1870 in Germany: Difference between revisions

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Events from the year 1870 in Germany.

Incumbents

Kingdoms

Grand Duchies

Principalities

Duchies

Events

26 February – German company Commerzbank is founded in Hamburg.
10 March – The Deutsche Bank is granted a banking licence by the Prussian government.
16 July – In response to Bismarck's refusal to cede parts of the Rhineland to Emperor Napoleon III of France,^[1] the near succession of a Hohenzollern to the Spanish throne, and the Ems telegram,^[2] France declares war on Prussia, beginning the Franco-Prussian War.
19 July – Beginning of Franco-Prussian War
4 August – Battle of Wissembourg: The first battle of the Franco-Prussian War begins when three Prussian-led German army corps surprise and get the better of the small French garrison of Wissembourg. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the French defenders fiercely resist and inflict three times their number in casualties.^[3]
6 August – Battle of Spicheren – Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz soundly defeats a French army of 21,000, further driving the French towards the fortress city of Metz.
6 August – Battle of Wörth
6 August – Battle of Spicheren
15 August – 28 September – Siege of Strasbourg
19 August – 27 October – Siege of Metz
10 December – The Reichstag of the North German Confederation renames the Confederation the "North German Confederation of the German Empire".

Science

Rudolf Clausius proves the scalar virial theorem.
Ludimar Hermann observes the Hermann grid illusion.

Births

1 January – Hermann Theodor Simon, German physicist (died 1918)
2 January – Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and writer (died 1938)
6 January – Gustav Bauer, German politician, Chancellor of Germany (died 1944)
10 January – Hans von Raumer, German politician (died 1965)
10 February – Fritz Klimsch, German sculptor (died 1960)
11 February – Bill Drews, German lawyer (died 1938)
12 February – Hugo Stinnes, German entrepreneur (died 1924)
21 March – Heinrich Waentig, German politician (died 1943)
9 May – Hans Baluschek, German painter (died 1935)
14 June – Sophia of Prussia, Prussian princess (died 1970)
21 June – Clara Immerwahr, German chemist (died 1915)
7 July – Joseph Koeth, German politician (died 1936)
27 July – Siegfried von Roedern, German politician (died 1954)
2 October – Joannes Baptista Sproll, German bishop of Roman-Catholic Church (died 1949)

Deaths

15 February – Karl von Strotha, Prussian officer and Minister of War from 1848 to 1850 (born 1786)
3 April – Philipp Jaffé, German historian and philologist (born 1819)
4 April – Heinrich Gustav Magnus, German scientist (born 1802)
9 May – Prince Frederick of Württemberg, German nobleman and general in kingdom of Württemberg (born 1808)
12 May – Hermann von Beckerath,^[4] German banker and statesman (born 1801)^[4]
1 September – Joseph Anton von Maffei, German industrialist (born 1790)
14 September – Carl August von Steinheil, German physicist, inventor, engineer and astronomer (born 1801)
14 October – Karl Twesten, German politician and writer (born 1820)
19 December – Lebrecht Blücher Dreves, German poet (born 1816)

References

Bibliography

Howard, Michael (1991). The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26671-8.
Taylor, A.J.P. (1967). Bismarck, The Man and the Statesman. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0394703879.
Hooper, George (1887). Campaign of Sedan. London: Bell. ISBN 9781330953877.

Citations

^ Howard, p. 40
^ Taylor, p. 121
^ Hooper, p. 84
^ ^a ^b Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Beckerath, Hermann von" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.

[1] Howard, p. 40

[2] Taylor, p. 121

[3] Hooper, p. 84

[Beckerath1-4] Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Beckerath, Hermann von" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
+{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
 {{Year in Germany|1870}}
 Events from the year '''1870 in [[Germany]]'''.
 ==Incumbents==
-===National level===
+===Kingdoms===
-* [[Kaiser]] – [[William I, German Emperor|William I]]
+* [[King of Bavaria]] – [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]]
-* [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] – [[Otto von Bismarck]]
+* [[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]] – [[William I, German Emperor|William I]]
+* [[King of Saxony]] – [[John, King of Saxony|John]]
+* [[King of Württemberg]] – [[Charles of Württemberg|Charles]]
-===State level===
+===Grand Duchies===
-====Kingdoms====
-* [[King of Bavaria]] – [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]]
-* [[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]] – Kaiser William I
-* [[King of Saxony]] – [[John of Saxony]]
-* [[King of Württemberg]] – [[Charles of Württemberg]]
-====Grand Duchies====
 * [[Grand Duke of Baden]] – [[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden|Frederick I]]
 * [[Grand Duke of Hesse]] – [[Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis III]]
@@ Line 23: / Line 20: @@
 * [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] – [[Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Charles Alexander]]
-====Principalities====
+===Principalities===
 * [[Schaumburg-Lippe]] – [[Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe]]
 * [[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]] – [[George Albert, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]
@@ Line 32: / Line 29: @@
 * [[Waldeck (state)|Waldeck and Pyrmont]] – [[George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont]]
-====Duchies====
+===Duchies===
 * [[Duke of Anhalt]] – [[Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt]]
 * [[Duke of Brunswick]] – [[William, Duke of Brunswick]]
@@ Line 40: / Line 37: @@
 ==Events==
-* [[26 February]] – German company [[Commerzbank]] is founded in Hamburg.
+* 26 February – German company [[Commerzbank]] is founded in Hamburg.
-* [[10 March]] – The [[Deutsche Bank]] is granted a banking license by the [[Prussia|Prussian]] government.
+* 10 March – The [[Deutsche Bank]] is granted a banking licence by the [[Prussia]]n government.
-* [[16 July]] – In response to [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]]'s refusal to cede parts of the Rhineland to Emperor Napoloeon III of [[Second French Empire|France]],<ref>Howard, p. 40</ref> the near succession of a [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] to the Spanish throne, and the [[Ems Telegram]],<ref>Taylor, p. 121</ref> France declares war on Prussia, beginning the [[Franco-Prussian War]].
+* 16 July – In response to [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]]'s refusal to cede parts of the Rhineland to Emperor Napoleon III of [[Second French Empire|France]],<ref>Howard, p. 40</ref> the near succession of a [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] to the Spanish throne, and the [[Ems telegram]],<ref>Taylor, p. 121</ref> France declares war on Prussia, beginning the [[Franco-Prussian War]].
-* [[19 July]] - Beginning of [[Franco-Prussian War]]
+* 19 July – Beginning of [[Franco-Prussian War]]
-* [[4 August]] – [[Battle of Wissembourg (1870)|Battle of Wissembourg]]: The first battle of the Franco-Prussian War begins when three Prussian-led German [[army corps]] surprise and get the better of the small French [[garrison]] of Wissembourg. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the French defenders fiercely resist and inflict three times their number in casualties.<ref>Hooper, p. 84</ref>
+* 4 August – [[Battle of Wissembourg (1870)|Battle of Wissembourg]]: The first battle of the Franco-Prussian War begins when three Prussian-led German [[army corps]] surprise and get the better of the small French [[garrison]] of Wissembourg. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the French defenders fiercely resist and inflict three times their number in casualties.<ref>Hooper, p. 84</ref>
-* [[6 August]] – [[Battle of Spicheren]] – [[Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz]] soundly defeats a French army of 21,000, further driving the French towards the fortress city of [[Metz]].
+* 6 August – [[Battle of Spicheren]] – [[Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz]] soundly defeats a French army of 21,000, further driving the French towards the fortress city of [[Metz]].
-* [[6 August]] – [[Battle of Wörth]]
+* 6 August – [[Battle of Wörth]]
-* [[6 August]] – [[Battle of Spicheren]]
+* 6 August – [[Battle of Spicheren]]
-* [[15 August]] – [[28 September]] – [[Siege of Strasbourg]]
+* 15 August – 28 September – [[Siege of Strasbourg]]
-* [[19 August]] – [[October 27]] – [[Siege of Metz (1870)|Siege of Metz]]
+* 19 August – 27 October – [[Siege of Metz (1870)|Siege of Metz]]
+* 10 December – The [[Reichstag (North German Confederation)|Reichstag]] of the [[North German Confederation]] renames the Confederation the "North German Confederation of the German Empire".
-* [[10 December]] – The [[Reichstag (North German Confederation)|Reichstag]] of the [[North German Confederation]] renames the Confederation the "North German Confederation of the German Empire".
 === Science ===
@@ Line 58: / Line 54: @@
 ==Births==
-* 2 January – [[Ernst Barlach]], German sculptor and writer (died [[1938 in Germany|1938]])
+* 1 January – [[Hermann Theodor Simon]], German physicist (died 1918)
-* 6 January – [[Gustav Bauer]], German politician, former chancellor of Germany (died [[1944 in Germany|1944]])
+* 2 January – [[Ernst Barlach]], German sculptor and writer (died 1938)
-* 10 January – [[Hans von Raumer]], German politician (died [[1965 in Germany|1965]])
+* 6 January – [[Gustav Bauer]], German politician, [[Chancellor of Germany]] (died 1944)
-* 10 February – [[Fritz Klimsch]], German sculptor (died [[1960 in Germany|1960]])
+* 10 January – [[Hans von Raumer]], German politician (died 1965)
-* 11 February - [[Bill Drews]], German lawyer (died [[1938 in Germany|1938]])
+* 10 February – [[Fritz Klimsch]], German sculptor (died 1960)
-* 12 February – [[Hugo Stinnes]], German entrepreneur (died [[1924 in Germany|1924]])
+* 11 February – [[Bill Drews]], German lawyer (died 1938)
-* 21 March - [[Heinrich Waentig]], German politician (died [[1943 in Germany|1943]])
+* 12 February – [[Hugo Stinnes]], German entrepreneur (died 1924)
-* 9 May – [[Hans Baluschek]], German painter (died [[1935 in Germany|1935]])
+* 21 March – [[Heinrich Waentig]], German politician (died 1943)
-* 14 June - [[Sophia of Prussia]], Prussian princess (died [[1970 in Germany|1970]])
+* 9 May – [[Hans Baluschek]], German painter (died 1935)
-* 21 June – [[Clara Immerwahr]], German chemist (died [[1915 in Germany|1915]])
+* 14 June – [[Sophia of Prussia]], Prussian princess (died 1970)
-* 7 July – [[Joseph Koeth]], German politician (died [[1936 in Germany|1936]])
+* 21 June – [[Clara Immerwahr]], German chemist (died 1915)
-* 27 July – [[Siegfried von Roedern]], German politician (died [[1954 in Germany|1954]])
+* 7 July – [[Joseph Koeth]], German politician (died 1936)
-* 2 October – [[Joannes Baptista Sproll]], German bishop of Roman-Catholic Church (died [[1949 in Germany|1949]])
+* 27 July – [[Siegfried von Roedern]], German politician (died 1954)
+* 2 October – [[Joannes Baptista Sproll]], German bishop of Roman-Catholic Church (died 1949)
 ==Deaths==
 {{Expand section|date=October 2016}}
 {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
-* [[15 February]]- [[Karl von Strotha]], Prussian officer and Minister of War from 1848 to 1850 (born [[1786 in Germany|1786]])
+* 15 February – [[Karl von Strotha]], Prussian officer and Minister of War from 1848 to 1850 (born 1786)
-* [[4 April]] – [[Heinrich Gustav Magnus]], German scientist (born [[1802 in Germany|1802]])
+* 3 April – [[Philipp Jaffé]], German historian and philologist (born 1819)
-* [[9 May]] – [[Prince Frederick of Württemberg]], German nobleman and general in kingdom of Württemberg (born [[1808 in Germany|1808]])
+* 4 April – [[Heinrich Gustav Magnus]], German scientist (born 1802)
+* 9 May – [[Prince Frederick of Württemberg]], German nobleman and general in [[kingdom of Württemberg]] (born 1808)
-* [[12 May]] – [[Hermann von Beckerath]],<ref name=Beckerath1>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Beckerath, Hermann von|year=1905}}</ref> German banker and statesman (born [[1801 in Germany|1801]])<ref name=Beckerath1/>
+* 12 May – [[Hermann von Beckerath]],<ref name=Beckerath1>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Beckerath, Hermann von|year=1905}}</ref> German banker and statesman (born 1801)<ref name=Beckerath1/>
-* [[1 September]] – [[Joseph Anton von Maffei]], German industrialist (born [[1790 in Germany|1790]])
-* [[14 September]] – [[Carl August von Steinheil]], German physicist, inventor, engineer and astronomer (born [[1801 in Germany|1801]])
+* 1 September – [[Joseph Anton von Maffei]], German industrialist (born 1790)
-* [[19 December]] – [[Lebrecht Blücher Dreves]], German poet (born [[1816 in Germany|1816]])
+* 14 September – [[Carl August von Steinheil]], German physicist, inventor, engineer and astronomer (born 1801)
+* 14 October – [[Karl Twesten]], German politician and writer (born 1820)
+* 19 December – [[Lebrecht Blücher Dreves]], German poet (born 1816)
 {{div col end}}
 ==References==
 ===Bibliography===
-*{{cite book|last1=Howard|first1=Michael|title=The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871|date=1991|publisher=Routledge|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-415-26671-8}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Howard|first1=Michael|title=The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871|date=1991|publisher=Routledge|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-415-26671-8}}
-*{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=A.J.P.|title=Bismarck, The Man and the Statesman|date=1967|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0394703879}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=A.J.P.|title=Bismarck, The Man and the Statesman|date=1967|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0394703879}}
-*{{cite book|last1=Hooper|first1=George|title=Campaign of Sedan|url=https://archive.org/details/campaignofsedana00hoopuoft|date=1887|publisher=Bell|location=[[London]]|isbn=9781330953877}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Hooper|first1=George|title=Campaign of Sedan|url=https://archive.org/details/campaignofsedana00hoopuoft|date=1887|publisher=Bell|location=[[London]]|isbn=9781330953877}}
 ===Citations===
@@ Line 97: / Line 96: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:1870 In Germany}}
-[[Category:1870 in Germany]]
+[[Category:1870 in the North German Confederation| ]]
 [[Category:Years of the 19th century in Germany]]
-[[Category:1870 by country]]
+[[Category:1870 by country|Germany]]
-[[Category:1870 in Europe]]
+[[Category:1870 in Europe|Germany]]

v t e Years in Germany (1871–present)
19th century	Pre-1871 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
20th century	1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
21st century	2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

v t e 1870 in Europe
Sovereign states	Andorra Austria-Hungary Baden Belgium Denmark France Germany Greece Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Ottoman Empire Portugal Prussia Russia San Marino Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United Principalities
Dependencies, colonies and other territories	Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta