fossils]] and shipped them back to the museum in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] for study and display.

===National monument===
President [[Woodrow Wilson]] proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915. The monument boundaries were expanded in 1938 from the original {{convert|80|acre|sqmi km2|2}} surrounding the dinosaur quarry in Utah, to {{convert|210844|acre|sqmi km2|0}} in Utah and Colorado, encompassing the river canyons of the [[Green River (Colorado River)|Green]] and [[Yampa River|Yampa]].<ref name=stats/>

=== Echo Park Dam controversy ===
{{main|Echo Park Dam}}
[[File:Confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers (17396238518).jpg|thumb|Confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers]]
The plans made by the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation|U.S. Bureau of Reclamation]] on a ten-dam, billion dollar [[Colorado River Storage Project]] began to arouse opposition in the early 1950s when it was announced that one of the proposed dams would be at [[Echo Park (Colorado)|Echo Park]], in the middle of Dinosaur National Monument. The controversy assumed major proportions, dominating conservation politics for years. [[David Brower]], executive director of the [[Sierra Club]], and [[Howard Zahniser]] of [[The Wilderness Society (United States)|The Wilderness Society]] led an unprecedented nationwide campaign to preserve the free-flowing rivers and scenic canyons of the Green and Yampa Rivers. They argued that if a national monument was not safe from development, how could any wildland be kept intact?<ref name="Archdruid">{{cite book |last1=McPhee |first1=John |title=Encounters with the Archdruid |date=1971 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=0-374-51431-3 |pages=245}}</ref>

On the other side of the argument were powerful members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] from western states, who were committed to the project in order to secure water rights, obtain cheap [[hydroelectric power]] and develop [[Reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] as tourist destinations. After much debate, Congress settled on a compromise that eliminated [[Echo Park Dam]] and authorized the rest of the project. The Colorado River Storage Project Act became law on April 11, 1956. It stated, "that no dam or reservoir constructed under the authorization of the Act shall be within any National Park or Monument."<ref>{{cite web |title=COLORADO RIVER STORAGE PROJECT-AUTHORITY TO CONSTRUCT, OPERATE AND MAINTAIN; CHAPTER 203-PUBLIC LAW 485 |date=April 11, 1956 |url=https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/pdfiles/crspuc.pdf |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Reclamation }}</ref>

=== Historic places ===
{{Main|National Register of Historic Places listings in Dinosaur National Monument}}
Places on the list of National Register of Historic Places include:<ref>
[http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/co/Moffat/state.html ''National Register of Historic Places in Moffat County''] American Dreams, Inc. Retrieved 2011-10-6.</ref>
:'''[[Prehistory of Colorado#Indigenous peoples' sites in Colorado|Prehistoric sites]]'''
:* Castle Park Archeological District, a prehistoric residential site with inhabition during 1500 - 1000 BC and again from AD 1000 - 1899 by the Prehistoric [[Fremont culture]], [[Ute people|Ute]] and [[Shoshone people]].
:* [[Mantle's Cave]] is a prehistoric [[Fremont culture]] residential site from 499 BC - AD 1749.
:'''Other sites'''
:*[[Josie Bassett Morris Ranch Complex]]<ref name="Morris Cabin">{{cite web |title=Josie Bassett Morris Ranch Complex |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=josie%20morris%20cabin |website=National Archives Catalog |publisher=U.S. National Archives |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref>
:* [[Denis Julien Inscription (Moffat County, Colorado)|Denis Julien Inscription]]
:* [[Rial Chew Ranch Complex]]
:* [[Upper Wade and Curtis Cabin]]
[[Image:DinosaurNM1Panorama.jpg|thumb|600px|center|Green River Canyon in Dinosaur National Monument viewed west from Harper's Corner]]
[[File:Harpers Corner view east.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|View east from Harpers Corner showing the local geology]]

==Climate==
The Dinosaur National Monument sits on a vast area of desert land in Northwestern Colorado and Northeastern Utah. Typical of high deserts, summer temperatures can be exceedingly hot, while winter temperatures can be very cold. Snowfall is common, but the snow melts rapidly in the arid and sunny climates of these states. Rainfall is very low, and the evaporation rate classifies the area as desert, even though the rainfall exceeds 10&nbsp;inches.

{{Weather box
|location = Dinosaur National Monument
|single line = Yes
|Jan high F = 33.0
|Feb high F = 39.0
|Mar high F = 50.4
|Apr high F = 60.8
|May high F = 71.9
|Jun high F = 83.2
|Jul high F = 90.5
|Aug high F = 87.9
|Sep high F = 77.7
|Oct high F = 63.6
|Nov high F = 45.7
|Dec high F = 34.2
|year high F = 61.5
|Jan low F = 10.8
|Feb low F = 15.2
|Mar low F = 25.0
|Apr low F = 31.8
|May low F = 40.5
|Jun low F = 48.9
|Jul low F = 56.6
|Aug low F = 54.7
|Sep low F = 45.5
|Oct low F = 34.9
|Nov low F = 23.3
|Dec low F = 12.7
|year low F = 33.3
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.64
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.56
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.88
|Apr precipitation inch = 1.17
|May precipitation inch = 1.30
|Jun precipitation inch = 1.06
|Jul precipitation inch = 1.01
|Aug precipitation inch = 0.89
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.24
|Oct precipitation inch = 1.46
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.80
|Dec precipitation inch = 0.62
|year precipitation inch = 11.64
|Jan snow inch = 9.2
|Feb snow inch = 6.6
|Mar snow inch = 5.9
|Apr snow inch = 3.5
|May snow inch = 0.7
|Jun snow inch = 0.2
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.2
|Oct snow inch = 1.6
|Nov snow inch = 4.7
|Dec snow inch = 8.3
|year snow inch = 41.1
|source 1 = The Western Regional Climate Center<ref name="WRCC">{{cite web| url =http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?codino| title =Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information | access-date =May 3, 2013 | publisher =Western Regional Climate Center}}</ref>
|date=April 2011
}}

== Features ==
{{Further|topic=fish fossils at|Doughnut Formation}}

===The quarry===
[[File:Dinosaur National Monument Quarry Exhibit Hall.jpg|thumb|The Quarry Exhibit Hall]]
[[File:Bones on Quarry.jpg|thumb|Dinosaur bones on the quarry wall viewed east. This shows the bones lay three-dimensionally in the sandstone.]]
[[File:DNM Quarry map.jpg|center|thumb|Revised quarry map combining the original Douglass map, later historical data and current bones.]]
[[File:Green River in DNM.jpg|alt=The Green River in Dinosaur National Monument.|thumb|The Green River in Dinosaur National Monument.]]
The "Wall of Bones" located within the Dinosaur Quarry building in the park consists of a steeply tilted (67° from horizontal) [[Rock (geology)|rock]] [[stratum|layer]] which contains thousands of [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s. The preserved section is only a portion of what was originally present when Douglass made his discovery as seen on the map above. When work ceased in 1922, a portion of the quarry was left for future development. This work began as part of President Franklin Roosevelt's Civil Works Administration, which provided employment during the Depression under the Transient Relief Service and later under the Works Progress Administration.<ref>Carpenter, K. 2018. Rocky Start of Dinosaur National Monument (USA), the World's First Dinosaur Geoconservation Site. Geoconservation Research 1(1)1-20.</ref> This work included constructing a road to the quarry, removal of overburden covering the bone-bearing strata, and building of a small, temporary museum. [[World War II]] interrupted work, but this was resumed in 1951 with the building of a small metal building over the east portion of the quarry to test whether bone was abundant enough to warrant a larger, more permanent building. This more permanent building was erected in the mid-1950s as part of the National Park Service Mission 66 plan. The architectural design was high controversial for its ultra-modern use of glass, steel and concrete ramp that spiraled around a cylindrical office tower. The building opened at the dedication ceremony on June 1, 1958.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 29, 1958|title=Dinosaur National Monument Visitor Center Official Dedication Program Section|work=Vernal Express|url=https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=21317857|access-date=March 28, 2021}}</ref> The design had two levels and abundant natural light so that visitors could watch technicians remove the hard rock to reveal the excavated fossil bones in-situ.

In July 2006, the [[Quarry Visitor Center]] was closed due to structural problems that since 1958 had plagued the building because it was built on unstable clay. The decision was made to build a new facility elsewhere in the monument to house the visitor center and administrative functions, making it easier to resolve the structural problems of the quarry building while still retaining a portion of the historic [[Mission 66]] era exhibit hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Quarry Visitor Center, Part 1 |publisher=National Park Service |date=March 2007 |url=http://parkplanning.nps.gov/showFile.cfm?projectId=10847&docType=public&MIMEType=application%252Fpdf&filename=DINOQVCpublicreview%5Fpost1%2Epdf&clientFilename=DINOQVCpublicreview%5Fpost1%2Epdf |format=PDF |access-date=2008-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611011657/http://parkplanning.nps.gov/showFile.cfm?projectId=10847&docType=public&MIMEType=application%252Fpdf&filename=DINOQVCpublicreview_post1.pdf&clientFilename=DINOQVCpublicreview_post1.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> It was announced in April 2009 that Dinosaur National Monument would receive $13.1 million to refurbish and reopen the gallery as part of the Obama administration's $750 billion stimulus plan.<ref>{{cite web | title =$13.1M in stimulus cash revives dino monument | publisher =Salt Lake Tribune | date =April 2009 | url =http://www.sltrib.com/utah/ci_12200345?source=rv | access-date =2009-04-23 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120322110631/http://www.sltrib.com/utah/ci_12200345?source=rv | archive-date =2012-03-22 }}</ref> The Park Service successfully rebuilt the Quarry Exhibit Hall, supporting its weight on 70-foot steel micropile columns that extend to the bedrock below the unstable clay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visiting The Quarry In Fall And Winter |publisher=National Park Service |date=November 2011 |url=http://www.nps.gov/dino/quarry-visitor-center-update.htm |access-date=2012-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229193011/http://www.nps.gov/dino/quarry-visitor-center-update.htm |archive-date=2011-12-29 }}</ref> The Dinosaur Quarry was reopened in Fall 2011.

===Fossils from Carnegie Quarry===
[[File:Dinosaur National Monument-inside the Dinosaur Quarry building.jpeg|thumb|Workers inside the Dinosaur Quarry building]]
:Now enclosed by the Dinosaur Quarry building (Gilmore (1936), Foster (2003); Good (2004).
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
;Planta
:Coniferophyta
;Mollusca
:''Unio'' sp.
:''Vetulonia'' sp.
;Reptilia
:Testudines
::Amphichelydia
:::''[[Glyptops]] plicatus''
:::''[[Dinochelys]] whitei''
:Rhynchocephalia
:::''[[Opisthias]] rarus''
:Crocodilia
::Mesosuchia
:::Gonipholididae
::::''[[Goniopholis]]'' sp.
:::Atoposauridae
::::''[[Hoplosuchus]] kayi'' (h)
;Dinosauria
:Saurischia
::Theropoda
:::''[[Ceratosaurus]]'' sp.
:::''[[Torvosaurus]]'' sp.
:::''[[Allosaurus]] fragilis''
::Sauropoda
:::''[[Apatosaurus]] louisae'' (h)
:::''[[Barosaurus]] lentus''
:::''[[Camarasaurus]] lentus''
:::''[[Diplodocus]] hallorum''
:::''[[Uintasaurus]] douglassi'' (h) (now ''Camarasaurus lentus'')
:Ornithischia
::Stegosauria
:::''[[Stegosaurus]]'' ungulatus
::Ornithopoda
:::Iguanodontia
::::''[[Camptosaurus]] aphanoecetes'' (h)
:::Dryosauridae
::::''[[Dryosaurus]] elderae'' (h)
{{div col end}}
:(h) = holotype

==See also==
{{portal|Dinosaurs|Colorado}}
*
* [[List of national monuments of the United States]]
{{clear}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|22em}}
*[http://www.nps.gov/dino Dinosaur National Monument official park site]

*[http://www.nps.gov/dino/dinos.htm National Park Service Douglass Quarry]
==Further reading==
*[http://www.americansouthwest.net/utah/dinosaur/national_monument.html Dinosaur National Monument]
* {{cite book|last1=Cosco|first1=Jon M.|title=Echo Park : struggle for preservation|date=1995|publisher=Johnson Books|location=Boulder|isbn=1-55566-140-8|others=Foreword by [[David Brower|David R. Brower]]}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Foster|first1=John R.|author-link1=John Foster (paleontologist)|title=Paleoecological analysis of the vertebrate fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain region, USA|journal=Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History|date=2003|volume=23|url=http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm/ref/collection/bulletins/id/1243|access-date=3 May 2018|publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gilmore|first1=Charles W|author-link1=Charles W. Gilmore|title=Osteology of ''Apatosaurus'', with special references to specimens in the Carnegie Museum|journal=Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum|date=1936|volume=11|issue=4|pages=177–294|doi=10.5962/p.234849 |s2cid=89649268 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last1=Harvey|first1=Mark W. T.|title=A symbol of wilderness : Echo Park and the American conservation movement|date=2000|publisher=Univ. of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=0-295-97932-1|others=Foreword by William Cronon}}
* Kenneth Carpenter (2018). [http://gcr.khuisf.ac.ir/article_539322_ee568e73aed43abe54f3b6c2df0d9b25.pdf Rocky Start of Dinosaur National Monument (USA), The World's First Dinosaur Geoconservation Site]. ''Geoconservation Research'' '''1'''(1): 1-20. doi: [http://gcr.khuisf.ac.ir/article_539322.html Rocky Start of Dinosaur National Monument (USA), The World's First Dinosaur Geoconservation Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230634/http://gcr.khuisf.ac.ir/article_539322.html |date=2018-12-20 }}

==External links==
{{sister project links|commons=Category:Dinosaur National Monument|voy=Dinosaur National Monument}}
* {{cite web|title=Dinosaur National Monument|url=https://www.nps.gov/dino/index.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=3 May 2018|language=en}}
* {{cite web|title=Quarry Exhibit Hall|url=https://www.nps.gov/dino/planyourvisit/quarry-exhibit-hall.htm|website=Dinosaur National Monument|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=3 May 2018}}
* {{HABS |surveyUT-138 |id=ut0701 |title=Quarry Visitor Center, U.S. Highway 40, 8 miles north of Jensen, Jensen, Uintah County, UT |photos=42 |color= |dwgs= |data=86 |cap=3}}

{{Protected Areas of Colorado}}
{{UT Parks}}
{{National Monuments of the United States}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}


{{authority control}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in the United States]]
[[Category:Colorado landmarks]]
[[Category:Moffat County, Colorado]]
[[Category:National Monuments of the United States]]
[[Category:Uintah County, Utah]]


[[fr:Dinosaur National Monument]]
[[Category:Dinosaur National Monument| ]]
[[Category:National Park Service national monuments in Colorado]]
[[Category:National Park Service national monuments in Utah]]
[[Category:Fossil parks in the United States]]
[[Category:Dinosaur museums in the United States]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in Utah]]
[[Category:Museums in Uintah County, Utah]]
[[Category:Features of the Uinta Mountains]]
[[Category:Green River (Colorado River tributary)]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Moffat County, Colorado]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Uintah County, Utah]]
[[Category:Paleontological protected areas in the United States]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Colorado]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Utah]]
[[Category:Morrison Formation]]
[[Category:Jurassic Colorado]]
[[Category:Jurassic geology of Utah]]
[[Category:Jurassic paleontological sites of North America]]
[[Category:Environmental controversies]]
[[Category:Sierra Club]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1915]]
[[Category:1915 establishments in Colorado]]
[[Category:1915 establishments in Utah]]
[[Category:1915 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Badlands of the United States]]

Latest revision as of 00:39, 8 October 2024

Dinosaur National Monument
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)[1]
A dinosaur skull embedded in rock at Dinosaur National Monument
Map showing the location of Dinosaur National Monument
Map showing the location of Dinosaur National Monument
Location in the United States
LocationMoffat County, Colorado and Uintah County, Utah, U.S.
Nearest cityVernal, Utah
Coordinates40°32′N 108°59′W / 40.533°N 108.983°W / 40.533; -108.983
Area210,844 acres (853.26 km2)
EstablishedOctober 4, 1915[2]
Visitors304,468 (in 2018)[3]
Governing bodyU.S. National Park Service
WebsiteDinosaur National Monument
Dinosaur National Monument entrance
Map showing the boundaries of Dinosaur National Monument

Dinosaur National Monument is an American national monument located on the southeast flank of the Uinta Mountains[4] on the border between Colorado and Utah at the confluence of the Green and Yampa rivers. Although most of the monument area is in Moffat County, Colorado, the Dinosaur Quarry is located in Utah, north of the town of Jensen, Utah. The nearest Colorado town is Dinosaur while the nearest city is Vernal, Utah.

Originally preserved in 1915 to protect its famous Dinosaur Quarry,[5] the monument was greatly expanded in 1938 to include its wealth of natural history. The park's wild landscapes, topography, geology, paleontology, and history make it a unique resource for both science and recreation. The park contains over 800 paleontological sites and has fossils of dinosaurs including Allosaurus, Deinonychus, Abydosaurus, and various sauropods.[5] The Abydosaurus consists of a nearly complete skull, the lower jaw, and first four neck vertebrae. The specimen was found at the base of the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation and is the holotype for the description.

Paleontologist Earl Douglass of the Carnegie Museum discovered eight vertebra of an Apatosaurus on August 17, 1909,[2] which became the first dinosaur skeleton discovered and excavated at the new Carnegie Quarry. The area around the quarry was declared a national monument on October 4, 1915.[2] The International Dark-Sky Association designated Dinosaur National Monument an International Dark Sky Park in April 2019.[6]

Geology

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Split Mountain
Green River
Multicolored beds of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation
The Quarry Visitor Center in context to the landscape. View is from the west.

The rock layer enclosing the fossils is a sandstone and conglomerate bed of alluvial or river bed origin known as the Morrison Formation from the Jurassic Period some 150 million years old. The dinosaurs and other ancient animals were carried by the river system which eventually entombed their remains in Utah.

The pile of sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock. The layers of rock were later uplifted and tilted to their present angle by the mountain building forces that formed the Uinta Mountains[4] during the Laramide orogeny.[5] The relentless forces of erosion exposed the layers at the surface to be found by paleontologists.

History

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Fremont people

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Petroglyphs at McKee Spring in Dinosaur National Monument[7]

The Fremont people lived in the area of what is now Dinosaur National Monument before the 14th century, with archaeological evidence dating from c. 200 to c. 1300. Archaeologists first studied and named the Fremont culture along the Fremont River in south-central Utah and have since traced it through much of the Green and Colorado River drainages.[8]

The Fremont did not build large permanent dwellings; instead, they lived in small bands within natural shelters, such as rock overhangs or shallow caves, or small villages. They consumed plant foods, such as pine nuts, berries, and cactus fruits, as well as wild game, including mule deer, bighorn sheep, smaller mammals, and birds. They also grew corn, beans, and squash, sometimes using irrigation techniques.[8]

The fate of the Fremont culture is unclear. Recent theories suggest that the Fremont's lifestyle may have changed due to drought or other climate factors, dwindling natural resources, or the influence of other neighboring cultures.[8] They left evidence of their presence in the form of petroglyphs and pictographs of human and animal figures, and abstract designs. Human figures typically have trapezoidal bodies and elaborate decorations that suggest headdresses, earrings, necklaces, or shields. The animal figures include bighorn sheep, birds, snakes, and lizards. Purely abstract or geometric designs, such as circles, spirals, and various combinations of lines, are common. Many designs in the monument are accessible for close viewing, along four trails in Utah, one of which is near the visitor center, and a fifth trail in Colorado.[9]

Early scientific explorations

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Paleontologist chips rock matrix from a column of vertebrae in the Dinosaur Quarry.

The dinosaur fossil beds (bone beds) were discovered in 1909 by Earl Douglass, a paleontologist working and collecting for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.[10] He and his crews excavated thousands of fossils and shipped them back to the museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for study and display.

National monument

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President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915. The monument boundaries were expanded in 1938 from the original 80 acres (0.13 sq mi; 0.32 km2) surrounding the dinosaur quarry in Utah, to 210,844 acres (329 sq mi; 853 km2) in Utah and Colorado, encompassing the river canyons of the Green and Yampa.[2]

Echo Park Dam controversy

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Main article: Echo Park Dam
Confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers

The plans made by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation on a ten-dam, billion dollar Colorado River Storage Project began to arouse opposition in the early 1950s when it was announced that one of the proposed dams would be at Echo Park, in the middle of Dinosaur National Monument. The controversy assumed major proportions, dominating conservation politics for years. David Brower, executive director of the Sierra Club, and Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society led an unprecedented nationwide campaign to preserve the free-flowing rivers and scenic canyons of the Green and Yampa Rivers. They argued that if a national monument was not safe from development, how could any wildland be kept intact?[11]

On the other side of the argument were powerful members of Congress from western states, who were committed to the project in order to secure water rights, obtain cheap hydroelectric power and develop reservoirs as tourist destinations. After much debate, Congress settled on a compromise that eliminated Echo Park Dam and authorized the rest of the project. The Colorado River Storage Project Act became law on April 11, 1956. It stated, "that no dam or reservoir constructed under the authorization of the Act shall be within any National Park or Monument."[12]

Historic places

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Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Dinosaur National Monument

Places on the list of National Register of Historic Places include:[13]

Prehistoric sites
Other sites
Green River Canyon in Dinosaur National Monument viewed west from Harper's Corner
View east from Harpers Corner showing the local geology

Climate

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The Dinosaur National Monument sits on a vast area of desert land in Northwestern Colorado and Northeastern Utah. Typical of high deserts, summer temperatures can be exceedingly hot, while winter temperatures can be very cold. Snowfall is common, but the snow melts rapidly in the arid and sunny climates of these states. Rainfall is very low, and the evaporation rate classifies the area as desert, even though the rainfall exceeds 10 inches.

Climate data for Dinosaur National Monument
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 33.0
(0.6) 		39.0
(3.9) 		50.4
(10.2) 		60.8
(16.0) 		71.9
(22.2) 		83.2
(28.4) 		90.5
(32.5) 		87.9
(31.1) 		77.7
(25.4) 		63.6
(17.6) 		45.7
(7.6) 		34.2
(1.2) 		61.5
(16.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 10.8
(−11.8) 		15.2
(−9.3) 		25.0
(−3.9) 		31.8
(−0.1) 		40.5
(4.7) 		48.9
(9.4) 		56.6
(13.7) 		54.7
(12.6) 		45.5
(7.5) 		34.9
(1.6) 		23.3
(−4.8) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		33.3
(0.7)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.64
(16) 		0.56
(14) 		0.88
(22) 		1.17
(30) 		1.30
(33) 		1.06
(27) 		1.01
(26) 		0.89
(23) 		1.24
(31) 		1.46
(37) 		0.80
(20) 		0.62
(16) 		11.64
(296)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.2
(23) 		6.6
(17) 		5.9
(15) 		3.5
(8.9) 		0.7
(1.8) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		1.6
(4.1) 		4.7
(12) 		8.3
(21) 		41.1
(104)
Source: The Western Regional Climate Center[15]

Features

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Further information on fish fossils at: Doughnut Formation

The quarry

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The Quarry Exhibit Hall
Dinosaur bones on the quarry wall viewed east. This shows the bones lay three-dimensionally in the sandstone.
Revised quarry map combining the original Douglass map, later historical data and current bones.
The Green River in Dinosaur National Monument.
The Green River in Dinosaur National Monument.

The "Wall of Bones" located within the Dinosaur Quarry building in the park consists of a steeply tilted (67° from horizontal) rock layer which contains thousands of dinosaur fossils. The preserved section is only a portion of what was originally present when Douglass made his discovery as seen on the map above. When work ceased in 1922, a portion of the quarry was left for future development. This work began as part of President Franklin Roosevelt's Civil Works Administration, which provided employment during the Depression under the Transient Relief Service and later under the Works Progress Administration.[16] This work included constructing a road to the quarry, removal of overburden covering the bone-bearing strata, and building of a small, temporary museum. World War II interrupted work, but this was resumed in 1951 with the building of a small metal building over the east portion of the quarry to test whether bone was abundant enough to warrant a larger, more permanent building. This more permanent building was erected in the mid-1950s as part of the National Park Service Mission 66 plan. The architectural design was high controversial for its ultra-modern use of glass, steel and concrete ramp that spiraled around a cylindrical office tower. The building opened at the dedication ceremony on June 1, 1958.[17] The design had two levels and abundant natural light so that visitors could watch technicians remove the hard rock to reveal the excavated fossil bones in-situ.

In July 2006, the Quarry Visitor Center was closed due to structural problems that since 1958 had plagued the building because it was built on unstable clay. The decision was made to build a new facility elsewhere in the monument to house the visitor center and administrative functions, making it easier to resolve the structural problems of the quarry building while still retaining a portion of the historic Mission 66 era exhibit hall.[18] It was announced in April 2009 that Dinosaur National Monument would receive $13.1 million to refurbish and reopen the gallery as part of the Obama administration's $750 billion stimulus plan.[19] The Park Service successfully rebuilt the Quarry Exhibit Hall, supporting its weight on 70-foot steel micropile columns that extend to the bedrock below the unstable clay.[20] The Dinosaur Quarry was reopened in Fall 2011.

Fossils from Carnegie Quarry

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Workers inside the Dinosaur Quarry building
Now enclosed by the Dinosaur Quarry building (Gilmore (1936), Foster (2003); Good (2004).
Planta
Coniferophyta
Mollusca
Unio sp.
Vetulonia sp.
Reptilia
Testudines
Amphichelydia
Glyptops plicatus
Dinochelys whitei
Rhynchocephalia
Opisthias rarus
Crocodilia
Mesosuchia
Gonipholididae
Goniopholis sp.
Atoposauridae
Hoplosuchus kayi (h)
Dinosauria
Saurischia
Theropoda
Ceratosaurus sp.
Torvosaurus sp.
Allosaurus fragilis
Sauropoda
Apatosaurus louisae (h)
Barosaurus lentus
Camarasaurus lentus
Diplodocus hallorum
Uintasaurus douglassi (h) (now Camarasaurus lentus)
Ornithischia
Stegosauria
Stegosaurus ungulatus
Ornithopoda
Iguanodontia
Camptosaurus aphanoecetes (h)
Dryosauridae
Dryosaurus elderae (h)
(h) = holotype

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Protected Area Profile for Dinosaur from the World Database of Protected Areas". protectedplanet.net. UN World Conservation Monitoring Centre and the IUCN. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Dinosaur National Monument Statistics". NPS. January 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  3. ^ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
  4. ^ a b Hansen, Wallace (1969). The Geologic Story of the Uinta Mountains (USGS Bulletin 1291 ed.). U.S. Geological Survey.
  5. ^ a b c Gregson, J.D.; Chure, D.J.; Sprinkle, D.A. (2010). "Geology and Paleontology of Dinosaur National Monument". Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments. UGA Publication 28 (third edition) (Utah Geological Association): 161–192.
  6. ^ "Dinosaur National Monument Designated as an International Dark Sky Park". International Dark-Sky Association. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
  7. ^ "Rainbow and Island Parks". Dinosaur National Monument. National Park Service. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Fremont Culture. National Park Service. October 7, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  9. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Viewing Petroglyphs and Pictographs. National Park Service. December 19, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  10. ^ Douglass, G.E. (2009). Iverson, Diane Douglass (ed.). Speak to the earth and it will teach you : the life and times of Earl Douglass, 1862-1931. Charleston, S.C.: BookSurge. ISBN 9781439244371.
  11. ^ McPhee, John (1971). Encounters with the Archdruid. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 245. ISBN 0-374-51431-3.
  12. ^ "COLORADO RIVER STORAGE PROJECT-AUTHORITY TO CONSTRUCT, OPERATE AND MAINTAIN; CHAPTER 203-PUBLIC LAW 485" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. April 11, 1956.
  13. ^ National Register of Historic Places in Moffat County American Dreams, Inc. Retrieved 2011-10-6.
  14. ^ "Josie Bassett Morris Ranch Complex". National Archives Catalog. U.S. National Archives. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  16. ^ Carpenter, K. 2018. Rocky Start of Dinosaur National Monument (USA), the World's First Dinosaur Geoconservation Site. Geoconservation Research 1(1)1-20.
  17. ^ "Dinosaur National Monument Visitor Center Official Dedication Program Section". Vernal Express. May 29, 1958. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  18. ^ "Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Quarry Visitor Center, Part 1" (PDF). National Park Service. March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
  19. ^ "$13.1M in stimulus cash revives dino monument". Salt Lake Tribune. April 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  20. ^ "Visiting The Quarry In Fall And Winter". National Park Service. November 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-12-29. Retrieved 2012-03-21.

Further reading

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