Jump to content

Proterosuchidae: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m WP:OR
I added the phylogenetic definition given to Proterosuchidae and Chasmatosuchinae during Ezcurra, 2016 and the description of Samsarasuchus respectively.
 
(45 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Extinct family of reptiles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Proterosuchidae
| name = Proterosuchids
| fossil_range = [[Late Permian]] to [[Early Triassic]], {{fossil range|252|247}}
| fossil_range = [[Late Permian|Latest Permian]] to Latest [[Early Triassic]],
{{fossil range|252|247|latest=Carnian}}
Possible [[Middle Triassic]] records
| image= Archosaurus rossicus skull.JPG
| image = Archosaurus rossicus skull.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Restored skull of ''[[Archosaurus]]''
| image_caption = Restored skull of ''[[Archosaurus]]''
| taxon = Proterosuchidae
| authority = [[Friedrich von Huene|Huene]], [[1914 in paleontology|1914]]
| authority = [[Friedrich von Huene|Huene]], [[1914 in paleontology|1914]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = ''see [[#Genera|below]]''
| subdivision = * ''[[Proterosuchus]]''
* ?''[[Koilamasuchus]]''
| synonyms =
* ?''[[Sarmatosuchus]]''
* Proterosuchinae <small>Huene, 1914</small>
* ?''[[Blomosuchus]]''
* ?''[[Ankistrodon]]''
* '''Chasmatosuchinae'''
** ''[[Vonhuenia]]''
** ''[[Jaikosuchus]]''
** ''[[Gamosaurus]]''
** ''[[Chasmatosuchus]]''
** ''[[Tsylmosuchus]]''
** ''[[Samsarasuchus]]''
** ''[[Archosaurus]]''
| synonyms = * Proterosuchinae <small>Huene, 1914</small>
* Chasmatosauridae <small>Haughton, 1924</small>
* Chasmatosauridae <small>Haughton, 1924</small>
* Chasmatosaurinae <small>Haughton, 1924</small>
* Chasmatosaurinae <small>Haughton, 1924</small>
Line 15: Line 29:
}}
}}


'''Proterosuchidae''' is an early, possibly [[paraphyletic]], assemblage of [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[archosauriformes]] whose fossils are known from the Latest Permian and the Early Triassic of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and possibly South America. The name comes from Greek πρότερο- ("first") and σοῦχος ("[[crocodile]]").
'''Proterosuchidae''' is an early family of [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[archosauriformes|archosauriforms]] whose fossils are known from the [[Lopingian|Late Permian]] and the [[Early Triassic]]. The highest diversity of genera is known from [[European Russia]], but fossils are also known from [[South Africa]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and possibly [[Argentina]].<ref name=":0" /> The name comes from Greek πρότερο- ("first") and σοῦχος ("[[crocodile]]").


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Proterosuchus BW.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Proterosuchus]] fergusi'' from the Early Triassic of South Africa]]
[[File:Proterosuchus BW.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Proterosuchus]] fergusi'' from the Early Triassic of South Africa]]
They were slender, medium-sized (about {{cvt|1.5|m}} long, largest specimens reached {{cvt|3.5|-|4|m}}<ref>{{cite book
They were slender, medium-sized (about 1.5 meters long), long-snouted and superficially crocodile-like animals, although they lacked the armoured [[scute]]s of true crocodiles, and their skeletal features are much more primitive. The limbs are short and indicate a sprawling posture, like contemporary [[lizard]]s but unlike most later archosaurs.
| isbn = 9781862393615
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TN_KBP3vxg4C
| title = Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin
| publisher = Geological Society
| date = 2013
| access-date = 14 September 2022
| pages = 20
| author = Julia Brenda Desojo, Randall B. Irmis, Sterling J. Nesbitt
}}</ref>), long-snouted and superficially crocodile-like animals, although they lacked the armoured [[scute]]s of true crocodiles, and their skeletal features are much more primitive. The limbs are short and indicate a sprawling posture, like contemporary [[lizard]]s but unlike most later archosaurs.
Their most characteristic feature is a distinct down-turning of the [[premaxilla]] (the front of the upper jaw, which overhangs the lower jaw).
Their most characteristic feature is a distinct down-turning of the [[premaxilla]] (the front of the upper jaw, which overhangs the lower jaw).


==Evolutionary history==
==Evolutionary history==
The terminal [[Permian&ndash;Triassic extinction event|Permian catastrophe]], which killed off 95% of all types of life, cleared the world of all large [[Therapsida|therapsids]] and allowed the proterosuchids to take center stage as the top carnivore. Within the space of five million years the proterosuchids had evolved into a wide variety of terrestrial and semi-aquatic carnivores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archosauria: Archosauriformes|url=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/archosauria/archosauriformes.html|website=Palaeos|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> The proterosuchids represent perhaps the earliest [[adaptive radiation]] of the archosaurs. They gave rise to the [[Erythrosuchidae]] some time in the Early Triassic.
The terminal [[Permian&ndash;Triassic extinction event|Permian catastrophe]], which killed off 95% of all types of life, cleared the world of all large [[therapsid]]s and allowed the proterosuchids to become the top predators. Within the space of five million years the proterosuchids had evolved to fill a wide variety of terrestrial and semi-aquatic niches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archosauria: Archosauriformes|url=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/archosauria/archosauriformes.html|website=Palaeos|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The proterosuchids represent perhaps the earliest [[adaptive radiation]] of the archosaurs. They gave rise to the [[Erythrosuchidae]] some time in the Early Triassic.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

A 2023 study recovered a majority of proterosuchids outside of ''[[Proterosuchus]]'' and ''[[Sarmatosuchus]]'' as belonging to a distinct [[subfamily]], the '''Chasmatosuchinae''', defined as "the most inclusive clade containing ''[[Chasmatosuchus rossicus]]'', but not ''[[Proterosuchus fergusi]]'', "''[[Chasmatosaurus]]''" ''yuani'', ''[[Proterosuchus alexanderi]]'', ''[[Proterosuchus goweri]]'', ''[[Erythrosuchus africanus]]'', or ''[[Alligator mississippiensis]]'' (the American alligator)". Chasmatosuchinae contains many Triassic proterosuchids in addition to the only Permian proterosuchid, ''[[Archosaurus]]''; this would suggest that an initial taxonomic diversification of the Proterosuchidae (including an initial taxonomic divergence between ''Proterosuchus'' and chasmatosuchines) had already occurred in the Permian.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ezcurra |first1=Martín D. |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Saswati |last3=Sengupta |first3=Dhurjati P. |last4=Sen |first4=Kasturi |last5=Sennikov |first5=Andrey G. |last6=Sookias |first6=Roland B. |last7=Nesbitt |first7=Sterling J. |last8=Butler |first8=Richard J. |date=25 October 2023 |title=A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=10 |issue=10 |doi=10.1098/rsos.230387 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=10598453 |pmid=37885992|bibcode=2023RSOS...1030387E }}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==

===Phylogeny===
Recent studies consider Proterosuchidae to be at least a partially [[paraphyletic]] grouping, meaning that it does not form a true [[clade]] with a single common ancestor and proterosuchids as its only descendants. Instead, they are a chain of successively basal archosauriforms.<ref name="ELM10">{{cite journal |last=Ezcurra |first=M.D. |author2=Lecuona, A. |author3=Martinelli, A. |year=2010 |title=A new basal archosauriform diapsid from the Lower Triassic of Argentina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1433–1450 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501446 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30.1433E |s2cid=83826840}}</ref><ref name="ezcurra2016">Ezcurra, M.D. (2016). The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms. ''PeerJ'', e1778 [https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1778]</ref> Proterosuchidae ''sensu stricto'' is defined as "all taxa more closely related to ''[[Proterosuchus fergusi]]'' than to ''[[Erythrosuchus africanus]]'', ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (the [[Nile crocodile]]), or ''Passer domesticus'' (the [[house sparrow]]).<ref name="ezcurra2016" /> Below is a cladogram from Ezcurra (2016), that reexamined all historical members of the "Proterosuchia" (a [[polyphyletic]] historical group including [[proterosuchid]]s and [[erythrosuchid]]s). The placement of fragmentary taxa that had to be removed to increase tree resolution are indicated by dashed lines (in the most derived position that they can be confidently assigned to). Taxa that are ''[[nomina dubia]]'' are indicated by the note "dubium". Bold terminal taxa are collapsed. Ezcurra (2016) recovered a monophyletic Proterosuchidae containing only ''[[Archosaurus]]'' and the species of ''[[Proterosuchus]]'', however some species (e.g. ''[[Chasmatosuchus]]'' spp, ''[[Vonhuenia friedrichi]]'') are too fragmentary to resolve whether they also fall into Proterosuchidae. ''[[Tasmaniosaurus]]'', ''[[Fugusuchus]]'', ''[[Sarmatosuchus]]'', ''[[Cuyosuchus]]'' and the "Long Reef proterosuchid" (SAM P41754) on the other hand were recovered confidently outside of Proterosuchidae.<ref name="ezcurra2016" />

{{Barlabel|size=14|at=2.5|label=previously assigned to Proterosuchidae|colour=green|style=font-size:80%
|cladogram=
{{clade
|1={{cladex
|1=[[Prolacertidae]]
|2={{cladex
|1=SAM-PK-591|state1=dashed |barbegin1=green
|2=''"[[Ankistrodon indicus]]"'' (dubium)|state2=dashed |bar2=green
|3=''"[[Blomosuchus georgii]]"'' (dubium)|state3=dashed |bar3=green
|4=''[[Tasmaniosaurus triassicus]]'' |bar4=green
|label5=&nbsp;[[Archosauriformes]]&nbsp;
|5={{cladex
|label1=&nbsp;''[[Chasmatosuchus]]''&nbsp;|state1=dashed
|1={{cladex
|1=''[[Chasmatosuchus magnus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Chasmatosuchus rossicus]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Gamosaurus lozovskii]]'' |bar3=green}}
|2=''[[Chasmatosuchus vjushkovi]]''|state2=dashed |bar2=green
|3=''[[Vonhuenia friedrichi]]''|state3=dashed |bar3=green
|label4=&nbsp;'''Proterosuchidae'''&nbsp;
|4={{cladex
|1=''[[Archosaurus rossicus]]''|state1=dashed |bar1=green
|2=''[[Proterosuchus fergusi]]'' |bar2=green
|3={{cladex
|1=''[[Proterosuchus alexanderi]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{cladex
|1=''[[Proterosuchus goweri]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Proterosuchus yuani]]'' |bar2=green}} }} }}
|5={{cladex
|1=''[[Eorasaurus olsoni]]''|state1=dashed |bar1=green
|2=''[[Kalisuchus rewanensis]]''|state2=dashed |bar2=green
|3=''[[Fugusuchus hejiapanensis]]'' |bar3=green
|4={{cladex
|1=''[[Sarmatosuchus otschevi]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{cladex
|1=''[[Cuyosuchus huenei]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{cladex
|2='''[[Eucrocopoda]]'''
|label1=&nbsp;[[Erythrosuchidae]]&nbsp;
|1={{cladex
|1=SAM P41754|state1=dashed |barend1=green
|2=''[[Uralosaurus magnus]]''|state2=dashed
|3=''[[Guchengosuchus shiguaiensis]]''
|4=other '''erythrosuchids'''}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}The following phylogeny for the Proterosuchidae ''sensu stricto'' was recovered by Ezcurra ''et al'' (2023):<ref name=":0" />

{{clade|{{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Proterosuchus]]''
|2="''Chasmatosaurus''" ''yuani''
|label3=Chasmatosuchinae
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Vonhuenia]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Jaikosuchus]]''
|2=''[[Gamosaurus]]''
|3=''[[Chasmatosuchus]]''
|4=''[[Tsylmosuchus]]''
|5=''[[Samsarasuchus]]''
|6=''[[Archosaurus]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%|label1='''Proterosuchidae'''}}


===Genera===
===Genera===
Line 38: Line 131:
! class="unsortable" | Images
! class="unsortable" | Images
|-
|-
|
|
?''[[Ankistrodon]]''
''[[Ankistrodon]]''
| ''[[Nomen dubium]]''
| ''[[nomen dubium]]''
| [[Early Triassic]]
| [[Early Triassic]]
| [[India]]
| [[India]]
Line 50: Line 143:
| Valid
| Valid
| [[Late Permian]], [[Changhsingian]]
| [[Late Permian]], [[Changhsingian]]
| [[Russia]] and [[Poland]]
| [[Russia]]
|
|
| [[File:Archosaurus ross1DB.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Archosaurus ross1DB.jpg|200px]]
|-
|-
|
|
?''[[Blomosuchus]]''
''[[Blomosuchus]]''
| ''Nomen dubium''
| ''[[nomen dubium]]''
| [[Early Triassic]], [[Induan]]
| [[Early Triassic]], [[Induan]]
| [[Russia]]
| [[Russia]]
Line 62: Line 155:
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
?''[[Chasmatosuchus]]''
''[[Chasmatosuchus]]''
| Valid
| Valid
| [[Early Triassic]]
| [[Early Triassic]]
Line 69: Line 162:
|
|
| [[File:Chasmatosuchus1DB.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Chasmatosuchus1DB.jpg|200px]]
|-
|''[[Gamosaurus]]''
|Valid<ref name=":0" />
|[[Early Triassic]]
|[[Russia]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaikosuchus]]''
|Valid<ref name=":0" />
|[[Early Triassic]]
|[[Russia]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Koilamasuchus]]''
|Disputed
|[[Middle Triassic|Middle]] - [[Late Triassic]]
|[[Argentina]]
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 74: Line 188:
| Valid
| Valid
| [[Early Triassic]]
| [[Early Triassic]]
| [[South Africa]] and [[China]]
| [[South Africa]]
|
|
| [[File:ProterosuchusDB.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:ProterosuchusDB.jpg|200px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Samsarasuchus]]''
|
|Valid
?''[[Vonhuenia]]''
|[[Early Triassic]]
| Valid
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarmatosuchus]]''
|Disputed
|[[Early Triassic]]
|[[Russia]]
|
|[[File:SarmatosuchusDB.jpg|frameless|198x198px]]
|-
|''[[Tsylmosuchus]]''
|Valid<ref name=":0" />
|[[Early Triassic]]
|[[Russia]]
|
|
|-
|
''[[Vonhuenia]]''
| Valid<ref name=":0" />
| [[Early Triassic]], [[Induan]]
| [[Early Triassic]], [[Induan]]
| [[Russia]]
| [[Russia]]
Line 87: Line 222:
|-
|-
|}
|}

===Phylogeny===
Recent studies consider Proterosuchidae to be at least a partially [[paraphyletic]] grouping, meaning that it does not form a true [[clade]] with a single common ancestor and proterosuchids as its only descendants. Instead, they are a chain of successively basal archosauriforms.<ref name=ELM10>{{cite journal |last=Ezcurra |first=M.D. |author2=Lecuona, A. |author3= Martinelli, A. |year=2010 |title=A new basal archosauriform diapsid from the Lower Triassic of Argentina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1433–1450 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501446}}</ref><ref name=ezcurra2016>Ezcurra, M.D. (2016). The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms. ''PeerJ'', e1778 [https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1778]</ref> Below is a cladogram from Ezcurra (2016), that reexamined all historical members of the "Proterosuchia" (a [[polyphyletic]] historical group including [[proterosuchid]]s and [[erythrosuchid]]s). The placement of fragmentary taxa that had to be removed to increase tree resolution are indicated by dashed lines (in the most derived position that they can be confidently assigned to). Taxa that are ''[[nomina dubia]]'' are indicated by the note "dubium". Bold terminal taxa are collapsed. Ezcurra (2016) recovered a monophyletic Proterosuchidae containing only ''[[Archosaurus]]'' and the species of ''[[Proterosuchus]]'', however some species (e.g. ''[[Chasmatosuchus]]'' spp, ''[[Vonhuenia friedrichi]]'') are too fragmentary to resolve whether they also fall into Proterosuchidae. ''[[Tasmaniosaurus]]'', ''[[Fugusuchus]]'', ''[[Sarmatosuchus]]'', ''[[Cuyosuchus]]'' and the "Long Reef proterosuchid" (SAM P41754) on the other hand were recovered confidently outside of Proterosuchidae.<ref name=ezcurra2016/>

{{Barlabel|size=14|at=2.5|label=previously assigned to Proterosuchidae|colour=green|style=font-size:80%
|cladogram=
{{clade
|1={{cladex
|1=[[Prolacertidae]]
|2={{cladex
|1=SAM-PK-591|state1=dashed |barbegin1=green
|2=''"[[Ankistrodon indicus]]"'' (dubium)|state2=dashed |bar2=green
|3=''"[[Blomosuchus georgii]]"'' (dubium)|state3=dashed |bar3=green
|4=''[[Tasmaniosaurus triassicus]]'' |bar4=green
|label5=&nbsp;[[Archosauriformes]]&nbsp;
|5={{cladex
|label1=&nbsp;''[[Chasmatosuchus]]''&nbsp;|state1=dashed
|1={{cladex
|1=''[[Chasmatosuchus magnus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Chasmatosuchus rossicus]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Gamosaurus lozovskii]]'' |bar3=green}}
|2=''[[Chasmatosuchus vjushkovi]]''|state2=dashed |bar2=green
|3=''[[Vonhuenia friedrichi]]''|state3=dashed |bar3=green
|label4=&nbsp;'''Proterosuchidae'''&nbsp;
|4={{cladex
|1=''[[Archosaurus rossicus]]''|state1=dashed |bar1=green
|2=''[[Proterosuchus fergusi]]'' |bar2=green
|3={{cladex
|1=''[[Proterosuchus alexanderi]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{cladex
|1=''[[Proterosuchus goweri]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Proterosuchus yuani]]'' |bar2=green}} }} }}
|5={{cladex
|1=''[[Eorasaurus olsoni]]''|state1=dashed
|2=''[[Kalisuchus rewanensis]]''|state2=dashed |bar2=green
|3=''[[Fugusuchus hejiapanensis]]'' |bar3=green
|4={{cladex
|1=''[[Sarmatosuchus otschevi]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{cladex
|1=''[[Cuyosuchus huenei]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{cladex
|2='''[[Eucrocopoda]]'''
|label1=&nbsp;[[Erythrosuchidae]]&nbsp;
|1={{cladex
|1=SAM P41754|state1=dashed |barend1=green
|2=''[[Uralosaurus magnus]]''|state2=dashed
|3=''[[Guchengosuchus shiguaiensis]]''
|4=other '''erythrosuchids'''}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
Line 145: Line 232:
== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
* [http://wiki.cotch.net/index.php/Proterosuchidae Proterosuchidae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228123755/http://wiki.cotch.net/index.php/Proterosuchidae Proterosuchidae]
* [http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Archosauromorpha/Proterosuchidae.htm Proterosuchidae] - list of species (Mikko's Phylogeny Archive)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928003658/http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Archosauromorpha/Proterosuchidae.htm Proterosuchidae] - list of species (Mikko's Phylogeny Archive)


{{Archosauromorpha|A.}}
{{Archosauriformes|B.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134278}}


[[Category:Archosauriforms]]
[[Category:Proterosuchids| ]]
[[Category:Prehistoric reptile families]]
[[Category:Lopingian first appearances]]
[[Category:Lopingian first appearances]]
[[Category:Early Triassic extinctions]]
[[Category:Early Triassic extinctions]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene]]

Latest revision as of 21:02, 8 October 2024

Proterosuchids
Temporal range: Latest Permian to Latest Early Triassic, 252–247 Ma
↓
 Possible Middle Triassic records
Restored skull of Archosaurus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: Archosauriformes
Family: †Proterosuchidae
Huene, 1914
Genera
Synonyms
  • Proterosuchinae Huene, 1914
  • Chasmatosauridae Haughton, 1924
  • Chasmatosaurinae Haughton, 1924
  • Pelycosimiidae Abel, 1919

Proterosuchidae is an early family of basal archosauriforms whose fossils are known from the Late Permian and the Early Triassic. The highest diversity of genera is known from European Russia, but fossils are also known from South Africa, India, China, Australia, Brazil and possibly Argentina.[1] The name comes from Greek πρότερο- ("first") and σοῦχος ("crocodile").

Description

[edit]
Proterosuchus fergusi from the Early Triassic of South Africa

They were slender, medium-sized (about 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) long, largest specimens reached 3.5–4 m (11–13 ft)[2]), long-snouted and superficially crocodile-like animals, although they lacked the armoured scutes of true crocodiles, and their skeletal features are much more primitive. The limbs are short and indicate a sprawling posture, like contemporary lizards but unlike most later archosaurs.

Their most characteristic feature is a distinct down-turning of the premaxilla (the front of the upper jaw, which overhangs the lower jaw).

Evolutionary history

[edit]

The terminal Permian catastrophe, which killed off 95% of all types of life, cleared the world of all large therapsids and allowed the proterosuchids to become the top predators. Within the space of five million years the proterosuchids had evolved to fill a wide variety of terrestrial and semi-aquatic niches.[3] The proterosuchids represent perhaps the earliest adaptive radiation of the archosaurs. They gave rise to the Erythrosuchidae some time in the Early Triassic.[citation needed]

A 2023 study recovered a majority of proterosuchids outside of Proterosuchus and Sarmatosuchus as belonging to a distinct subfamily, the Chasmatosuchinae, defined as "the most inclusive clade containing Chasmatosuchus rossicus, but not Proterosuchus fergusi, "Chasmatosaurus" yuani, Proterosuchus alexanderi, Proterosuchus goweri, Erythrosuchus africanus, or Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator)". Chasmatosuchinae contains many Triassic proterosuchids in addition to the only Permian proterosuchid, Archosaurus; this would suggest that an initial taxonomic diversification of the Proterosuchidae (including an initial taxonomic divergence between Proterosuchus and chasmatosuchines) had already occurred in the Permian.[1]

Classification

[edit]

Phylogeny

[edit]

Recent studies consider Proterosuchidae to be at least a partially paraphyletic grouping, meaning that it does not form a true clade with a single common ancestor and proterosuchids as its only descendants. Instead, they are a chain of successively basal archosauriforms.[4][5] Proterosuchidae sensu stricto is defined as "all taxa more closely related to Proterosuchus fergusi than to Erythrosuchus africanus, Crocodylus niloticus (the Nile crocodile), or Passer domesticus (the house sparrow).[5] Below is a cladogram from Ezcurra (2016), that reexamined all historical members of the "Proterosuchia" (a polyphyletic historical group including proterosuchids and erythrosuchids). The placement of fragmentary taxa that had to be removed to increase tree resolution are indicated by dashed lines (in the most derived position that they can be confidently assigned to). Taxa that are nomina dubia are indicated by the note "dubium". Bold terminal taxa are collapsed. Ezcurra (2016) recovered a monophyletic Proterosuchidae containing only Archosaurus and the species of Proterosuchus, however some species (e.g. Chasmatosuchus spp, Vonhuenia friedrichi) are too fragmentary to resolve whether they also fall into Proterosuchidae. Tasmaniosaurus, Fugusuchus, Sarmatosuchus, Cuyosuchus and the "Long Reef proterosuchid" (SAM P41754) on the other hand were recovered confidently outside of Proterosuchidae.[5]

previously assigned to Proterosuchidae

The following phylogeny for the Proterosuchidae sensu stricto was recovered by Ezcurra et al (2023):[1]

Proterosuchidae

Genera

[edit]
Genus[5] Status Age Location Description Images

Ankistrodon

nomen dubium Early Triassic India

Archosaurus

Valid Late Permian, Changhsingian Russia

Blomosuchus

nomen dubium Early Triassic, Induan Russia

Chasmatosuchus

Valid Early Triassic Russia
Gamosaurus Valid[1] Early Triassic Russia
Jaikosuchus Valid[1] Early Triassic Russia
Koilamasuchus Disputed Middle - Late Triassic Argentina

Proterosuchus

Valid Early Triassic South Africa
Samsarasuchus Valid Early Triassic India
Sarmatosuchus Disputed Early Triassic Russia
Tsylmosuchus Valid[1] Early Triassic Russia

Vonhuenia

Valid[1] Early Triassic, Induan Russia

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Ezcurra, Martín D.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Sengupta, Dhurjati P.; Sen, Kasturi; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Sookias, Roland B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J. (25 October 2023). "A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (10). Bibcode:2023RSOS...1030387E. doi:10.1098/rsos.230387. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 10598453. PMID 37885992.
  2. ^ Julia Brenda Desojo, Randall B. Irmis, Sterling J. Nesbitt (2013). Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin. Geological Society. p. 20. ISBN 9781862393615. Retrieved 14 September 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Archosauria: Archosauriformes". Palaeos. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  4. ^ Ezcurra, M.D.; Lecuona, A.; Martinelli, A. (2010). "A new basal archosauriform diapsid from the Lower Triassic of Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1433–1450. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1433E. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501446. S2CID 83826840.
  5. ^ a b c d Ezcurra, M.D. (2016). The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms. PeerJ, e1778 [1]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Proterosuchidae&oldid=1250165823"