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{{Short description|American-Canadian naturalist}}
{{Infobox artist
{{Infobox artist
| name = Mary T. S. Schäffer Warren
| name = Mary T. S. Schäffer Warren
| image = Old Indian Trails - Nibs and His Mistress (cropped).jpg
| image = Old Indian Trails - Nibs and His Mistress (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| caption = Warren in 1911
| birth_name = Mary Townsend Sharples
| birth_name = Mary Townsend Sharples
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1861}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1861}}
| birth_place = [[West Chester, Pennsylvania]]
| birth_place = [[West Chester, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1939|1861}}
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1939|1861}}
| death_place = [[Banff, Alberta]]
| death_place = [[Banff, Alberta]]
| nationality = American-Canadian
| nationality = American-Canadian
| spouse = {{plainlist|
| education =
* {{marriage|Charles Schäffer|1890|1903}}
| movement =
| spouse = {{marriage|Charles Schäffer|1890|1903}}<br>{{marriage|Billy Warren|1915}}<br>
* {{marriage|Billy Warren|1915}}
}}
| awards =
| field = Painter, photographer, writer
| patrons =
| field = Painting, Photography, Writing
| training =
| works =
}}
}}


'''Mary Schäffer Warren''' (1861 &ndash; 1939) was an American-Canadian naturalist, illustrator, photographer, and writer. She was known for her experiences in the [[Canadian Rockies]] in the early 20th century.<ref name="WhyteMuseum">{{cite web|title=Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies|url=http://whytemuseum.blogspot.com/2011/05/mary-schaffer-warren-in-canadian.html#!/2011/05/mary-schaffer-warren-in-canadian.html|website=Peaks & People|publisher=Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>
'''Mary Schäffer Warren''' (1861–1939) was an American-Canadian naturalist, illustrator, photographer, and writer. She was known for her experiences in the [[Canadian Rockies]] in the early 20th century.<ref name="WhyteMuseum">{{cite web|title=Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies|url=http://whytemuseum.blogspot.com/2011/05/mary-schaffer-warren-in-canadian.html#!/2011/05/mary-schaffer-warren-in-canadian.html|website=Peaks & People|publisher=Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Warren was born Mary Townsend Sharples in 1861 in [[West Chester, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="cwahi">{{cite web|title=Warren, Mary T. S. Schäffer|url=https://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5605|website=Canadian Women Artists History Initiative|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> She studied flower painting with [[George Cochran Lambdin]].<ref name="cwahi"/>
Warren was born Mary Townsend Sharples in 1861 in [[West Chester, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="cwahi">{{cite web|title=Warren, Mary T. S. Schäffer|url=https://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5605|website=Canadian Women Artists History Initiative|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> She studied flower painting with [[George Cochran Lambdin]].<ref name="cwahi"/>
[[File:Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains (1907) (18110002075).jpg|thumb|left|Illustration from "Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains"]]
[[File:Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains (1907) (18110002075).jpg|thumb|left|Illustration from "Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains"]]
In 1889 Sharples embarked on her first visit to the Canadian Rockies, accompanied by her fellow art student, [[Mary Vaux Walcott|Mary Vaux]].<ref name="PeakFinder"/><ref name="historiccalgary">{{cite web|title=Mary Schaffer Warren|url=https://historiccalgary.wikispaces.com/Mary+Schaffer+Warren|website=historiccalgary|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> In 1890 she married Dr. [[Charles Schäffer]], an amateur botanist, whom she had met the previous year at [[Illecillewaet Glacier|Glacier House]], the Canadian Pacific Railway's hotel in the [[Selkirk Mountains]].<ref name="PeakFinder">{{cite web|last1=Birrell|first1=Dave|title=Schaffer, Mary|url=http://www.peakfinder.com/people.asp?PersonsName=Schaffer%2C+Mary|website=PeakFinder|accessdate=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410203538/http://www.peakfinder.com/people.asp?PersonsName=Schaffer%2C+Mary|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The couple would spend summers and autumns traveling in the Canadian Rockies. Their winters were spent in Philadelphia.<ref name="cwahi"/> Charles Schäffer died in 1903, as did Mary's father and mother.<ref name="CMIPublishing">{{cite web|title=Mary Schäffer Warren: Mountain Woman Extraordinaire|url=http://www.experiencemountainparks.com/mary-schaffer-warren-mountain-woman-extraordinaire/|website=Experience the Mountain Parks|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>
In 1889 Sharples embarked on her first visit to the [[Canadian Rockies]], accompanied by her fellow art student, [[Mary Vaux Walcott|Mary Vaux]].<ref name="PeakFinder"/><ref name="historiccalgary">{{cite web|title=Mary Schaffer Warren|url=https://historiccalgary.wikispaces.com/Mary+Schaffer+Warren|website=historiccalgary|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> In 1890 she married Dr. [[Charles Schäffer]], an amateur botanist, whom she had met the previous year at [[Illecillewaet Glacier|Glacier House]], the Canadian Pacific Railway's hotel in the [[Selkirk Mountains]].<ref name="PeakFinder">{{cite crdb|id=52|subject=people|title=Schaffer, Mary|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref> The couple would spend summers and autumns traveling in the Canadian Rockies. Their winters were spent in Philadelphia.<ref name="cwahi"/> Charles Schäffer died in 1903, as did Mary's father and mother.<ref name="CMIPublishing">{{cite web|title=Mary Schäffer Warren: Mountain Woman Extraordinaire|url=http://www.experiencemountainparks.com/mary-schaffer-warren-mountain-woman-extraordinaire/|website=Experience the Mountain Parks|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>


In 1904, Schäffer returned to the Canadian Rockies with her friend [[Mollie Adams|Mary "Mollie" Adams]]<ref name="PeakFinder"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whytemuseum.blogspot.com/p/mollie-adams-diary.html|title=Mollie Adams Diary|website=whytemuseum.blogspot.com|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref> determined to complete a botanical guide that her husband had started.<ref name="cwahi"/> To complete this project Schäffer collected botanical specimens and learned photography.<ref name="PeakFinder"/> That year, she collected specimens for the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skidmore |first1=Colleen |title=Searching for Mary Schäffer: Women Wilderness Photography |date=2017 |publisher=University of Alberta |isbn=978-1-77212-298-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tc5DwAAQBAJ |accessdate=3 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 1907 ''Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains'' was published, with text by [[Stewardson Brown]] and drawings and photographs by Schäffer.<ref name="Alpineflora">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Stewardson|title=Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains|year=1907|publisher=New York: G.P. Putnam|url=https://archive.org/details/alpinefloraofcan00brow}}</ref>
Schäffer exhibited her photographs independently at the 1900 Paris Exposition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bassnett, Sarah; Parsons, Sarah |url=https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/photography-in-canada-1839-1989/key-photographers/mary-ts-schaffer/ |title=Photography in Canada, 1839–1989: An Illustrated History |publisher=Art Canada Institute |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-4871-0309-5 |location=Toronto}}</ref> In 1904, Schäffer returned to the Canadian Rockies with her friend [[Mollie Adams|Mary "Mollie" Adams]]<ref name="PeakFinder"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whytemuseum.blogspot.com/p/mollie-adams-diary.html|title=Mollie Adams Diary|website=whytemuseum.blogspot.com|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref> determined to complete a botanical guide that her husband had started.<ref name="cwahi"/> To complete this project Schäffer collected botanical specimens and learned photography.<ref name="PeakFinder"/> That year, she collected specimens for the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skidmore |first1=Colleen |title=Searching for Mary Schäffer: Women Wilderness Photography |date=2017 |publisher=University of Alberta |isbn=978-1-77212-298-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tc5DwAAQBAJ |accessdate=3 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 1907 ''Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains'' was published, with text by [[Stewardson Brown]] and drawings and photographs by Schäffer.<ref name="Alpineflora">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Stewardson|title=Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains|year=1907|publisher=New York: G.P. Putnam|url=https://archive.org/details/alpinefloraofcan00brow}}</ref> 1907 also saw Schäffer transition from using a folding camera and glass plate negatives for her work to using celluloid film.<ref name=":0" />


Upon completion of her botanical work, Schäffer and Adams decided that they wanted to explore further into the mountains. They convinced, a mountain guide named William "Billy" Warren<ref name="PeakFinder2" /> and fellow guide [[Sidney Unwin]] to provide the outfit and knowledge necessary to try finding "Chaba Imne," a lake in an unexplored mountain valley that they had heard of from the [[Stoney (people)|Stoney First Nations]] people. As recorded in Mary's book, ''Old Indian Trails of the Canadian Rockies'', a map drawn by [[Samson Beaver]] led to the first recorded visit to Jasper's [[Maligne Lake]] in 1908, which Mary describes as “an entire string of pearls.” Throughout her travels she continued to take photographs that she would hand-colour upon her return home and use to encourage others to travel in the Canadian Rockies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies|url=http://whytemuseum.blogspot.com/2011/05/mary-schaffer-warren-in-canadian.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies}}</ref>
Upon completion of her botanical work, Schäffer and Adams decided that they wanted to explore further into the mountains. They convinced, a mountain guide named William "Billy" Warren<ref name="PeakFinder2" /> and fellow guide [[Sidney Unwin]] to provide the outfit and knowledge necessary to try finding "Chaba Imne," a lake in an unexplored mountain valley that they had heard of from the [[Stoney (people)|Stoney First Nations]] people. As recorded in Mary's book, ''Old Indian Trails of the Canadian Rockies'', a map drawn by [[Samson Beaver]] led to the first recorded visit to Jasper's [[Maligne Lake]] in 1908, which Mary describes as “an entire string of pearls.” Throughout her travels she continued to take photographs that she would hand-colour upon her return home and use to encourage others to travel in the Canadian Rockies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies|url=http://whytemuseum.blogspot.com/2011/05/mary-schaffer-warren-in-canadian.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies}}</ref>
[[File:Maligne Lake Tour Boat 'Mary Schaffer' -- Jasper National Park Alberta (CA) September 2019 (49124595281).jpg|thumb|Tour Boat named the "Mary Schaffer" on the lake that she first recorded, Maligne Lake.]]
[[File:Maligne Lake Tour Boat 'Mary Schaffer' -- Jasper National Park Alberta (CA) September 2019 (49124595281).jpg|thumb|Tour Boat named the "Mary Schaffer" on the lake that she first recorded, Maligne Lake.]]


⚫
Schäffer's inexperience at surveying took its toll. Knowing full well that media attention awaited her return to Edmonton, she struggled through an initial false start followed by a loss of the surveying spool overboard. After nearly a month's wait for a new spool to be sent from Toronto, she was finally able to complete an accurate survey. Dr. Dowling encouraged her to send her measurements and map, complete with the names she had given various features around the lake, to the Geographical Board in Ottawa. Despite some opposition, Mary’s names were retained.


⚫
Schäffer's work was in part responsible for the incorporation of Maligne Lake in Jasper National Park.<ref name=":0" /> Had it not been for her, Maligne Lake may not have been preserved for the benefit of future generations.
⚫
Mary's inexperience at surveying took its toll. Knowing full well that media attention awaited her return to Edmonton, she struggled through an initial false start followed by a loss of the surveying spool overboard. After nearly a month's wait for a new spool to be sent from Toronto, she was finally able to complete an accurate survey. Dr. Dowling encouraged her to send her measurements and map, complete with the names she had given various features around the lake, to the Geographical Board in Ottawa. Despite some opposition, Mary’s names were retained.

⚫
Mary also joined the lobby to have Maligne Lake included in Jasper National Park. Had it not been for her, Maligne Lake may not have been preserved for the benefit of future generations.


In 1912 Schäffer moved permanently to [[Banff, Alberta]]. In 1915 she married her longtime friend and mountain guide William "Billy" Warren.<ref name="PeakFinder2">{{cite web|last1=Birrell|first1=Dave|title=Warren, Billy|url=http://www.peakfinder.com/people.asp?PersonsName=Warren%2C+Billy|website=PeakFinder|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>
In 1912 Schäffer moved permanently to [[Banff, Alberta]]. In 1915 she married her longtime friend and mountain guide William "Billy" Warren.<ref name="PeakFinder2">{{cite crdb|id=102|subject=people|title=Warren, Billy|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref>


Mary Schäffer Warren published articles and books about her explorations of the Rockies.<ref name="cwahi"/> Many have been collected in ''This Wild Spirit: Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada''.<ref name="wildspirit">{{cite book|editor-last=Skidmore|editor-first=Colleen|title=This Wild Spirit: Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada|year=2006|publisher=University of Alberta Press|location=Edmonton|isbn=0888644663|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/thiswildspiritwo00skid}}</ref>
Mary Schäffer Warren published articles and books about her explorations of the Rockies.<ref name="cwahi"/> Many have been collected in ''This Wild Spirit: Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada''.<ref name="wildspirit">{{cite book|editor-last=Skidmore|editor-first=Colleen|title=This Wild Spirit: Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada|year=2006|publisher=University of Alberta Press|location=Edmonton|isbn=0888644663|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/thiswildspiritwo00skid}}</ref>
Line 51: Line 48:


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
In 1909, a mountain in [[Yoho National Park]] was named [[Mount Schaffer]] in her honor.<ref name="PeakFinder3">{{cite web|last1=Birrell|first1=Dave|title=Mount Schaffer|url=http://www.peakfinder.com/peakfinder.ASP?PeakName=mount+schaffer|website=PeakFinder|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref> In 2003, the [[University of Alberta]] named their newest student residence ''Schäffer Hall'' as a tribute to Schäffer Warren.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.residence.ualberta.ca/prospective-residents/schaffer-hall|title=Schäffer Hall {{!}} Residence Service University of Alberta|date=2018|website=Residence Services University of Alberta|access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref>
In 1909, a mountain in [[Yoho National Park]] was named [[Mount Schaffer]] in her honor.<ref name="PeakFinder3">{{cite crdb|id=1221|title=Mount Schaffer|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> In 2003, the [[University of Alberta]] named their newest student residence ''Schäffer Hall'' as a tribute to Schäffer Warren.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.residence.ualberta.ca/prospective-residents/schaffer-hall|title=Schäffer Hall {{!}} Residence Service University of Alberta|date=2018|website=Residence Services University of Alberta|access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref>


Janice Sanford Beck is the author of “No Ordinary Woman: The Story of Mary Schäffer Warren” (Rocky Mountain Books, 2001). Her latest works, “Life of the Trail 1” and “Life of the Trail 2”, are collaborations with Emerson Sanford that retrace the footsteps of early travelers (including David Thomspon, Sir James Hector, and Mary Schäffer) in and around eastern Banff National Park and northern Yoho National Park.<ref name="CMIPublishing">{{cite web|title=Mary Schäffer Warren: Mountain Woman Extraordinaire|url=http://www.experiencemountainparks.com/mary-schaffer-warren-mountain-woman-extraordinaire/|website=Experience the Mountain Parks|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>
Janice Sanford Beck is the author of “No Ordinary Woman: The Story of Mary Schäffer Warren” (Rocky Mountain Books, 2001). Her latest works, “Life of the Trail 1” and “Life of the Trail 2”, are collaborations with Emerson Sanford that retrace the footsteps of early travelers (including David Thompson, Sir James Hector, and Mary Schäffer) in and around eastern Banff National Park and northern Yoho National Park.<ref name="CMIPublishing"/>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Mary Schäffer Warren}}
{{commons category|Mary Schäffer Warren}}
{{Wikisource author|Mary Townsend Sharples Schäffer|Mary Schäffer Warren}}
{{Wikisource author|Mary Townsend Sharples Schäffer|Mary Schäffer Warren}}
* [https://archivescanada.accesstomemory.ca/mary-schaffer-fonds Mary Schäffer Warren images] at the [[Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies]], Archives and Library
* [https://archivescanada.accesstomemory.ca/mary-schaffer-fonds Mary Schäffer Warren images] at the [[Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies]], Archives and Library
*{{Internet Archive author|search=("Mary Schäffer Warren" OR "Mary Schäffer" OR "Schäffer, Mary T. S." OR "Mary T. S. Schäffer" OR "Mrs. Charles Schäffer" OR "Mary Townsend Sharples" OR "Mary Townsend Sharpless" )}}
*{{Internet Archive author|search=("Mary Schäffer Warren" OR "Mary Schäffer" OR "Schäffer, Mary T. S." OR "Mary T. S. Schäffer" OR "Mrs. Charles Schäffer" OR "Mary Townsend Sharples" OR "Mary Townsend Sharpless" )}}
*[http://www.peakfinder.com/people/52 Mary Schäffer Warren] at Peakfinder.com
*{{cite crdb|id=52|subject=people|name= Mary Schäffer Warren}}
*"Mary T.S. Schäffer" in ''[https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/photography-in-canada-1839-1989/key-photographers/mary-ts-schaffer/ Photography in Canada, 1839-1989: An Illustrated History]'' by Sarah Parsons and Sarah Bassnett, published by the Art Canada Institute


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Canadian women painters]]
[[Category:Canadian women painters]]
[[Category:People from West Chester, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from West Chester, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:20th-century women painters]]

Latest revision as of 04:36, 11 October 2024

Mary T. S. Schäffer Warren
Warren in 1911
Born
Mary Townsend Sharples

1861 (1861)
West Chester, Pennsylvania
Died1939 (aged 77–78)
Banff, Alberta
NationalityAmerican-Canadian
Known forPainter, photographer, writer
Spouses
Charles Schäffer
​
​
(m. 1890⁠–⁠1903)​
Billy Warren
​
(m. 1915)​

Mary Schäffer Warren (1861–1939) was an American-Canadian naturalist, illustrator, photographer, and writer. She was known for her experiences in the Canadian Rockies in the early 20th century.[1]

Biography

[edit]

Warren was born Mary Townsend Sharples in 1861 in West Chester, Pennsylvania.[2] She studied flower painting with George Cochran Lambdin.[2]

Illustration from "Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains"

In 1889 Sharples embarked on her first visit to the Canadian Rockies, accompanied by her fellow art student, Mary Vaux.[3][4] In 1890 she married Dr. Charles Schäffer, an amateur botanist, whom she had met the previous year at Glacier House, the Canadian Pacific Railway's hotel in the Selkirk Mountains.[3] The couple would spend summers and autumns traveling in the Canadian Rockies. Their winters were spent in Philadelphia.[2] Charles Schäffer died in 1903, as did Mary's father and mother.[5]

Schäffer exhibited her photographs independently at the 1900 Paris Exposition.[6] In 1904, Schäffer returned to the Canadian Rockies with her friend Mary "Mollie" Adams[3][7] determined to complete a botanical guide that her husband had started.[2] To complete this project Schäffer collected botanical specimens and learned photography.[3] That year, she collected specimens for the University of Pennsylvania.[8] In 1907 Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains was published, with text by Stewardson Brown and drawings and photographs by Schäffer.[9] 1907 also saw Schäffer transition from using a folding camera and glass plate negatives for her work to using celluloid film.[6]

Upon completion of her botanical work, Schäffer and Adams decided that they wanted to explore further into the mountains. They convinced, a mountain guide named William "Billy" Warren[10] and fellow guide Sidney Unwin to provide the outfit and knowledge necessary to try finding "Chaba Imne," a lake in an unexplored mountain valley that they had heard of from the Stoney First Nations people. As recorded in Mary's book, Old Indian Trails of the Canadian Rockies, a map drawn by Samson Beaver led to the first recorded visit to Jasper's Maligne Lake in 1908, which Mary describes as “an entire string of pearls.” Throughout her travels she continued to take photographs that she would hand-colour upon her return home and use to encourage others to travel in the Canadian Rockies.[11]

Tour Boat named the "Mary Schaffer" on the lake that she first recorded, Maligne Lake.

Schäffer's inexperience at surveying took its toll. Knowing full well that media attention awaited her return to Edmonton, she struggled through an initial false start followed by a loss of the surveying spool overboard. After nearly a month's wait for a new spool to be sent from Toronto, she was finally able to complete an accurate survey. Dr. Dowling encouraged her to send her measurements and map, complete with the names she had given various features around the lake, to the Geographical Board in Ottawa. Despite some opposition, Mary’s names were retained.

Schäffer's work was in part responsible for the incorporation of Maligne Lake in Jasper National Park.[6] Had it not been for her, Maligne Lake may not have been preserved for the benefit of future generations.

In 1912 Schäffer moved permanently to Banff, Alberta. In 1915 she married her longtime friend and mountain guide William "Billy" Warren.[10]

Mary Schäffer Warren published articles and books about her explorations of the Rockies.[2] Many have been collected in This Wild Spirit: Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada.[12]

She died in 1939 in Banff.[2]

Written work

[edit]

Mary Schäffer Warren published many articles and books describing her time exploring the Rockies:

In 1907 Schäffer published a book titled Old Indian Trails of the Canadian Rockies which she wrote throughout her expedition through, what is now, Banff and Jasper National Park.[13]

In 1908 she wrote a book titled Among the sources of the Saskatchewan and Athabasca rivers.[14]

Legacy

[edit]

In 1909, a mountain in Yoho National Park was named Mount Schaffer in her honor.[15] In 2003, the University of Alberta named their newest student residence Schäffer Hall as a tribute to Schäffer Warren.[16]

Janice Sanford Beck is the author of “No Ordinary Woman: The Story of Mary Schäffer Warren” (Rocky Mountain Books, 2001). Her latest works, “Life of the Trail 1” and “Life of the Trail 2”, are collaborations with Emerson Sanford that retrace the footsteps of early travelers (including David Thompson, Sir James Hector, and Mary Schäffer) in and around eastern Banff National Park and northern Yoho National Park.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies". Peaks & People. Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Warren, Mary T. S. Schäffer". Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d "Schaffer, Mary". cdnrockiesdatabases.ca. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  4. ^ "Mary Schaffer Warren". historiccalgary. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Mary Schäffer Warren: Mountain Woman Extraordinaire". Experience the Mountain Parks. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  6. ^ a b c Bassnett, Sarah; Parsons, Sarah (2023). Photography in Canada, 1839–1989: An Illustrated History. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. ISBN 978-1-4871-0309-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Mollie Adams Diary". whytemuseum.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  8. ^ Skidmore, Colleen (2017). Searching for Mary Schäffer: Women Wilderness Photography. University of Alberta. ISBN 978-1-77212-298-5. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  9. ^ Brown, Stewardson (1907). Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. New York: G.P. Putnam.
  10. ^ a b "Warren, Billy". cdnrockiesdatabases.ca. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  11. ^ "Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies". Mary Schäffer Warren in the Canadian Rockies. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  12. ^ Skidmore, Colleen, ed. (2006). This Wild Spirit: Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada (1st ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0888644663.
  13. ^ Kirstin Bouwsema. "A Passion for Wilderness: Understanding the Mountain Travels of Mary T.S. Schaffer Warren, 1889–1939". prism.ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  14. ^ "Among the sources of the Saskatchewan and Athab... - Canadiana Online". www.canadiana.ca. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  15. ^ "Mount Schaffer". cdnrockiesdatabases.ca. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  16. ^ "Schäffer Hall | Residence Service University of Alberta". Residence Services University of Alberta. 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
[edit]
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