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{{Short description|Mythological river of Hades (Greece)}} |
{{Short description|Mythological river of Hades (Greece)}} |
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{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} |
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In [[Greek mythology]], the river '''Phlegethon''' ([[wikt:Φλεγέθων|Φλεγέθων]], [[English language|English translation]]: "flaming") or '''Pyriphlegethon''' (Πυριφλεγέθων, English translation: "fire-flaming") was one of the five rivers in the infernal regions of [[Greek underworld|the underworld]], along with the rivers [[Styx]], [[Lethe]], [[Cocytus]], and [[Acheron]]. |
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==Literary depictions== |
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==Mythology== |
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| ⚫ | According to [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', the Phlegethon feeds into the river Acheron, alongside the Cocytus.<ref>''Brill's New Pauly'', [https://referenceworks-brillonline-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/phlegeton-e922850 s.v. Phlegethon (2)]; [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:10.503-10.545 10.513–4].</ref> [[Plato]] describes it as "a stream of fire, which coils round the earth and flows into the depths of [[Tartarus]]".<ref>[[Plato]], [[Phaedo]] 112b.</ref> |
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In [[Orphic literature]], in which there are four rivers of the underworld, the Phlegethon is associated with the element of fire, and the direction east.<ref>''Brill's New Pauly'', [https://referenceworks-brillonline-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/phlegeton-e922850 s.v. Phlegethon (2)]; Orphic fr. 123 II (I p. 283), IV (I p. 283) Bernabé.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In ''[[Oedipus (Seneca)|Oedipus]]'' by [[Seneca the Younger]], the first singing of the chorus, which mainly describes the plague that has settled in [[Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)|Thebes]], includes the line, "Phlegethon has changed his course and mingled Styx with Theban streams." While this is not essential to the plot of the play, the line figuratively serves to suggest Death has become physically present in [[Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)|Thebes]]. |
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* In [[Edmund Spenser|Spenser's]] ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'', Phlegethon is found in Hell, and is portrayed as a "fiery flood" where "the damned ghosts in torments fry" (Canto V, 291–291). |
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* In ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' (II, 580) [[John Milton]] names the Phlegeton (''sic'') as one of the rivers of Hell, which bold adventuring demons explore while Satan's flight to Earth begins. Milton also mentions the Rivers ''[[Styx]]'', ''[[Acheron]]'', and ''[[Cocytus]]''. The river ''[[Lethe]]'' is also counted among the rivers of the underworld. |
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| ⚫ | In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante's]] ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]],'' which is the first part of [[Divine Comedy]], Phlegethon is described as a river of blood that boils souls. It is in the Seventh Circle of Hell, which punishes those who committed crimes of violence against their fellow men (see Canto XII, 46–48); murderers, tyrants, and the like. By causing hot blood to flow through their violent deeds in life, they are now sunk in the flowing, boiling blood of the Phlegethon. The depth at which each sinner must stand in the river is determined by the level of violence they caused in life; Dante sees [[Attila|Attila the Hun]] and [[Alexander the Great]] up to their eyebrows. [[Centaur]]s patrol the circle, firing arrows at those who try to rise above their allotted level in the river. Dante and [[Virgil]] cross Phlegethon with help from [[Nessus (mythology)|Nessus]]. |
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* In ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]],'' a four-year-old Quasimodo is left outside the Cathedral. Foundlings were left there in the hope they would be taken care of. A passing official sees the child and says "Foundling – yes, found apparently on the banks of the river Phlegethon". |
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* In [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s short story "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]", the narrator, looking down on the whirlpool from a mountain, refers to the water as "the howling Phlegethon below", signifying its danger and coiling effect. |
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* In [[H.P. Lovecraft]]'s short story "[[The Other Gods]]", one of the characters, when discovered by the Outer Gods, makes "a cry as no man else ever heard save in the Phlegethon of unrelatable nightmares", demonstrating that in an instant he has suffered tortures normally reserved for the damned. |
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* In the seventy-fifth of [[Ezra Pound]]'s [[The Cantos|Cantos]], Pound asks of [[Gerhart Münch]] "Gerhart art thou come forth out of Phlegethon? with [[Dieterich Buxtehude|Buxtehude]] and [[Ludwig Klages|Klages]] in your satchel, with the Ständebuch of [[Hans Sachs|Sachs]] in yr / luggage".<ref>Oakes, Loisann. “An Explication of ‘Canto LXXV’ by Ezra Pound.” ''Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature'', vol. 5, no. 2, 1964, pp. 105–109</ref> |
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* In [[Charles Wright (poet)|Charles Wright]]'s poem "Driving to Passalacqua, 1960", he likens driving along and crossing the Adige River in Verona, lit by the morning sun ("Fire on the water,/daylight striking its match"), to the Phlegethon: "Phlegethon/He must have crossed,/Dante, I mean,/His cloak like a net as he glided and stepped over the stones."<ref>Denham, Robert D., The Early Poetry of Charles Wright: A Companion, 1960-1990, McFarland and Co., 2009, p. 124.</ref> |
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* In the novel ''[[Inferno (Niven and Pournelle novel)|Inferno]]'' by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]], Phlegethon is guarded not by centaurs, but by military officers taken from all eras of history (with instructions to shoot anyone who tries to escape). There is also a wooden [[sailing ship]] sunk on the other side, which is inhabited by the souls of [[Atlantic slave trade|slave]] [[Slave-trader|traders]]. [[Crooked cops]], [[Judge|judges]], [[Lawyer|lawyers]], and [[lawmakers]] who let killers free are turned into an island that killers trample over to find refuge from the blood. |
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* In the first arc of the ''[[Curse of the Spawn]]'' series, the Spawn's creator Plegethonyarre was named after the mythological river. |
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* Track 5 of [[The Residents]]' 2008 Digital Album ''Hades'' is called "Phlegethon River". |
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== See also == |
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* [[Greek mythology in popular culture]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* Bernabé, Alberto (1996), ''Poetae epici Graeci: Testimonia et fragmenta, Pars I'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Stuttgart and Leipzig, Teubner, 1996. {{ISBN|978-3-815-41706-5}}. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110936995 Online version at De Gruyter]. |
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* ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 11'', Phi-Prok, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-90-04-14216-9}}. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version at Brill]. |
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* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.43 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. |
* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.43 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. |
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Latest revision as of 14:41, 8 October 2024
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In Greek mythology, the river Phlegethon (Φλεγέθων, English translation: "flaming") or Pyriphlegethon (Πυριφλεγέθων, English translation: "fire-flaming") was one of the five rivers in the infernal regions of the underworld, along with the rivers Styx, Lethe, Cocytus, and Acheron.
Mythology
[edit]According to Homer's Odyssey, the Phlegethon feeds into the river Acheron, alongside the Cocytus.[1] Plato describes it as "a stream of fire, which coils round the earth and flows into the depths of Tartarus".[2]
In Orphic literature, in which there are four rivers of the underworld, the Phlegethon is associated with the element of fire, and the direction east.[3]
In Oedipus by Seneca the Younger, the first singing of the chorus, which mainly describes the plague that has settled in Thebes, includes the line, "Phlegethon has changed his course and mingled Styx with Theban streams." While this is not essential to the plot of the play, the line figuratively serves to suggest Death has become physically present in Thebes.
The Divine Comedy
[edit]In Dante's Inferno, which is the first part of Divine Comedy, Phlegethon is described as a river of blood that boils souls. It is in the Seventh Circle of Hell, which punishes those who committed crimes of violence against their fellow men (see Canto XII, 46–48); murderers, tyrants, and the like. By causing hot blood to flow through their violent deeds in life, they are now sunk in the flowing, boiling blood of the Phlegethon. The depth at which each sinner must stand in the river is determined by the level of violence they caused in life; Dante sees Attila the Hun and Alexander the Great up to their eyebrows. Centaurs patrol the circle, firing arrows at those who try to rise above their allotted level in the river. Dante and Virgil cross Phlegethon with help from Nessus.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Brill's New Pauly, s.v. Phlegethon (2); Homer, Odyssey 10.513–4.
- ^ Plato, Phaedo 112b.
- ^ Brill's New Pauly, s.v. Phlegethon (2); Orphic fr. 123 II (I p. 283), IV (I p. 283) Bernabé.
References
[edit]- Bernabé, Alberto (1996), Poetae epici Graeci: Testimonia et fragmenta, Pars I, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Stuttgart and Leipzig, Teubner, 1996. ISBN 978-3-815-41706-5. Online version at De Gruyter.
- Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 11, Phi-Prok, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Brill, 2007. ISBN 978-90-04-14216-9. Online version at Brill.
- Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
