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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae}}
{{Taxobox
{{Italic title}}
| color = lightgreen
{{Speciesbox
| name = String-of-beads
|name = String-of-Pearls
⚫
| image = Senecio rowleyanus.jpg
|image = Senecio_rowleyanus_leaves.jpg
| image_caption = fleshy leaves of Senecio rowleyanus
|image_caption = Fleshy leaves of ''Curio rowleyanus''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
⚫
|taxon = Curio rowleyanus
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
|authority = (H.Jacobsen) P.V.Heath (1999)
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
|synonyms =
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
*''Curio rowleyanus'' f. ''marmoratus'' {{small|P.V.Heath (1999)}}
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
*''Kleinia rowleyana'' {{small|(H.Jacobsen) G.Kunkel (1988)}}
| genus = ''[[Senecio]]''
*''Senecio rowleyanus'' {{small|H.Jacobsen (1968)}}
| species = '''''S. rowleyanus'''''
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1011412-1 ''Curio rowleyanus'' (H.Jacobsen) P.V.Heath]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref>
| binomial = ''Senecio rowleyanus''
⚫
|}}
| binomial_authority = [[Jacobs]]
⚫
}}


'''''Senecio rowleyanus''''', commonly called '''string-of-pearls''' or '''string-of-beads''', is a [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Asteraceae]]. It is native to southwest [[Africa]]. ''S. rowleyanus'' grows long, trailing stems of spherical leaves. The flowers are pale and brushlike. It is cultivated indoors as an [[ornamental plant]] for hanging baskets. The fleshy leaves are poisonous and should not be consumed.
'''''Curio rowleyanus''''', syn. '''''Senecio rowleyanus''''', is a [[flowering plant]] in the daisy family [[Asteraceae]]. It is a creeping, perennial, succulent vine native to the [[Cape Provinces]] of [[South Africa]].<ref name = powo/> In its natural environment its stems trail on the ground, rooting where they touch and form dense mats. It often avoids direct sunlight by growing in the shade of other plants and rocks. It is commonly known as '''string-of-pearls''' or '''string-of-beads'''.


"String-of-beads" and several other common names are shared with ''[[Curio herreanus]]'' (string of watermelons), which has teardrop-shaped leaves, rather than spherical.

==Taxonomy==
This plant was named after British botanist [[Gordon Douglas Rowley]] who specialized in [[Cactaceae]] and succulents.

According to [[International Plant Names Index|IPNI]], the currently accepted name ''Curio rowleyanus'' was originally published in 1999 by Paul V. Heath in Calyx. Sutton under Whitestone Cliffe 6(2): 55 (as ''Curio roeleanus''). Earlier names, now regarded as synonyms, are ''Kleinia rowleyana'' (Jacobsen) G.Kunkel, Gartenpraxis, 14(1): 52 (1988) and ''Senecio rowleyanus'' H.Jacobsen, National Cact. Succ. J., 23(2): 30 (1968).<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants of the World Online |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1011412-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Senecio rowleyanus.jpg|thumb|left|Leaves]]
''Curio rowleyanus'' receives its common name from specialized leaves which are the size and shape of small peas (about 6 mm or {{frac|1|4}} inch diameter).Its trailing stems can grow 2–3 feet (60–90&nbsp;cm). There is a small tip at the distal point of each leaf and a thin band of dark green tissue on the side known as a "window" (see below). It blooms during the summer and, like all asterids, it has a compound flower. The trumpet shaped flower forms clusters (about 13mm or {{frac|1|2}} inch diameter) of small white flowers with colorful stamens. The flower will last about a month and is said to smell like cinnamon and other spices.

===Leaf morphology===

The odd shape of the leaves is an adaptation to arid environments and allows for the storage of water while exposing a minimum amount of surface area per volume to the dry desert air. This greatly reduces water loss due to evaporation relative to the typical dorsi-ventrally flattened leaves of most [[angiosperm]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hillson|first1=Charles|title=Leaf Development in Senecio rowleyanus (Compositae)|journal=American Journal of Botany|date=1979|volume=66|issue=1|pages=59–63|doi=10.2307/2442625|jstor=2442625}}</ref> Although its spherical leaf morphology contributes to minimizing water loss, it also dramatically reduces the surface area available for the absorption of light and photosynthesis.

An adaptation that may help compensate for this reduction in light interception is a narrow, translucent, crescent-shaped band of tissue on the adaxial side of the lamina. This specialized structure is known as an "[[epidermal window]]" and it allows light to enter and irradiate the interior of the leaf, effectively increasing the area of leaf tissue available for photosynthesis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kaul|first1=R.B.|title=Light Transmission in Window-leaved Plants|journal=Can. J. Bot.|date=1980|volume=58|issue=14|pages=1591–1600|doi=10.1139/b80-193}}</ref> This is a trait shared with ''[[Curio radicans]] (string of bananas)'', a close relative of ''Curio rowleyanus''. A similar morphology is observed in species of the genus ''[[Fenestraria]]'' as well as the species ''[[Haworthia cooperi]]'' and ''[[Frithia pulchra]]'', which grow underground and only expose their leaf tips to absorb light radiation.

==Cultivation==
[[File:Senecio rowleyanus (4256691275).jpg|thumb|Its disco ball-shaped flowers.]]
''Curio rowleyanus'' is commonly cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]]. It is typically displayed in hanging baskets with the leaves cascading over the edge of the container. It can be grown indoors or outdoors (above freezing temperature) and is considered to be low maintenance.

Like most succulents, it requires very infrequent watering (about once a month), a few hours of direct sunlight and is not affected by [[humidity]]. Good soil drainage is essential to prevent [[root rot]], so sandy soil is recommended. This plant can be propagated easily by [[cuttings (plants)|cutting]] or pinching off 10 cm or 4 inches of healthy stem tip and lightly covering them with moist potting mix. The roots will quickly develop from where the leaves are attached to the stem.

==Toxicity==

The vegetation of ''C. rowleyanus'' is somewhat poisonous and should not be consumed. In humans the string of pearls plant is rated as toxicity classes 2 and 4 by the [[University of California]], Davis. Class 2 is defined by minor toxicity; ingestion of string of pearls may cause minor illnesses such as [[vomiting]] or [[diarrhea]]. Class 4 is defined by [[dermatitis]]; contact with the plant's sap may cause skin irritation or rash. Likewise, if consumed by animals it can cause vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, skin irritation or lethargy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Safe and Poisonous Garden Plants|url=http://ucanr.edu/sites/poisonous_safe_plants/files/154528.pdf|website=ucanr.edu|publisher=University of California, Davis|access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
[[File:Senecio rowleyanus leaves.jpg|left|thumb|''Curio rowleyanus'']]
[[File:Erbse am Band (Senecio rowleyanus) (31772262164).jpg|thumb|<nowiki>''Variegata''</nowiki>]]
[[File:Senecio rowleyanus2.jpg|center|thumb|<nowiki>''Zososburg''</nowiki>]]


==References==
==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


*{{Citation
*{{Cite web
| last = Ombrello
| last = Ombrello
| first = T.
| first = T.
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Senecios
| title = Senecios
| url = http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/Senecios.htm
| date =
| year =
| access-date = 2014-10-18
| url =http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/Senecios.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150522074353/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/Senecios.htm
| accessdate = 06 May 2007 }}
| archive-date = 2015-05-22
⚫
| url-status = dead
}}


*{{cite book
*{{cite book
| last = Perl
| last = Perl
| first = Philip
| first = Philip
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Cacti and Succulents
| title = Cacti and Succulents
| publisher = Time-Life Books
| publisher = Time-Life Books
| date = 1978
| year = 1978
| location = Alexandria, Virginia
| location = Alexandria, Virginia
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/cactisucculents00perl/page/124 124–125]
| pages = 124-125
| url =https://archive.org/details/cactisucculents00perl
⚫
| url =
| doi =
| url-access = registration
| id = }}
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2570558}}



[[Category:Asteraceae]]
[[Category:Curio (plant)|rowleyanus]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces]]
[[Category:Ornamental plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1968]]

Latest revision as of 21:21, 9 October 2024

String-of-Pearls
Fleshy leaves of Curio rowleyanus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Curio
Species:
C. rowleyanus
Binomial name
Curio rowleyanus
(H.Jacobsen) P.V.Heath (1999)
Synonyms[1]
  • Curio rowleyanus f. marmoratus P.V.Heath (1999)
  • Kleinia rowleyana (H.Jacobsen) G.Kunkel (1988)
  • Senecio rowleyanus H.Jacobsen (1968)

Curio rowleyanus, syn. Senecio rowleyanus, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is a creeping, perennial, succulent vine native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa.[1] In its natural environment its stems trail on the ground, rooting where they touch and form dense mats. It often avoids direct sunlight by growing in the shade of other plants and rocks. It is commonly known as string-of-pearls or string-of-beads.

"String-of-beads" and several other common names are shared with Curio herreanus (string of watermelons), which has teardrop-shaped leaves, rather than spherical.

Taxonomy

[edit]

This plant was named after British botanist Gordon Douglas Rowley who specialized in Cactaceae and succulents.

According to IPNI, the currently accepted name Curio rowleyanus was originally published in 1999 by Paul V. Heath in Calyx. Sutton under Whitestone Cliffe 6(2): 55 (as Curio roeleanus). Earlier names, now regarded as synonyms, are Kleinia rowleyana (Jacobsen) G.Kunkel, Gartenpraxis, 14(1): 52 (1988) and Senecio rowleyanus H.Jacobsen, National Cact. Succ. J., 23(2): 30 (1968).[2]

Description

[edit]
Leaves

Curio rowleyanus receives its common name from specialized leaves which are the size and shape of small peas (about 6 mm or 1⁄4 inch diameter).Its trailing stems can grow 2–3 feet (60–90 cm). There is a small tip at the distal point of each leaf and a thin band of dark green tissue on the side known as a "window" (see below). It blooms during the summer and, like all asterids, it has a compound flower. The trumpet shaped flower forms clusters (about 13mm or 1⁄2 inch diameter) of small white flowers with colorful stamens. The flower will last about a month and is said to smell like cinnamon and other spices.

Leaf morphology

[edit]

The odd shape of the leaves is an adaptation to arid environments and allows for the storage of water while exposing a minimum amount of surface area per volume to the dry desert air. This greatly reduces water loss due to evaporation relative to the typical dorsi-ventrally flattened leaves of most angiosperms.[3] Although its spherical leaf morphology contributes to minimizing water loss, it also dramatically reduces the surface area available for the absorption of light and photosynthesis.

An adaptation that may help compensate for this reduction in light interception is a narrow, translucent, crescent-shaped band of tissue on the adaxial side of the lamina. This specialized structure is known as an "epidermal window" and it allows light to enter and irradiate the interior of the leaf, effectively increasing the area of leaf tissue available for photosynthesis.[4] This is a trait shared with Curio radicans (string of bananas), a close relative of Curio rowleyanus. A similar morphology is observed in species of the genus Fenestraria as well as the species Haworthia cooperi and Frithia pulchra, which grow underground and only expose their leaf tips to absorb light radiation.

Cultivation

[edit]
Its disco ball-shaped flowers.

Curio rowleyanus is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is typically displayed in hanging baskets with the leaves cascading over the edge of the container. It can be grown indoors or outdoors (above freezing temperature) and is considered to be low maintenance.

Like most succulents, it requires very infrequent watering (about once a month), a few hours of direct sunlight and is not affected by humidity. Good soil drainage is essential to prevent root rot, so sandy soil is recommended. This plant can be propagated easily by cutting or pinching off 10 cm or 4 inches of healthy stem tip and lightly covering them with moist potting mix. The roots will quickly develop from where the leaves are attached to the stem.

Toxicity

[edit]

The vegetation of C. rowleyanus is somewhat poisonous and should not be consumed. In humans the string of pearls plant is rated as toxicity classes 2 and 4 by the University of California, Davis. Class 2 is defined by minor toxicity; ingestion of string of pearls may cause minor illnesses such as vomiting or diarrhea. Class 4 is defined by dermatitis; contact with the plant's sap may cause skin irritation or rash. Likewise, if consumed by animals it can cause vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, skin irritation or lethargy.[5]

[edit]
Curio rowleyanus
''Variegata''
''Zososburg''

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Curio rowleyanus (H.Jacobsen) P.V.Heath. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  2. ^ "Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  3. ^ Hillson, Charles (1979). "Leaf Development in Senecio rowleyanus (Compositae)". American Journal of Botany. 66 (1): 59–63. doi:10.2307/2442625. JSTOR 2442625.
  4. ^ Kaul, R.B. (1980). "Light Transmission in Window-leaved Plants". Can. J. Bot. 58 (14): 1591–1600. doi:10.1139/b80-193.
  5. ^ "Safe and Poisonous Garden Plants" (PDF). ucanr.edu. University of California, Davis. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
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