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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = April 2018 caste protests in India
| title = April 2018 caste protests in India
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| coordinates =
| coordinates =
| causes = The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] order on the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Atrocities Act]]
| causes = The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] order on the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Atrocities Act]]
| goals =
| goals = To prevent the dilution of the Atrocities Act
| methods = [[Protesting]], [[rioting]], [[arson]], [[mobbing]]
| methods = [[Protesting]], [[mobbing]], [[Bandh]]
| status = ongoing
| status =
| result = Parliament of India passes SC/ST Amendment act 2018, to overrule Supreme Court judgement
⚫
| result =

| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures2 =
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| howmany2 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| casualties3 =
| injuries =
| injuries =
| fatalities = 13<ref name=":1"/>
| fatalities = 14<ref name=":1"/>
| arrests =
| arrests = 100 (Haryana)<ref name="Haryana"/><br/> about 10000 (Uttar Pradesh)/>
| detentions =
| detentions =
⚫
| charged =

| charged =
| fined =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| notes =
| map_type =
| map_type =
| map_label =
| map_label =
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| sidebox =
| sidebox =
}}
}}
In early April 2018, thousands of people belonging to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] protested against an order of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. In subsequent violence, at least sixteen died and four hundreds were injured.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-not-against-scst-act-don-t-want-innocents-to-suffer-sc-while-hearing-review-petition-2600638|title=SC refuses to stay its order on SC/ST Act; to hear matter|last=|first=|date=2018-04-03|work=dna|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>
In early April 2018, thousands of people belonging to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SC/ST) protested across India against an order of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on the dilution of [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Atrocities Act]]. In subsequent violence, 14 dalit people died and hundreds were injured.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-not-against-scst-act-don-t-want-innocents-to-suffer-sc-while-hearing-review-petition-2600638|title=SC refuses to stay its order on SC/ST Act; to hear matter|date=3 April 2018|work=dna|access-date=3 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Lower-Caste Dalits Lead Nationwide Protests Against Court Judgment|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/04/02/world/asia/02reuters-india-caste.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407185622/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/04/02/world/asia/02reuters-india-caste.html|archivedate=7 April 2018|accessdate=7 April 2018|work=The New York Times|agency=REUTERS|date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anger in India as Lowest Caste Protests Supreme Court Order|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/04/02/world/asia/ap-as-india-caste-protests.html|work=The New York Times|agency=THE ASSOCIATED PRESS|date=April 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407190009/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/04/02/world/asia/ap-as-india-caste-protests.html|archivedate=7 April 2018|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Eight dead in massive India caste protests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43616242|accessdate=7 April 2018|work=BBC|date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

Later, the [[Parliament of India]] passed the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018, which reversed the Supreme Court judgement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/house-clears-bill-reverse-sc-686669.html|title=House clears bill to reverse SC verdict on SC/ST Act|access-date=10 August 2020|language=en}}</ref> The amendment act was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-verdict-sc-st-atrocities-act-6259976/|title=Supreme Court upholds constitutional validity of SC & ST Amendment Act, 2018|access-date=10 February 2020|language=en}}</ref>



==Background==
==Background==
The [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]] protects the SC/ST caste groups. Specifically, it establishes criminal liability for harassment or cruel and inhumane treatment of people from SC/ST caste groups. The act does not allow the court to grant [[anticipatory bail]] to accused person. Under the act, the police must files an [[First Information Report]] (FIR) and arrest the accused on receiving a complaint.<ref name=itt/> In 2016, the conviction rate under the act was 25.7% in cases of atrocities against SC and 20.8% in cases against ST in 2016, according to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/873072/supreme-court-says-sc-st-atrocities-act-is-misused-so-what-explains-the-low-conviction-rates|title=Supreme Court says SC/ST Atrocities Act is misused. So what explains the low conviction rates?|last=Johari|first=Aarefa|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-04-03|language=en-US}}</ref> On 20 March 2018, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ruled that no arrests can be made without prior permission and allowed a court to grant an anticipatory bail if it, [[prima facie]], finds the complaint an abuse of the law.<ref name=itt>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dalit-fury-and-what-led-up-to-it/articleshow/63596287.cms|title=Dalit fury and what led up to it|last=|first=|date=|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> The [[Attorney General of India]], on behalf of the [[Government of India]], filed a [[review petition]] against the order of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-st-act-centre-files-review-petition-says-data-shows-weak-execution-of-law-not-its-misuse/story-UYTUwgBR9DtRzcWkjWgSsN.html|title=SC/ST Act: Centre files review petition, says data shows weak execution of law, not its misuse|last=|first=|date=2018-04-02|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>
The [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]] protects the SC/ST caste groups. The act does not allow the court to grant [[anticipatory bail]] to accused person. The police must file a [[First Information Report]] (FIR) and arrest the accused on receiving a complaint.<ref name=itt/> In 2016, the conviction rate under the act was 25.7% in cases of atrocities against SC and 20.8% in cases against ST in 2016, according to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/873072/supreme-court-says-sc-st-atrocities-act-is-misused-so-what-explains-the-low-conviction-rates|title=Supreme Court says SC/ST Atrocities Act is misused. So what explains the low conviction rates?|last=Johari|first=Aarefa|work=Scroll.in|access-date=3 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> On 20 March 2018, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that no arrests can be made without prior permission and allowed a court to grant an anticipatory bail if it, [[prima facie]], finds the complaint an abuse of the law.<ref name=itt>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dalit-fury-and-what-led-up-to-it/articleshow/63596287.cms|title=Dalit fury and what led up to it|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> The [[Attorney General of India]], on behalf of the [[Government of India]], filed a [[review petition]] against the order of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-st-act-centre-files-review-petition-says-data-shows-weak-execution-of-law-not-its-misuse/story-UYTUwgBR9DtRzcWkjWgSsN.html|title=SC/ST Act: Centre files review petition, says data shows weak execution of law, not its misuse|date=2 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>


==Protests==
==Protests==
The Supreme Court decision was widely viewed by people from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SC/ST) as a dilution of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Atrocities Act]].<ref>{{citation |title='Bharat Bandh' against SC's ruling on SC/ST Act: Top developments |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/bharat-bandh-against-the-scs-ruling-on-sc/st-act-top-developments/articleshow/63584287.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 April 2018 }}</ref> Thousands of people took to the streets on 2 April 2018 when a national strike was announced by the SC/ST caste groups in protest of the decision. The protests turned violent across several states in India as the protestors blocked trains, damaged property, and clashed with police and other civilians. There were also incidents involving [[arson]], vandalism and gunfire. At least sixteen persons were killed: nine in [[Madhya Pradesh]], five in [[Uttar Pradesh]], two in [[Rajasthan]]; four hundreds were injured.<ref name=":1" /> Violent incidents were also reported in the states [[Punjab]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bharat-bandh-live-will-bring-modi-govt-to-its-knees-says-mayawati-as-five-die-in-violent-protests-1705153.html|title=Bharat Bandh LIVE: Nine Dead; 1,700 Anti-riot Police Personnel Sent to Violence-hit States|date=2018-04-02|work=News18|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-bandh-live-mobile-internet-services-suspended-security-clampdown-in-punjab/story-4pBLmzsxGa2aRyKYBlmQ0K.html|title=Bharat bandh highlights: Dalit protests spread across north India; 9 killed in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP|last=|first=|date=2018-04-02|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>
The people from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SC/ST) protested against the Supreme Court order.<ref>{{citation |title='Bharat Bandh' against SC's ruling on SC/ST Act: Top developments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharat-bandh-against-the-scs-ruling-on-sc/st-act-top-developments/articleshow/63584287.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 April 2018 }}</ref> Thousands of people took to the streets on 2 April 2018, when a national strike was announced by representatives of the SC/ST caste groups in protest of the decision. The protests turned violent across several states in India as the protestors blocked trains, damaged property, and clashed with police and other civilians. There were also incidents involving [[arson]], vandalism and gunfire. At least fourteen people were killed: nine in [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Naveen|first1=P|title=Bharat bandh: Death toll in Madhya Pradesh hits 7, 51 FIRs lodged|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bharat-bandh-death-toll-in-madhya-pradesh-hits-7-51-firs-lodged/articleshow/63595081.cms|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=Times of India|date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Three in [[Uttar Pradesh]], two in [[Rajasthan]]; hundreds of others were injured.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|last1=Wu|first1=Huizhong|title=10 killed as widespread Indian caste protests turn violent|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/02/asia/dalit-protests-india-intl/index.html|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=CNN|date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Bandh: 9 killed in Dalits protest over SC, ST act; train, internet services hit; top highlights|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bharat-bandh-9-killed-in-dalits-protest-over-sc-st-act-train-internet-services-hit-top-highlights/1119347/|accessdate=7 April 2018|work=Financial Express|date=April 3, 2018}}</ref> Violent incidents were also reported in the states [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bharat-bandh-live-will-bring-modi-govt-to-its-knees-says-mayawati-as-five-die-in-violent-protests-1705153.html|title=Bharat Bandh LIVE: Nine Dead; 1,700 Anti-riot Police Personnel Sent to Violence-hit States|date=2 April 2018|work=News18|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-bandh-live-mobile-internet-services-suspended-security-clampdown-in-punjab/story-4pBLmzsxGa2aRyKYBlmQ0K.html|title=Bharat bandh highlights: Dalit protests spread across north India; 9 killed in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP|date=2 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Suspected non-Dalit groups, who were angered by the rampage, targeted Dalit slums in retaliation and burnt the house of [[Bharosi Lal Jatav]], a former MLA [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) legislator, and ransacked the home of [[Rajkumari Jatav]], a MLA [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) legislator from [[Hindaun]], Rajasthan. A curfew was imposed in Hindaun following the violence, and later extended.<ref name="Hindaun">{{cite news|last1=Goswami|first1=Rakesh|title=Dalit protests: Normalcy returns to Rajasthan's Hindaun but curfew remains|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dalit-protests-normalcy-returns-to-rajasthan-s-hindaun-but-curfew-remains/story-sBezApOM4SxDEYov0s80uI.html|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

Twenty four government vehicles and sixty private vehicles were damaged in Haryana.<ref name="Haryana" /> 84 police officials and eight civilians were injured during the violence on 2 April in Haryana.<ref name="Haryana"/> Nine policemen were injured in [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Ghaziabad"/>


==Response==
Thousands of protesters were arrested and [[curfew]] was imposed in several places. 1700 anti-riot police were sent to states by the Government of India.<ref name=":0" />
Thousands of protesters were arrested and [[curfew]] was imposed in several places. 1700 anti-riot police were sent to states by the Government of India.<ref name=":0" /> [[Section 144]] of the [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)]] (which prohibits assembly of more than four people) was imposed in [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Bandh: Section 144 imposed in Haridwar|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bharat-bandh-section-144-imposed-in-haridwar-118040300027_1.html|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=Business Standard|agency=ANI|date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Police had filed reports against 5,000 unidentified and 285 named miscreants, while 32 agitators were arrested under various sections of the [[Indian Penal Code]] in Ghaziabad.<ref name="Ghaziabad">{{cite news|title=Dalit protests: 5,000 booked, 32 arrested for violence and arson in Ghaziabad|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/dalit-protests-5000-booked-32-arrested-for-violence-and-arson-in-ghaziabad-5122906/|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|agency=PTI|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> At least fifteen FIRs were registered by the police in [[Ludhiana]], Punjab against hundreds of unidentified protesters for alleged road blockades and for causing obstructions.<ref name="Ludhiana">{{cite news|title=Dalit protests: 15 FIRs against protesters in Ludhiana|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/dalit-protests-15-firs-against-protesters-in-ludhiana-5122510/|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The Haryana Police booked around 4,000 persons and 100 others were arrested for indulging in violence while as many as 47 FIRs were lodged.<ref name="Haryana">{{cite news|title=Violence during Bharat Bandh: 100 arrested in Haryana|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/violence-during-bharat-bandh-100-arrested-in-haryana-5122513/|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The internet services were suspended in Punjab and Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalits in India hold protests against 'dilution' of SC/ST Act|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/dalits-india-hold-protests-dilution-scst-act-180402082213061.html|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=Al Jazeera|date=2 April 2018}}</ref>


== Aftermath ==
== Aftermath ==
The Supreme Court held hearing on the review petition on 3 April 2018 but did not [[Stay of execution|stay]] the order and have called to hear the matter in ten days.<ref name=":1" />
The Supreme Court held hearing on the review petition on 3 April 2018 but did not [[Stay of execution|stay]] the order and have called to hear the matter in ten days<ref name=":1" />
<!---
==Reaction==
According to Kandula Ananda Rao, the president of the All India Dalit Rights Federation, "there's no protection for [[Dalit]]s in India, especially after the BJP came to power".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wu|first1=Huizhong|title=India's Supreme Court to hear appeal on ruling that sparked Dalit protests|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/03/asia/india-supreme-court-dalit-intl/index.html|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=CNN|date=3 April 2018}}</ref>.
--->


Later, the [[Parliament of India]] passed the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018, which reversed the Supreme Court judgement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/house-clears-bill-reverse-sc-686669.html|title=House clears bill to reverse SC verdict on SC/ST Act|access-date=10 August 2020|language=en}}</ref> The amendment act was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-verdict-sc-st-atrocities-act-6259976/|title=Supreme Court upholds constitutional validity of SC & ST Amendment Act, 2018|access-date=10 February 2020|language=en}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{Reservation in India}}
{{Reservation in India}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste protests in India, April 2018}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste protests in India, 2018 04}}
[[Category:Ongoing protests]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]
[[Category:2018 protests]]
[[Category:2018 protests]]
[[Category:January 2018 events in India]]
[[Category:April 2018 events in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Dalit politics|2018 protests]]
[[Category:Dalit politics|2018 protests]]
[[Category:Dalit history|2018 protests]]
[[Category:Dalit history|2018 protests]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh (1947–present)]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh (1947–present)]]

Latest revision as of 05:29, 9 October 2024

April 2018 caste protests in India
Date2 April 2018
Location
India
Caused byThe Supreme Court order on the Atrocities Act
GoalsTo prevent the dilution of the Atrocities Act
MethodsProtesting, mobbing, Bandh
Resulted inParliament of India passes SC/ST Amendment act 2018, to overrule Supreme Court judgement
Casualties
Death(s)14[1]
Arrested100 (Haryana)[2]
about 10000 (Uttar Pradesh)/>

In early April 2018, thousands of people belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) protested across India against an order of the Supreme Court on the dilution of Atrocities Act. In subsequent violence, 14 dalit people died and hundreds were injured.[1][3][4][5]

Later, the Parliament of India passed the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018, which reversed the Supreme Court judgement.[6] The amendment act was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2020.[7]


Background

[edit]

The Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 protects the SC/ST caste groups. The act does not allow the court to grant anticipatory bail to accused person. The police must file a First Information Report (FIR) and arrest the accused on receiving a complaint.[8] In 2016, the conviction rate under the act was 25.7% in cases of atrocities against SC and 20.8% in cases against ST in 2016, according to the National Crime Records Bureau.[9] On 20 March 2018, the Supreme Court of India ruled that no arrests can be made without prior permission and allowed a court to grant an anticipatory bail if it, prima facie, finds the complaint an abuse of the law.[8] The Attorney General of India, on behalf of the Government of India, filed a review petition against the order of the Supreme Court.[10]

Protests

[edit]

The people from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) protested against the Supreme Court order.[11] Thousands of people took to the streets on 2 April 2018, when a national strike was announced by representatives of the SC/ST caste groups in protest of the decision. The protests turned violent across several states in India as the protestors blocked trains, damaged property, and clashed with police and other civilians. There were also incidents involving arson, vandalism and gunfire. At least fourteen people were killed: nine in Madhya Pradesh,[12] Three in Uttar Pradesh, two in Rajasthan; hundreds of others were injured.[13][1][14] Violent incidents were also reported in the states Punjab, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra and Delhi.[15][16]

Suspected non-Dalit groups, who were angered by the rampage, targeted Dalit slums in retaliation and burnt the house of Bharosi Lal Jatav, a former MLA Indian National Congress (INC) legislator, and ransacked the home of Rajkumari Jatav, a MLA Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) legislator from Hindaun, Rajasthan. A curfew was imposed in Hindaun following the violence, and later extended.[17]

Twenty four government vehicles and sixty private vehicles were damaged in Haryana.[2] 84 police officials and eight civilians were injured during the violence on 2 April in Haryana.[2] Nine policemen were injured in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.[18]

Response

[edit]

Thousands of protesters were arrested and curfew was imposed in several places. 1700 anti-riot police were sent to states by the Government of India.[15] Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) (which prohibits assembly of more than four people) was imposed in Haridwar, Uttarakhand.[19] Police had filed reports against 5,000 unidentified and 285 named miscreants, while 32 agitators were arrested under various sections of the Indian Penal Code in Ghaziabad.[18] At least fifteen FIRs were registered by the police in Ludhiana, Punjab against hundreds of unidentified protesters for alleged road blockades and for causing obstructions.[20] The Haryana Police booked around 4,000 persons and 100 others were arrested for indulging in violence while as many as 47 FIRs were lodged.[2] The internet services were suspended in Punjab and Rajasthan.[21]

Aftermath

[edit]

The Supreme Court held hearing on the review petition on 3 April 2018 but did not stay the order and have called to hear the matter in ten days[1]

Later, the Parliament of India passed the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018, which reversed the Supreme Court judgement.[22] The amendment act was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2020.[23]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "SC refuses to stay its order on SC/ST Act; to hear matter". dna. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d "Violence during Bharat Bandh: 100 arrested in Haryana". The Indian Express. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  3. ^ "India's Lower-Caste Dalits Lead Nationwide Protests Against Court Judgment". The New York Times. REUTERS. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Anger in India as Lowest Caste Protests Supreme Court Order". The New York Times. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  5. ^ "Eight dead in massive India caste protests". BBC. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  6. ^ "House clears bill to reverse SC verdict on SC/ST Act". Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  7. ^ "Supreme Court upholds constitutional validity of SC & ST Amendment Act, 2018". Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Dalit fury and what led up to it". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  9. ^ Johari, Aarefa. "Supreme Court says SC/ST Atrocities Act is misused. So what explains the low conviction rates?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  10. ^ "SC/ST Act: Centre files review petition, says data shows weak execution of law, not its misuse". Hindustan Times. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  11. ^ "'Bharat Bandh' against SC's ruling on SC/ST Act: Top developments", The Times of India, 3 April 2018
  12. ^ Naveen, P (3 April 2018). "Bharat bandh: Death toll in Madhya Pradesh hits 7, 51 FIRs lodged". Times of India. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  13. ^ Wu, Huizhong (3 April 2018). "10 killed as widespread Indian caste protests turn violent". CNN. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Bharat Bandh: 9 killed in Dalits protest over SC, ST act; train, internet services hit; top highlights". Financial Express. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  15. ^ a b "Bharat Bandh LIVE: Nine Dead; 1,700 Anti-riot Police Personnel Sent to Violence-hit States". News18. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  16. ^ "Bharat bandh highlights: Dalit protests spread across north India; 9 killed in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP". Hindustan Times. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  17. ^ Goswami, Rakesh (4 April 2018). "Dalit protests: Normalcy returns to Rajasthan's Hindaun but curfew remains". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  18. ^ a b "Dalit protests: 5,000 booked, 32 arrested for violence and arson in Ghaziabad". The Indian Express. PTI. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  19. ^ "Bharat Bandh: Section 144 imposed in Haridwar". Business Standard. ANI. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  20. ^ "Dalit protests: 15 FIRs against protesters in Ludhiana". The Indian Express. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  21. ^ "Dalits in India hold protests against 'dilution' of SC/ST Act". Al Jazeera. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  22. ^ "House clears bill to reverse SC verdict on SC/ST Act". Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  23. ^ "Supreme Court upholds constitutional validity of SC & ST Amendment Act, 2018". Retrieved 10 February 2020.
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