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{{short description|Species of crustacean}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Gecarcinus_ruricola.png
| image = Cuban Red Crab (Gecarcinus ruricola), Bahía de Cochinos.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
| taxon = Gecarcinus ruricola
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
⚫
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])&nbsp;<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=99131 |taxon=''Gecarcinus ruricola''}}</ref>
| subphylum = [[Crustacean|Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Malacostraca]]
| ordo = [[Decapoda]]
| infraordo = [[Crab|Brachyura]]
| familia = [[Land crab|Gecarcinidae]]
| genus = ''[[Gecarcinus]]''
| species = '''''G. ruricola'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Gecarcinus ruricola''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=99131|taxon=''Gecarcinus ruricola''}}</ref>
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
*''Cancer ruricolus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
* ''Cancer ruricolus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
*''Ocypode tourlourou'' <small>Latreille, 1803</small>
* ''Ocypode tourlourou'' <small>Latreille, 1803</small>
*''Gecarcinus agricola'' <small>Reichenbach, 1828</small>
* ''Gecarcinus agricola'' <small>Reichenbach, 1828</small>
*''Ocypode rubra'' <small>Fréminville, 1835</small>
* ''Ocypode rubra'' <small>Fréminville, 1835</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Ng">{{cite journal |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2008 |volume=17 |pages=1–286 |title=Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world |author=Peter K. L. Ng, Danièle Guinot & Peter J. F. Davie |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = &nbsp;<ref name="Ng">{{cite journal|journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2008 |volume=17 |pages=1–286 |title=Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world |author1=Peter K. L. Ng |author2=Danièle Guinot |author3=Peter J. F. Davie |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606061453/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-06 }}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Gecarcinus ruricola''''' is a [[species]] of [[land crab|terrestrial crab]]. It is the most terrestrial of the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] land crabs,<ref name="Hartnoll06">{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=316–325 |year=2006 |title=Population biology of the black land crab, ''Gecarcinus ruricola'', in the San Andres archipelago, Western Caribbean |author=Richard G. Hartnoll, Mark S. P. Baine, Yolima Grandas, Jennifer James & Helen Atkin |doi=10.1651/C-2640.1}}</ref> and is found from western [[Cuba]] across the [[Antilles]] as far east as [[Barbados]]. Common names for ''G. ruricola'' include the '''purple land crab''',<ref name="ITIS"/> '''black land crab''',<ref name="Hartnoll06"/> '''red land crab''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/hall_tour/spectrum/a769.html |title=Red land crab ''Gecarcinus ruricola'' |work=Spectrum of Life |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |accessdate=February 5, 2010}}</ref> and '''zombie crab'''.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. Kettunen, P. Genovesi, S. Gollasch, S. Pagad, U. Starfinger, P. ten Brink & C. Shine |year=2008 |title=Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IAS) - Assessment of the impacts of IAS in Europe and the EU (final module report for the European Commission) |publisher=[[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] |location=Brussels, Belgium |pages=44 + annexes |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/Kettunen2009_IAS_Task%201.pdf}}</ref>
'''''Gecarcinus ruricola''''' is a [[species]] of [[land crab|terrestrial crab]]. It is the most terrestrial of the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] land crabs,<ref name="Hartnoll06">{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=316–325 |year=2006 |title=Population biology of the black land crab, ''Gecarcinus ruricola'', in the San Andres archipelago, Western Caribbean |author=Richard G. Hartnoll |author2=Mark S. P. Baine |author3=Yolima Grandas |author4=Jennifer James |author5=Helen Atkin |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1651/C-2640.1 |doi-access= }}</ref> and is found from western [[Cuba]] across the [[Antilles]] as far east as [[Barbados]]. Common names for ''G. ruricola'' include the '''purple land crab''',<ref name="ITIS"/> '''black land crab''',<ref name="Hartnoll06"/> '''red land crab''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/hall_tour/spectrum/a769.html |title=Red land crab ''Gecarcinus ruricola'' |work=Spectrum of Life |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |access-date=February 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124062902/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/hall_tour/spectrum/a769.html |archive-date=November 24, 2010 }}</ref> and '''zombie crab'''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=M. Kettunen |author2=P. Genovesi |author3=S. Gollasch |author4=S. Pagad |author5=U. Starfinger |author6=P. ten Brink |author7=C. Shine |year=2008 |title=Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IAS) - Assessment of the impacts of IAS in Europe and the EU (final module report for the European Commission) |publisher=[[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] |location=Brussels, Belgium |pages=44 + annexes |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/Kettunen2009_IAS_Task%201.pdf}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Gecarcinus_ruricola.png|thumb|''Gecarcinus ruricola'']]
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Four colour morphs exist within the species: black, red, yellow and green.<ref name="Statia"/> The [[carapace]] of ''G. ruricola'' grows in width at a rate of about {{convert|1|in}} per year, with the crabs reaching maturity after 5 years, and living for up to 10 years in total.<ref name="Statia">{{cite journal |url=http://www.statiapark.org/downloads/downloads/newsletter/newsletter-sept09.pdf |journal=St Eustatius: National and Marine Parks and Botanical Gardens Newsletter |year=2009 |title=Why do we see Crabs in the Quill? |pages=5}}</ref> ''G. ruricola'' have a number of [[adaptation]]s to terrestrial life, mostly regarding [[water conservation]]. They are nocturnal, to prevent the hot sun from drying them out. They also have a "nephritic pad", onto which [[urine]] is released, in order to be cleaned by [[microbe]]s before the water is then reabsorbed.<ref name="Plos"/>
[[File:Male Gecarcinus ruricola.jpg|thumb|A male ''G. ruricola'']]
⚫
Four colour morphs exist within the species - black, red, yellow, and green.<ref name="Statia"/> The [[carapace]] of ''G. ruricola'' grows in width at a rate of about {{convert|1|in|abbr=on}} per year, with the crabs reaching maturity after 5 years, and living for up to 10 years in total.<ref name="Statia">{{cite journal |url=http://www.statiapark.org/downloads/downloads/newsletter/newsletter-sept09.pdf |journal=St Eustatius: National and Marine Parks and Botanical Gardens Newsletter |year=2009 |title=Why do we see Crabs in the Quill? |pages=5 |access-date=2010-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224184846/http://www.statiapark.org/downloads/downloads/newsletter/newsletter-sept09.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''G. ruricola'' crabs have a number of [[adaptation]]s to terrestrial life, mostly regarding [[water conservation]]. They are nocturnal, to prevent the hot sun from drying them out. They also have a "nephritic pad", onto which [[urine]] is released, to be cleaned by [[microbe]]s before the water is then reabsorbed.<ref name="Plos"/>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
''G. ruricola'' is found across much of the [[Caribbean]], from [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] in the west through the [[Antilles]] to [[Barbados]] in the east. It has been reported from [[Florida]] and [[Nicaragua]], but few confirmed examples exist from the mainland; [[Loggerhead Key]] in the [[Dry Tortugas]] marks the northenmost limit of its island distribution, which extends across the [[Bahamas]] and [[Cuba]], through the [[Greater Antilles]] and [[Lesser Antilles]], to Barbados. Outlying populations exist on [[Curaçao]], in the [[Swan Islands, Honduras|Swan Islands]] off [[Honduras]], and in the [[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]] off the [[Colombia]]n coast.<ref name="Hartnoll06"/>
''G. ruricola'' is found across much of the [[Caribbean]], from Cuba and the [[Bahamas]] in the west through the Antilles to Barbados in the east. It has been reported from [[Florida]] and [[Nicaragua]], but few confirmed examples exist from the mainland; [[Loggerhead Key]] in the [[Dry Tortugas]] marks the northernmost limit of its island distribution, which extends across the Bahamas and Cuba, through the Greater and Lesser Antilles, to Barbados. Outlying populations exist on [[Curaçao]], in the [[Swan Islands, Honduras|Swan Islands]] off [[Honduras]], Half Moon Caye of Belize, and the [[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]] off the [[Colombia]]n coast.<ref name="Hartnoll06"/>


It can be found many kilometres from the sea, and at high [[altitude]]s: crabs have been observed above {{convert|300|m}} on the island of [[Dominica]], and at over {{convert|1000|m}} on [[Jamaica]].<ref name="Hartnoll06"/>
It can be found at great distances from the sea, and at high [[altitude]]s; it has been observed above {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}} on the island of [[Dominica]], and at over {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}} on [[Jamaica]].<ref name="Hartnoll06"/>


==Life cycle==
==Life cycle==
The [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] of ''G. ruricola'' hatch in the sea,<ref name="Statia"/> where the [[larva]]e live as [[plankton]]. The return of the larvae to land seems to be infrequent, but when they do return, they return as [[megalopa]] larvae, in sufficient numbers to turn roads red.<Ref name="Hartnoll07">{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=425–436 |year=2007 |title=Reproduction of the black land crab, ''Gecarcinus ruricola'', in the San Andres Archipelago, Western Caribbean |author=Richard G. Hartnoll, Mark S. P. Baine, Arne Britton, Yolima Grandas, Jennifer James, Alejandro Velasco & Michael G. Richmond |doi=10.1651/S-2772.1}}</ref> They move at a speed of {{convert|1|-|2|m/s|mph}}, or faster if startled.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |year=2006 |volume=146 |pages=149–164 |title=A mass recruitment event in the land crab ''Gecarcinus ruricola'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Gecarcinidae), and a description of the megalop |author=Richard Hartnoll & Paul F. Clark |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00195.x}}</ref>
The [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] of ''G. ruricola'' hatch in the sea,<ref name="Statia"/> where the [[Crustacean larva|larvae]] live as [[plankton]]. The return of the larvae to land seems to be infrequent, but when they do return, they return as [[megalopa]] larvae, in sufficient numbers to turn roads red.<ref name="Hartnoll07">{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=425–436 |year=2007 |title=Reproduction of the black land crab, ''Gecarcinus ruricola'', in the San Andres Archipelago, Western Caribbean |author1=Richard G. Hartnoll |author2=Mark S. P. Baine |author3=Arne Britton |author4=Yolima Grandas |author5=Jennifer James |author6=Alejandro Velasco |author7=Michael G. Richmond |doi=10.1651/S-2772.1|doi-access=free }}</ref> They move at speeds of {{convert|1|-|2|m/s|mph|abbr=on}}, or faster if startled.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Richard Hartnoll |author2=Paul F. Clark |year=2006 |title=A mass recruitment event in the land crab ''Gecarcinus ruricola'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Gecarcinidae), and a description of the megalop |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=149–164 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00195.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> For the next three years, the young crabs live in [[burrow]]s inhabited by other crabs, and eat food brought back to the burrow by the older crab.<ref name="Statia"/>
For the next three years, the young crabs live in [[burrow]]s inhabited by other crabs and eat food brought back to the burrow by the older crab.<ref name="Statia"/>


After mating, mass [[animal migration|migrations]] occur with the females returning to the sea to release their fertilised eggs. An average female carries around 85,000 eggs&nbsp;<ref name="Hartnoll07"/>.
After mating, mass [[animal migration|migrations]] occur, with the females returning to the sea to release their fertilised eggs. A typical female carries around 85,000 eggs.<ref name="Hartnoll07"/>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''G. ruricola'' is an [[omnivore|omnivorous]] [[scavenger]],<ref name="Statia"/> feeding mostly on [[nitrogen]]-poor plant matter.<ref name="Hartnoll07"/>
''G. ruricola'' is an [[omnivore|omnivorous]] [[scavenger]],<ref name="Statia"/> feeding mostly on [[nitrogen]]-poor plant matter.<ref name="Hartnoll07"/>


The meat of ''G. ruricola'' is rich in [[protein]], and have often been harvested by local people. Other [[predator]]s may include [[bird]]s, although information is scarce. When confronted, they rear up on and hold their open claws outwards in a defensive posture.<ref name="Statia"/>
The meat of ''G. ruricola'' is rich in [[protein]], and has often been harvested by local people. Other [[predator]]s may include [[bird]]s, although information is scarce. When confronted, they rear up and hold their open claws outwards in a defensive posture.<ref name="Statia"/>


===''Drosophila''===
===''Drosophila''===
[[File:Gecarcinus_Drosophila.png|thumb|A pair of ''Drosophila endobranchiae'' on the [[carapace]] of ''Gecarcinus ruricola'']]
[[File:Gecarcinus Drosophila.png|thumb|Two ''Drosophila endobranchiae'' flies on the [[carapace]] of ''G. ruricola'']]
''G. ruricola'' is the [[Host (biology)|host organism]] for two species of [[fly|flies]] in the genus ''[[Drosophila]]''.<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=3517–3521 |year=1974 |title=Three flies and three islands: parallel evolution in ''Drosophila'' |author=[[Hampton Carson|Hampton L. Carson]] |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/71/9/3517.abstract}}</ref> They were first observed on [[Montserrat]] by [[Henry Guernsey Hubbard]] in 1894, and presented at a [[scientific meeting]] later that year (where the crab was misidentified as ''[[Cardisoma guanhumi]]''), but no further research was conducted until 1955, when specimens were again collected, this time from [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona Island]], and named as ''[[Drosophila carcinophila]]'' by M. R. Wheeler.<ref name="Cur">{{cite journal |title=Flies' lives on a crab |author=Marcus C. Stensmyr & Bill S. Hansson |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=17 |issue=17 |pages=R743–R746 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.015}}</ref>
''G. ruricola'' is the [[Host (biology)|host organism]] for two species of [[commensal]] [[fly|flies]] in the genus ''[[Drosophila]]''.<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.71.9.3517 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=3517–3521 |year=1974 |title=Three Flies and Three Islands: Parallel Evolution in Drosophila |author=Hampton L. Carson|author-link=Hampton L. Carson (biologist) |pmid=4530320 |pmc=433805 |bibcode=1974PNAS...71.3517C|doi-access=free }}</ref> They were first observed on [[Montserrat]] by [[Henry Guernsey Hubbard]] in 1894, and presented at a [[scientific meeting]] later that year (where the crab was misidentified as ''[[Cardisoma guanhumi]]''), but no further research was conducted until 1955, when specimens were again collected, this time from [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona Island]], and named as ''Drosophila carcinophila'' by M. R. Wheeler.<ref name="Cur">{{cite journal |title=Flies' lives on a crab |author1=Marcus C. Stensmyr |author2=Bill S. Hansson |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=17 |issue=17 |pages=R743–R746 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.015|pmid=17803919 |s2cid=15254577 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007CBio...17.R743S }}</ref>


In 1967, a second species of fly, ''[[Drosophila endobranchia]]'' was discovered on ''Gecarcinus ruricola'', although it also inhabits the closely related species ''[[Gecarcinus lateralis]]''. ''Drosohila endrobranchia'' is not closely related to ''D. carcinophila'', and this trait appears therefore to have [[convergent evolution|evolved convergently]]. (A third species of fly, ''[[Lissocephala powelli]]'' has evolved a similar habit on [[Christmas Island]], where it lives on the land crabs ''[[Gecarcoidea lalandii]]'', ''[[Geograpsus crinipes]]'' and ''[[Cardisoma carnifex]]'', and the terrestrial [[hermit crab]] ''[[Birgus latro]]''.) ''D. endobranchia'' evolved from a group of species which breed on fungi or bark, while ''D. carcinophila'' evolved from a group which breed on [[cactus|cacti]].<Ref name="PNAS"/>
In 1967, a second species of fly, ''[[Drosophila endobranchia]]'', was discovered on ''G. ruricola'', although it also inhabits the closely related species ''[[Gecarcinus lateralis|G. lateralis]]''. ''D. endrobranchia'' is not closely related to ''D. carcinophila'', and this trait appears to have [[convergent evolution|evolved convergently]]. (A third species of fly, ''[[Lissocephala powelli]]'', has evolved a similar habit on [[Christmas Island]], where it lives on the land crabs ''[[Gecarcoidea lalandii]]'', ''[[Geograpsus crinipes]]'', and ''[[Cardisoma carnifex]]'', and the terrestrial [[hermit crab]] ''[[Birgus latro]]''.) ''D. endobranchia'' evolved from a group of species that breeds on fungi or bark, while ''D. carcinophila'' evolved from a group that breeds on [[cactus|cacti]].<ref name="PNAS"/>


The flies spend most of their lives on the crab, and are reluctant to leave. They do not need to flee predators, because the crabs they inhabit are fast animals and will flee:<ref name="Plos">{{cite journal |title=The Cayman crab fly revisited — phylogeny and biology of ''Drosophila endobranchia'' |author=Marcus C. Stensmyr, Regina Stieber & Bill S. Hansson |journal=[[PLoS One]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001942 |year=2008 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=e1942}}</ref>
The flies spend most of their lives on the crab, and are reluctant to leave. They do not need to flee predators, because the crabs they inhabit are fast animals and will flee:<ref name="Plos">{{cite journal |title=The Cayman Crab Fly Revisited — Phylogeny and Biology of Drosophila endobranchia |author=Marcus C. Stensmyr |author2=Regina Stieber |author3=Bill S. Hansson |name-list-style=amp |journal=[[PLoS One]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001942 |year=2008 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=e1942 |pmid=18398468 |pmc=2275792 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1942S |editor1-last=Vosshall |editor1-first=Leslie B.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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<blockquote>The flies … hardly move at all, are extremely reluctant in leaving their host crabs and are hard pushed to take flight. Although the flies are sluggish, the crabs on which they reside are anything but. Chasing after crabs through a pitch-black jungle (growing on a razor-sharp labyrinthine limestone ground), while trying to aspirate flies from their carapaces is not trivial. Obtaining large amounts of flies in this way is simply a nightmare.</blockquote>
<blockquote>The flies … hardly move at all, are extremely reluctant in leaving their host
⚫
The [[egg (biology)|eggs]] are laid around the crab's [[compound eye]]s; the first-[[instar]] [[larva]]e migrate to the crab's nephritic pad, and live there, feeding on the microbes that cleanse the crab's urine. The second instar is spent in the crab's [[gill]] chamber. The third instar has the larvae return to the [[arthropod mouthparts|mouthparts]] before falling to the ground to [[pupation|pupate]].<ref name="Plos"/>
⚫
crabs and are hard pushed to take flight. Although the flies are sluggish, the crabs on which they reside are anything but. Chasing after crabs through a pitch-black jungle (growing on a razor sharp labyrinthine limestone ground), while trying to aspirate flies from their carapaces is not trivial. Obtaining large amounts of flies in this way is simply a nightmare.</blockquote>
⚫
The [[egg (biology)|eggs]] are laid around the crab's [[compound eye]]s, and the first [[instar]] [[larva]]e which hatch from the eggs migrate to the crab's nephritic pad, and live there, feeding on the microbes that cleanse the crab's urine. The second instar is spent in the crab's [[gill]] chamber. The third instar sees the larvae return to the [[arthropod mouthparts|mouthparts]] before falling to the ground to [[pupation|pupate]].<ref name="Plos"/>


==Linnaeus==
==Linnaeus==
[[Carl Linnaeus]] described the species in 1758 (the starting point for [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|zoological nomenclature]]), noting the species' annual migrations from the forests to the coast (''Habitat in America, sylvas vastissimis agminibus quotannis deserens littora maris petiturus'': "lives in America; every year, an army marches out of the forests towards the sea").<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Carl Linnaeus]] |year=1758 |title=[[Systema Naturae]] |edition=10th |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542 |pages=649–658 |chapter=239. Cancer}}</ref>
[[Carl Linnaeus]] described the species in 1758 (the starting point for [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|zoological nomenclature]]), noting the species' annual migrations from the forests to the coast (''Habitat in America, sylvas vastissimis agminibus quotannis deserens littora maris petiturus'': "lives in America; every year, an army marches out of the forests towards the sea").<ref>{{cite book |author=Carl Linnaeus |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |year=1758 |title=[[Systema Naturae]] |edition=10th |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542 |pages=649–658 |chapter=239. Cancer}}</ref>


==Philately==
==Philately==
''G. ruricola'' appeared on two [[Africa]]n [[postage stamp]]s for the ''International Year of the Ocean'' in 1998, under the name "mountain crab". These were a [[Tanzania]]n stamp worth 500 [[Tanzanian shilling|shillingi]] and a [[Uganda]]n stamp worth 250 [[Ugandan shilling|shillings]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Crustaceans on postage stamps from 1870 to and including 2002: revised article for our paper in 2000 and addendum |author=Makoto Omori & [[Lipke Holthuis|Lipke B. Holthuis]] |journal=Journal of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology |volume=1 |pages=1–39 |year=2005 |url=http://lib.s.kaiyodai.ac.jp/library/kiyou/tkh01/tkh0101.pdf}}</ref>
''G. ruricola'' appeared on two [[Africa]]n [[postage stamp]]s for the ''International Year of the Ocean'' in 1998, under the name "mountain crab". These were a [[Tanzania]]n stamp worth [[Tanzanian shilling|TSh&nbsp;]]{{shilingi|500}} and a [[Uganda]]n stamp worth [[Ugandan shilling|USh&nbsp;]]{{shilingi|250}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Crustaceans on postage stamps from 1870 to and including 2002: revised article for our paper in 2000 and addendum |author=Makoto Omori |author2=Lipke B. Holthuis |author2-link=Lipke Holthuis |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology |volume=1 |pages=1–39 |year=2005 |url=http://lib.s.kaiyodai.ac.jp/library/kiyou/tkh01/tkh0101.pdf |access-date=2010-02-06 |archive-date=2017-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130150/http://lib.s.kaiyodai.ac.jp/library/kiyou/tkh01/tkh0101.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Edible crustaceans}}
{{Edible crustaceans}}
{{Gecarcinidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5233916}}

[[Category:Grapsoidea]]
[[Category:Grapsoidea]]
[[Category:Terrestrial crustaceans]]
[[Category:Terrestrial crustaceans]]
[[Category:Edible crustaceans]]
[[Category:Edible crustaceans]]
[[Category:Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Crabs of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Crustaceans described in 1758]]
[[Category:Arthropods of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 17:35, 8 October 2024

Gecarcinus ruricola
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Brachyura
Family: Gecarcinidae
Genus: Gecarcinus
Species:
G. ruricola
Binomial name
Gecarcinus ruricola
Synonyms [2]
  • Cancer ruricolus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Ocypode tourlourou Latreille, 1803
  • Gecarcinus agricola Reichenbach, 1828
  • Ocypode rubra Fréminville, 1835

Gecarcinus ruricola is a species of terrestrial crab. It is the most terrestrial of the Caribbean land crabs,[3] and is found from western Cuba across the Antilles as far east as Barbados. Common names for G. ruricola include the purple land crab,[1] black land crab,[3] red land crab,[4] and zombie crab.[5]

Description

[edit]
Gecarcinus ruricola
A male G. ruricola

Four colour morphs exist within the species - black, red, yellow, and green.[6] The carapace of G. ruricola grows in width at a rate of about 1 in (25 mm) per year, with the crabs reaching maturity after 5 years, and living for up to 10 years in total.[6] G. ruricola crabs have a number of adaptations to terrestrial life, mostly regarding water conservation. They are nocturnal, to prevent the hot sun from drying them out. They also have a "nephritic pad", onto which urine is released, to be cleaned by microbes before the water is then reabsorbed.[7]

Distribution

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G. ruricola is found across much of the Caribbean, from Cuba and the Bahamas in the west through the Antilles to Barbados in the east. It has been reported from Florida and Nicaragua, but few confirmed examples exist from the mainland; Loggerhead Key in the Dry Tortugas marks the northernmost limit of its island distribution, which extends across the Bahamas and Cuba, through the Greater and Lesser Antilles, to Barbados. Outlying populations exist on Curaçao, in the Swan Islands off Honduras, Half Moon Caye of Belize, and the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina off the Colombian coast.[3]

It can be found at great distances from the sea, and at high altitudes; it has been observed above 300 m (980 ft) on the island of Dominica, and at over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) on Jamaica.[3]

Life cycle

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The eggs of G. ruricola hatch in the sea,[6] where the larvae live as plankton. The return of the larvae to land seems to be infrequent, but when they do return, they return as megalopa larvae, in sufficient numbers to turn roads red.[8] They move at speeds of 1–2 m/s (2.2–4.5 mph), or faster if startled.[9] For the next three years, the young crabs live in burrows inhabited by other crabs, and eat food brought back to the burrow by the older crab.[6]

After mating, mass migrations occur, with the females returning to the sea to release their fertilised eggs. A typical female carries around 85,000 eggs.[8]

Ecology

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G. ruricola is an omnivorous scavenger,[6] feeding mostly on nitrogen-poor plant matter.[8]

The meat of G. ruricola is rich in protein, and has often been harvested by local people. Other predators may include birds, although information is scarce. When confronted, they rear up and hold their open claws outwards in a defensive posture.[6]

Drosophila

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Two Drosophila endobranchiae flies on the carapace of G. ruricola

G. ruricola is the host organism for two species of commensal flies in the genus Drosophila.[10] They were first observed on Montserrat by Henry Guernsey Hubbard in 1894, and presented at a scientific meeting later that year (where the crab was misidentified as Cardisoma guanhumi), but no further research was conducted until 1955, when specimens were again collected, this time from Mona Island, and named as Drosophila carcinophila by M. R. Wheeler.[11]

In 1967, a second species of fly, Drosophila endobranchia, was discovered on G. ruricola, although it also inhabits the closely related species G. lateralis. D. endrobranchia is not closely related to D. carcinophila, and this trait appears to have evolved convergently. (A third species of fly, Lissocephala powelli, has evolved a similar habit on Christmas Island, where it lives on the land crabs Gecarcoidea lalandii, Geograpsus crinipes, and Cardisoma carnifex, and the terrestrial hermit crab Birgus latro.) D. endobranchia evolved from a group of species that breeds on fungi or bark, while D. carcinophila evolved from a group that breeds on cacti.[10]

The flies spend most of their lives on the crab, and are reluctant to leave. They do not need to flee predators, because the crabs they inhabit are fast animals and will flee:[7]

The flies … hardly move at all, are extremely reluctant in leaving their host crabs and are hard pushed to take flight. Although the flies are sluggish, the crabs on which they reside are anything but. Chasing after crabs through a pitch-black jungle (growing on a razor-sharp labyrinthine limestone ground), while trying to aspirate flies from their carapaces is not trivial. Obtaining large amounts of flies in this way is simply a nightmare.

The eggs are laid around the crab's compound eyes; the first-instar larvae migrate to the crab's nephritic pad, and live there, feeding on the microbes that cleanse the crab's urine. The second instar is spent in the crab's gill chamber. The third instar has the larvae return to the mouthparts before falling to the ground to pupate.[7]

Linnaeus

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Carl Linnaeus described the species in 1758 (the starting point for zoological nomenclature), noting the species' annual migrations from the forests to the coast (Habitat in America, sylvas vastissimis agminibus quotannis deserens littora maris petiturus: "lives in America; every year, an army marches out of the forests towards the sea").[12]

Philately

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G. ruricola appeared on two African postage stamps for the International Year of the Ocean in 1998, under the name "mountain crab". These were a Tanzanian stamp worth TSh 500/= and a Ugandan stamp worth USh 250/=.[13]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Gecarcinus ruricola". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. ^ Peter K. L. Ng; Danièle Guinot; Peter J. F. Davie (2008). "Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 17: 1–286. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
  3. ^ a b c d Richard G. Hartnoll; Mark S. P. Baine; Yolima Grandas; Jennifer James & Helen Atkin (2006). "Population biology of the black land crab, Gecarcinus ruricola, in the San Andres archipelago, Western Caribbean". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 26 (3): 316–325. doi:10.1651/C-2640.1.
  4. ^ "Red land crab Gecarcinus ruricola". Spectrum of Life. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  5. ^ M. Kettunen; P. Genovesi; S. Gollasch; S. Pagad; U. Starfinger; P. ten Brink; C. Shine (2008). Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IAS) - Assessment of the impacts of IAS in Europe and the EU (final module report for the European Commission) (PDF). Brussels, Belgium: Institute for European Environmental Policy. pp. 44 + annexes.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Why do we see Crabs in the Quill?" (PDF). St Eustatius: National and Marine Parks and Botanical Gardens Newsletter: 5. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
  7. ^ a b c Marcus C. Stensmyr; Regina Stieber & Bill S. Hansson (2008). Vosshall, Leslie B. (ed.). "The Cayman Crab Fly Revisited — Phylogeny and Biology of Drosophila endobranchia". PLoS One. 3 (4): e1942. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1942S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001942. PMC 2275792. PMID 18398468.
  8. ^ a b c Richard G. Hartnoll; Mark S. P. Baine; Arne Britton; Yolima Grandas; Jennifer James; Alejandro Velasco; Michael G. Richmond (2007). "Reproduction of the black land crab, Gecarcinus ruricola, in the San Andres Archipelago, Western Caribbean". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 27 (3): 425–436. doi:10.1651/S-2772.1.
  9. ^ Richard Hartnoll; Paul F. Clark (2006). "A mass recruitment event in the land crab Gecarcinus ruricola (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Gecarcinidae), and a description of the megalop". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (2): 149–164. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00195.x.
  10. ^ a b Hampton L. Carson (1974). "Three Flies and Three Islands: Parallel Evolution in Drosophila". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 71 (9): 3517–3521. Bibcode:1974PNAS...71.3517C. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.9.3517. PMC 433805. PMID 4530320.
  11. ^ Marcus C. Stensmyr; Bill S. Hansson (2007). "Flies' lives on a crab". Current Biology. 17 (17): R743–R746. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.R743S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.015. PMID 17803919. S2CID 15254577.
  12. ^ Carl Linnaeus (1758). "239. Cancer". Systema Naturae (10th ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 649–658.
  13. ^ Makoto Omori & Lipke B. Holthuis (2005). "Crustaceans on postage stamps from 1870 to and including 2002: revised article for our paper in 2000 and addendum" (PDF). Journal of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. 1: 1–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-08. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
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