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{{refimprove|date=December 2012}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|is_ranged=yes
| is_ranged = yes
| image=35M Puska.JPG
| image = 35M Puska.JPG
| image_size = 300
| image_size = 300
|caption=35M Rifle. From the [[Swedish Army Museum]].
| caption = 35M Rifle from the [[Swedish Army Museum]].
|name= 35M Puska<br>(35M Rifle)
| name = 35M Puska<br />(35M Rifle)
|origin= [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]
| origin = [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]
|type= [[Bolt-action]] [[service rifle]]
| type = [[Bolt-action]] [[service rifle]]
|designer=
| designer =
|design_date= 1935
| design_date = 1935
|production_date= 1935–1950s
| production_date = 1935–1950s
|variants=
| variants =
|service= 1935–1950s
| service = 1935–1950s
|used_by= [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br>[[Soviet Union]]<br>[[Nazi Germany]]<br>[[People's Republic of Hungary]]
| used_by = [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />[[Soviet Union]]<br />[[Nazi Germany]]<br />[[People's Republic of Hungary]]
|wars= [[World War II]]<br>[[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
| wars = [[World War II]]<br />[[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
|cartridge= [[8×56mmR]], [[7.92×57mm Mauser]]
| cartridge = [[8×56mmR]], [[7.92×57mm Mauser]]
|action= [[Bolt-action]]
| action = [[Bolt-action]]
|velocity={{convert|730|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
| velocity = {{convert|730|m/s|0|abbr=on}}
|weight={{convert|3.98|kg|lb}}
| weight = {{convert|3.98|kg|lb}}
|length={{convert|1110|mm|in}}
| length = {{convert|1110|mm|in}}
|part_length={{convert|600|mm|in|}}
| part_length = {{convert|600|mm|in|}}
|feed= 5-round [[Clip (ammunition)#En bloc|en-block clip]], internal [[Magazine (firearms)#Box|box magazine]]
| feed = 5-round [[Clip (ammunition)#En bloc|en bloc clip]], internal [[Magazine (firearms)#Box|box magazine]]
|sights= [[Iron sights#Open sights|open]] Partridge rear sight, square post front sight
| sights = [[Iron sights#Open sights|open]] Partridge rear sight, square post front sight|
|}}
}}
The '''FÉG 35M''' was a [[bolt-action]] rifle, chambered in [[8×56mmR]]. Though superficially still resembling the [[Steyr-Mannlicher M1895|95/31M Carbine]] it was a new design with a cock-on-close bolt. An easily recognizable distinguishing feature was the placement of the bolt handle, which was further forward than in the 1895 design. It was used by [[Hungary]] in the years leading up to and during [[World War II]], and after World War II before being gradually phased out by both [[Red Army]] surplus and locally produced [[Mosin–Nagant]] carbines.
The '''FÉG 35M''' was a [[bolt-action]] rifle chambered in [[8×56mmR]]. Though superficially still resembling the [[Steyr-Mannlicher M1895|95/31M Carbine]], it was a new design with a cock-on-close bolt. An easily recognizable distinguishing feature was the placement of the bolt handle, which was further forward than in the 1895 design. It was used by [[Hungary]] in the years leading up to and during [[World War II]], as well as after World War II, yet was gradually phased out by both [[Red Army]] surplus, and locally produced [[Mosin–Nagant]] carbines in the years after.


==Design details==
==Design details==
After the [[First World War|Great War]], modifications were made on the 95M [[carbine]]s, recalibrating the sights to the newly adopted metric system, and later adopting the Austrian-developed longer spitzer cartridge, all this resulting in the 31M rifle. But the army was not satisfied. After analytic World War I performance, amongst deficiencies were listed that the [[Bolt action#Other designs|straight-pull]] Mannlicher could freeze in great cold; that the bolts were hand-fitted thus non-interchangeable, and could be replaced only by trained gunsmiths; and a cock on opening operation. In the end it was decided that the new rifle should use the simpler, more conventional [[Mannlicher–Schönauer]] [[rotating bolt]] mechanism.
After the [[First World War|Great War]], modifications were made on the 95M [[carbine]]s, recalibrating the sights to the newly adopted metric system, and later adopting the Austrian-developed [[8×56mmR|8x56mmR]]. Analysing the performance of the 95M in World War I had revealed several deficiencies: the [[Bolt action#Other designs|straight-pull]] Mannlicher could freeze in cold; the bolts were hand-fitted, thus non-interchangeable - being replaced only by trained gunsmiths; and the cock-on-opening operation. In the end, it was decided that the new rifle should use a simpler, more conventional [[rotating bolt]], as well as a better [[bayonet]].


For the new requirements, the Hungarian military and [[FÉG]] took the [[Mannlicher–Schönauer]] action, derived from the bolt of the [[Gewehr 88]], which was also used on [[Mannlicher M1893|Romanian]] and [[Geweer M. 95|Dutch]] Mannlichers. A prototype, known as 33.M, was produced in small series for trials in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann33.htm |title=Mannlicher Model 1933 Prototype Infantry Rifle |website=Hungarian Weapons & History}}</ref> The prototype differed from the final 35.M in the following ways:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann35.htm |title=Mannlicher Model 1935 Infantry Rifle |website=Hungarian Weapons & History}}</ref>
⚫
All springs in the rifle except the one in the sight are [[coil spring]]s. The new safety could be engaged both when the rifle was cocked and uncocked. The barrel was lengthened and the distance between front and rear sights was increased. A British-style two-piece stock avoided the need to import extremely dimensionally stable wood. A new [[bayonet]] was also designed for the weapon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haditechnika.hu/Archivum/199502/950217.htm |title=Detailed article on the website of "Military Technics", a journal by the Hungarian Ministry of Defence, on its development and differences between the older 95/31M |language=hu |access-date=23 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322174348/http://www.haditechnika.hu/Archivum/199502/950217.htm |archive-date=22 March 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Gewehr 98|G98]]-type bayonet was replaced with a crosspiece and press stud arrangement modelled on the [[Berthier rifle|Berthier]] from an earlier 1923 prototype,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann23.htm |title=Hungarian Infantry Trial Rifles 1923 |website=Hungarian Weapons & History}}</ref> but with a flat blade and not a cruciform proper;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldbayonets.com/Bayonet_Identification_Guide/Hungary/hungary2.html |title=Bayonets of Hungary |website=World Bayonets}}</ref>
* the bolt handle was moved forward in front of the receiver bridge to strengthen the action;
* the metal part of the receiver separating the forearm from the buttstock was moved backward, from around the magazine to the same position as on [[Lee-Enfield]];
* the [[Arisaka]]-type sliding receiver cover was abandoned.
At around the same time, Steyr-Solothurn proposed a competitive design based on the [[ŒWG]] 1917 G98 modernization, which was [[Mukden Arsenal Mauser|serially produced in China]], yet never adopted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/steyr-m30s-prototype-a-repurposed-ww1-improved-mauser | title=Steyr M30S Prototype: A Repurposed WW1 Improved Mauser |first=Ian |last=McCollum |date=29 November 2017 |website=[[Forgotten Weapons]]}}</ref>

⚫
All the springs in the rifle except the one in the sight are [[coil spring]]s. The new safety could be engaged both when the rifle was cocked and uncocked. The barrel was lengthened and the distance between front and rear sights was increased. A British-style two-piece stock avoided the need to import extremely dimensionally stable wood.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.haditechnika.hu/Archivum/199502/950217.htm |title=A Magyar Királyi Honvédség hadipuskái |trans-title=Military rifles of the Royal Hungarian Army |first=János |last=Horváth |date=1995 |journal=Haditechnika |language=hu |number=2 |pages=54–56 |access-date=23 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322174348/http://www.haditechnika.hu/Archivum/199502/950217.htm |archive-date=22 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


==43M and Gewehr 98/40==
==43M and Gewehr 98/40==
During [[World War II]], military cooperation with [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and a shortage of standard Mauser K98k rifles [[Wehrmacht|German army]] led to modifications to the 35M. It was rechambered to the standard German 7.92×57 IS cartridge with a fully enclosed flush magazine, the bolt handle was made angled, the bayonet socket was changed to accept German bayonets and some alterations was made to the sling mount. In addition, the rifle was adopted to use standard Mauser [[stripper clips|5-round charger clips]] and its sights were recalibrated to match the ballistics of the 7.92mm IS cartridge.<ref name=SGNKokalis>{{cite journal|last=Kokalis|first=Peter G.|title=Hungarian Small Arms in Germany's Service|journal=Shotgun News|date=2 January 2006|volume=59|issue=36|pages=10–12}}</ref>
During [[World War II]], military cooperation with [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and a shortage of standard Mauser K98k rifles in the [[Wehrmacht]] led to modifications to the 35M. It was rechambered to the standard German 7.92×57 IS cartridge with a fully enclosed flush magazine, the bolt handle was made angled, the bayonet socket was changed to accept German bayonets and some alterations were made to the sling mount. In addition, the rifle was adopted to use standard Mauser [[stripper clips|5-round charger clips]] and its sights were recalibrated to match the ballistics of the 7.92mm IS cartridge.<ref name=SGNKokalis>{{cite journal |last=Kokalis |first=Peter G. |title=Hungarian Small Arms in Germany's Service |journal=[[Shotgun News]] |date=2 January 2006 |volume=59 |issue=36 |pages=10–12}}</ref>


In German service this modified weapon was known as the '''G98/40'''.<ref name=SGNKokalis/> Hungary also adopted this version, slightly modified, as the '''43M'''.
In German service this modified weapon was known as the '''G98/40'''.<ref name=SGNKokalis/> Hungary also adopted this version, slightly modified, as the '''43M'''.
Line 43: Line 50:
* [[Mosin–Nagant]]
* [[Mosin–Nagant]]
* [[Lee-Enfield]]
* [[Lee-Enfield]]
*[[Carcano|Carcano M1938]]
* [[Carcano|Carcano M1938]]


==See also==
==See also==
Line 53: Line 60:


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711095935/http://gk43forum.com/forum/showthread.php?s=7564374bc5008a7b3dfaf1461c5d9e1a&t=7054 On the 98/40. gk43forum.com]
* {{cite web |url=http://gk43forum.com/forum/showthread.php?s=7564374bc5008a7b3dfaf1461c5d9e1a&t=7054 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711095935/http://gk43forum.com/forum/showthread.php?s=7564374bc5008a7b3dfaf1461c5d9e1a&t=7054 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |title=German G98/40 rifle |website=G/K43 forum.com}}
* [http://hungun.hu/pics/item/1258_pic0.jpg Picture]
* {{cite web |url=http://hungun.hu/pics/item/1258_pic0.jpg |title=Picture |website=HunGun.hu}}


{{Weapons of Hungary}}
{{Weapons of Hungary}}
Line 60: Line 67:


[[Category:Bolt-action rifles]]
[[Category:Bolt-action rifles]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons]]
[[Category:World War II rifles]]
[[Category:Rifles of Hungary]]
[[Category:Rifles of Hungary]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1935]]

Revision as of 23:01, 10 October 2024

35M Puska
(35M Rifle)
35M Rifle from the Swedish Army Museum.
TypeBolt-action service rifle
Place of originKingdom of Hungary
Service history
In service1935–1950s
Used byKingdom of Hungary
Soviet Union
Nazi Germany
People's Republic of Hungary
WarsWorld War II
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Production history
Designed1935
Produced1935–1950s
Specifications
Mass3.98 kilograms (8.8 lb)
Length1,110 millimetres (44 in)
Barrel length600 millimetres (24 in)
Cartridge8×56mmR, 7.92×57mm Mauser
ActionBolt-action
Muzzle velocity730 m/s (2,395 ft/s)
Feed system5-round en bloc clip, internal box magazine
Sightsopen Partridge rear sight, square post front sight

The FÉG 35M was a bolt-action rifle chambered in 8×56mmR. Though superficially still resembling the 95/31M Carbine, it was a new design with a cock-on-close bolt. An easily recognizable distinguishing feature was the placement of the bolt handle, which was further forward than in the 1895 design. It was used by Hungary in the years leading up to and during World War II, as well as after World War II, yet was gradually phased out by both Red Army surplus, and locally produced Mosin–Nagant carbines in the years after.

Design details

After the Great War, modifications were made on the 95M carbines, recalibrating the sights to the newly adopted metric system, and later adopting the Austrian-developed 8x56mmR. Analysing the performance of the 95M in World War I had revealed several deficiencies: the straight-pull Mannlicher could freeze in cold; the bolts were hand-fitted, thus non-interchangeable - being replaced only by trained gunsmiths; and the cock-on-opening operation. In the end, it was decided that the new rifle should use a simpler, more conventional rotating bolt, as well as a better bayonet.

For the new requirements, the Hungarian military and FÉG took the Mannlicher–Schönauer action, derived from the bolt of the Gewehr 88, which was also used on Romanian and Dutch Mannlichers. A prototype, known as 33.M, was produced in small series for trials in 1933.[1] The prototype differed from the final 35.M in the following ways:[2]

  • G98-type bayonet was replaced with a crosspiece and press stud arrangement modelled on the Berthier from an earlier 1923 prototype,[3] but with a flat blade and not a cruciform proper;[4]
  • the bolt handle was moved forward in front of the receiver bridge to strengthen the action;
  • the metal part of the receiver separating the forearm from the buttstock was moved backward, from around the magazine to the same position as on Lee-Enfield;
  • the Arisaka-type sliding receiver cover was abandoned.

At around the same time, Steyr-Solothurn proposed a competitive design based on the ŒWG 1917 G98 modernization, which was serially produced in China, yet never adopted.[5]

All the springs in the rifle except the one in the sight are coil springs. The new safety could be engaged both when the rifle was cocked and uncocked. The barrel was lengthened and the distance between front and rear sights was increased. A British-style two-piece stock avoided the need to import extremely dimensionally stable wood.[6]

43M and Gewehr 98/40

During World War II, military cooperation with Germany and a shortage of standard Mauser K98k rifles in the Wehrmacht led to modifications to the 35M. It was rechambered to the standard German 7.92×57 IS cartridge with a fully enclosed flush magazine, the bolt handle was made angled, the bayonet socket was changed to accept German bayonets and some alterations were made to the sling mount. In addition, the rifle was adopted to use standard Mauser 5-round charger clips and its sights were recalibrated to match the ballistics of the 7.92mm IS cartridge.[7]

In German service this modified weapon was known as the G98/40.[7] Hungary also adopted this version, slightly modified, as the 43M.

Comparable contemporary firearms

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mannlicher Model 1933 Prototype Infantry Rifle". Hungarian Weapons & History.
  2. ^ "Mannlicher Model 1935 Infantry Rifle". Hungarian Weapons & History.
  3. ^ "Hungarian Infantry Trial Rifles 1923". Hungarian Weapons & History.
  4. ^ "Bayonets of Hungary". World Bayonets.
  5. ^ McCollum, Ian (29 November 2017). "Steyr M30S Prototype: A Repurposed WW1 Improved Mauser". Forgotten Weapons.
  6. ^ Horváth, János (1995). "A Magyar Királyi Honvédség hadipuskái" [Military rifles of the Royal Hungarian Army]. Haditechnika (in Hungarian) (2): 54–56. Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
  7. ^ a b Kokalis, Peter G. (2 January 2006). "Hungarian Small Arms in Germany's Service". Shotgun News. 59 (36): 10–12.

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