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[[Yale University]] published a report on the increasing immigration of people from the African continent to countries in Latin America. This report explains this trend in immigration as being due to the stricter border controls and immigration policies by countries across Europe. |
[[Yale University]] published a report on the increasing immigration of people from the African continent to countries in Latin America. This report explains this trend in immigration as being due to the stricter border controls and immigration policies by countries across Europe. |
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This report also cites rises in xenophobic sentiment across Europe as a reason for increased migration of African immigrants from Africa to [[Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2010/11/4cdacd4c6/africans-asians-attracted-latin-america-migration-route.html|title=Africans and Asians attracted to Latin America as a migration route|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|work=UNHCR|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en}}</ref> |
This report also cites rises in xenophobic sentiment across Europe as a reason for increased migration of African immigrants from Africa to [[Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2010/11/4cdacd4c6/africans-asians-attracted-latin-america-migration-route.html|title=Africans and Asians attracted to Latin America as a migration route|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|work=UNHCR|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en}}</ref> Besides that, another important reason for the increase in the arrival of people from West Africa, especially those from Senegal, in Brazil had to do with the migration opportunities created in 2014 during the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup in Brazil]] and in 2016 during the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Sangalli |first1=Lucas Cé |title=Migrants and Refugees from Ghana and Haiti in Southern Brazil: Familial Constellations and Processes of Escape |date=2020 |url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?univerlag-isbn-978-3-86395-454-3.5 |work=Göttinger Beiträge zur soziologischen Biographieforschung |pages=83–102 |editor-last=Bahl |editor-first=Eva |place=Göttingen |publisher=Göttingen University Press |doi=10.17875/gup2020-1315 |isbn=978-3-86395-454-3 |access-date=2022-03-07 |last2=Carmo Santos Gonçalves |first2=Maria do |s2cid=229221772 |editor2-last=Becker |editor2-first=Johannes|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Brazil is cited as having the largest black population of any country outside of Africa. Brazil's and most of Latin America's friendly immigration policies attract migration from people from the African countries who seek to be integrated into society |
Brazil is cited as having the largest black population of any country outside of Africa. Brazil's and most of Latin America's friendly immigration policies attract migration from people from the African countries who seek to be integrated into society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/more-african-immigrants-finding-home-latin-america|title=More African Immigrants Finding a Home in Latin America {{!}} YaleGlobal Online|website=yaleglobal.yale.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:LatinAmericaNetMigration.svg|thumb|Latin America Net Migration]] |
[[File:LatinAmericaNetMigration.svg|thumb|Latin America Net Migration]] |
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During the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] and [[Angolan Civil War|Angolan]] and [[Mozambican Civil War]]s, |
During the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] and [[Angolan Civil War|Angolan]] and [[Mozambican Civil War]]s, some [[Angola]]ns and Mozambicans fled to [[Brazil]] and became citizens. |
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After the end of both wars, most migration across the Atlantic to Latin America was from [[West Africa]], often due to political and [[socioeconomic]] instability, and a trend toward the tightening of border security in the [[European Union]] in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century. The process of settlement and [[citizenship]] acquisition, however, has been eased for these immigrants due to the presence of pre-existing Black diaspora populations in such countries as [[Brazil]], which has minimized local trends towards [[xenophobia]] or [[colorism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Andres |first=Luis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AF0AG20091116 |title=African immigrants drift toward Latin America |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=2009-11-15 |accessdate=2016-06-02}}</ref> |
After the end of both wars, most migration across the Atlantic to Latin America was from [[West Africa]], often due to political and [[socioeconomic]] instability, and a trend toward the tightening of border security in the [[European Union]] in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century. The process of settlement and [[citizenship]] acquisition, however, has been eased for these immigrants due to the presence of pre-existing Black diaspora populations in such countries as [[Brazil]], which has minimized local trends towards [[xenophobia]] or [[colorism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Andres |first=Luis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AF0AG20091116 |title=African immigrants drift toward Latin America |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=2009-11-15 |accessdate=2016-06-02}}</ref> |
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During the latter half of the 2010s and the early 2020s, a transit migration phenomenon from Africa to Latin America has been documented, with the intent of reaching the [[United States]] or [[Canada]], prompted by violent and precarious conditions in their countries of origin. Recent migratory flows typically commence with flights to Brazil or [[Ecuador]]. Subsequently, on their northward journey, migrants traverse the [[Darién Gap]], a tropical forest situated on the border between [[Colombia]] and [[Panama]], which constitutes the most perilous segment of their journey.<ref>{{cite book |
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Immigration to Latin America is heaviest from Central Africa, though immigrants come to the region from many parts of Africa. [[Nigeria]] and [[Equatorial Guinea]] are some of the most popular countries of origin. To a lesser degree, other countries like Angola, Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Senegal, Morocco, and Algeria. The most popular destinations in the Latin America and Caribbean region are Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Mexico, Jamaica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. |
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|last= Cinta Cruz|first= Jaime Horacio |title= Movilidades extracontinentales. Personas de origen africano y asiático en tránsito por la frontera sur de México |date= 2020 |place= Mexico|publisher= Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica |isbn= 978-607-543-109-3 |url= https://repositorio.cesmeca.mx/handle/11595/1003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Mercadal | first = Trudy | title = African Migrants and the American Dream: So close and yet so far | journal = Revista nuestrAmérica | volume = 9 | issue = 17 | pages = 1–17 | year = 2021 | url = https://zenodo.org/records/5715622/preview/mercadal.pdf | access-date = 14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last = Navarro Alvarado |first = Guillermo Antonio| title = Flujos migratorios africanos en Costa Rica (2014-2020)| journal = Estudios Sociológicos de el Colegio de México | volume = 40 | issue = 120 | pages = 825–864| year = 2022 | doi = 10.24201/es.2022v40n120.2177| url = https://estudiossociologicos.colmex.mx/index.php/es/article/view/2177 | access-date = 14 June 2024| doi-access = free }}</ref> The passage through [[Central America]] is relatively swift; however, upon crossing [[Mexico]]'s southern border via the city of [[Tapachula]], they become entrapped in a protracted administrative process that can extend for months. The majority of migrants abandon this process and proceed undocumented towards [[Mexico–United States border|Mexico's northern border]];<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Miranda | first = Bruno | title = Migración africana en situación de espera: nuevo alcance y dimensión de la contención migratoria en México | journal = Revista Pueblos y Fronteras Digital | volume = 18 | pages = 1–30 | year = 2023 | doi = 10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2023.v18.633 | url = https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rpfd/v18/1870-4115-rpfd-18-e633.pdf | access-date = 14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odgers-Ortiz |first=Olga |date=2024 |title=La era del atrapamiento migratorio: la migración africana hacia la frontera norte de México |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9482294 |journal=Cuadernos Intercambio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=2 |issn=1659-4940}}</ref> some even cross into the United States illegally, anticipating apprehension and the opportunity to apply for asylum while in detention. |
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==By country== |
==By country== |
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* [[Argentina]] - 3000 African immigrants |
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| ⚫ | * [[Puerto Rico]] - 2,467<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid%3DDEC_10_SF1_QTP10%26prodType%3Dtable |title= |
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===Brazil=== |
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===Immigration to Brazil between the late 19th century to early 20th century=== |
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====Background==== |
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In the period between the late 19th century and the early 20th century, Brazilian immigration policy became restrictive of migration by populations from Africa in an effort to shift the population's racial demographic from being diverse to a white majority one. These policies worked by encouraging migration of people of European descent and making it difficult for people of African descent to enter the country. This same stance was imposed on Asians. These policies differed sharply from policies in the United States that enforced segregation and racial inequality. Brazil's policies were rooted in its history of interracial blending and relationships between the native people of Brazil, Europeans, and Africans. |
In the period between the late 19th century and the early 20th century, Brazilian immigration policy became restrictive of migration by populations from Africa in an effort to shift the population's racial demographic from being diverse to a white majority one. These policies worked by encouraging migration of people of European descent and making it difficult for people of African descent to enter the country. This same stance was imposed on Asians. These policies differed sharply from policies in the United States that enforced segregation and racial inequality. Brazil's policies were rooted in its history of interracial blending and relationships between the native people of Brazil, Europeans, and Africans. |
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<ref>Lauderbaugh, George. [http://0-search.credoreference.com.dewey2.library.denison.edu/content/entry/abccliow/migration_to_latin_america_1800_1914/0?institutionId=4607 "Migration to Latin America, 1800–1914"]. World History Encyclopedia, Alfred J. Andrea, ABC-CLIO, 1st edition, 2011. Credo Reference, . Accessed 25 Oct 2017.</ref> |
<ref>Lauderbaugh, George. [http://0-search.credoreference.com.dewey2.library.denison.edu/content/entry/abccliow/migration_to_latin_america_1800_1914/0?institutionId=4607 "Migration to Latin America, 1800–1914"]. World History Encyclopedia, Alfred J. Andrea, ABC-CLIO, 1st edition, 2011. Credo Reference, . Accessed 25 Oct 2017.</ref> |
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===Puerto Rico=== |
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| ⚫ | * [[Puerto Rico]] - 2,467<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid%3DDEC_10_SF1_QTP10%26prodType%3Dtable |title=American FactFinder - Results |accessdate=May 7, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203429/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table |archivedate=December 18, 2014 }}</ref> |
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In 1974, South Africa and Paraguay announced an attitude of friendship between the two states. It was the beginning of an era of friendship between countries on opposite sides of the Atlantic, coming at a period in which South Africa was isolated from the rest of the Western world which it had up to this point so depended on for support and recognition. South African efforts to form links with Latin American states was driven by a desire to oppose the world's efforts to isolate South Africa because of its policies of Apartheid. South Africa sought links with Paraguay to find new markets for its manufactured goods. |
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<ref>FIG, DAVID, and Latin America Bureau. “THE SOUTH ATLANTIC CONNECTION: GROWING LINKS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA.” Britain and Latin America 1979: An Annual Review of British-Latin American Relations, Latin American Bureau, London, 1979, pp. 90–126. JSTOR www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1hj55v5.9.</ref> |
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==White farmers fleeing revolutions in Africa== |
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Latin American countries like Paraguay expressed an interest in attracting farmers from Southern Africa who were fleeing the possibility of majority rule, intensifying [[guerilla warfare|guerilla wars]], and revolutionary wars for independence.{{when|date=February 2019}} Paraguay observed the expertise and experience of these farmers and expressed an interest in utilizing their technical expertise to develop land and the economy in Paraguay. Government officials traveled to [[Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) to advertise the possibility of resettling of farmers to Paraguay. That visit prompted 40 Rhodesian farmers to visit Argentina to explore possibilities of farming there. At international talks, West German delegates made an offer to Latin American governments of 150 million dollars in order for them to accept 30,000 white farmers of German descended from [[Namibia]], [[South Africa]], and Rhodesia.<ref>FIG, DAVID, and Latin America Bureau. “THE SOUTH ATLANTIC CONNECTION: GROWING LINKS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA.” Britain and Latin America 1979: An Annual Review of British-Latin American Relations, Latin American Bureau, London, 1979, pp. 90–126. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1hj55v5.9.</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Americas topic|African immigration to}} |
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{{Immigration from Africa}} |
{{Immigration from Africa}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:African diaspora in Latin America]] |
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[[Category:Immigration by region]] |
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[[Category:Immigration to North America]] |
[[Category:Immigration to North America]] |
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[[Category:Immigration to South America]] |
[[Category:Immigration to South America]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:39, 11 October 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2016) |
African immigrants to Latin America include citizens and residents of countries in Latin America who were born in, or with recent ancestors from Africa. This excludes descendants of people who were forcibly transported to the Americas through the Atlantic slave trade.
Yale University published a report on the increasing immigration of people from the African continent to countries in Latin America. This report explains this trend in immigration as being due to the stricter border controls and immigration policies by countries across Europe. This report also cites rises in xenophobic sentiment across Europe as a reason for increased migration of African immigrants from Africa to Latin America.[1] Besides that, another important reason for the increase in the arrival of people from West Africa, especially those from Senegal, in Brazil had to do with the migration opportunities created in 2014 during the FIFA World Cup in Brazil and in 2016 during the Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[2]
Brazil is cited as having the largest black population of any country outside of Africa. Brazil's and most of Latin America's friendly immigration policies attract migration from people from the African countries who seek to be integrated into society.[3]
History
[edit]
During the Portuguese Colonial War and Angolan and Mozambican Civil Wars, some Angolans and Mozambicans fled to Brazil and became citizens.
After the end of both wars, most migration across the Atlantic to Latin America was from West Africa, often due to political and socioeconomic instability, and a trend toward the tightening of border security in the European Union in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century. The process of settlement and citizenship acquisition, however, has been eased for these immigrants due to the presence of pre-existing Black diaspora populations in such countries as Brazil, which has minimized local trends towards xenophobia or colorism.[4]
During the latter half of the 2010s and the early 2020s, a transit migration phenomenon from Africa to Latin America has been documented, with the intent of reaching the United States or Canada, prompted by violent and precarious conditions in their countries of origin. Recent migratory flows typically commence with flights to Brazil or Ecuador. Subsequently, on their northward journey, migrants traverse the Darién Gap, a tropical forest situated on the border between Colombia and Panama, which constitutes the most perilous segment of their journey.[5][6][7] The passage through Central America is relatively swift; however, upon crossing Mexico's southern border via the city of Tapachula, they become entrapped in a protracted administrative process that can extend for months. The majority of migrants abandon this process and proceed undocumented towards Mexico's northern border;[8][9] some even cross into the United States illegally, anticipating apprehension and the opportunity to apply for asylum while in detention.
By country
[edit]Brazil
[edit]- Brazil - 3000-4000 African immigrants (including 2000 immigrants from Nigeria South Africa)
Background
[edit]In the period between the late 19th century and the early 20th century, Brazilian immigration policy became restrictive of migration by populations from Africa in an effort to shift the population's racial demographic from being diverse to a white majority one. These policies worked by encouraging migration of people of European descent and making it difficult for people of African descent to enter the country. This same stance was imposed on Asians. These policies differed sharply from policies in the United States that enforced segregation and racial inequality. Brazil's policies were rooted in its history of interracial blending and relationships between the native people of Brazil, Europeans, and Africans. [10]
Puerto Rico
[edit]- Puerto Rico - 2,467[11]
See also
[edit]- Emigration from Africa
- African immigration to Europe
- African immigration to Canada
- African immigration to the United States
- Migrants' African routes
References
[edit]- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Africans and Asians attracted to Latin America as a migration route". UNHCR. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
- ^ Sangalli, Lucas Cé; Carmo Santos Gonçalves, Maria do (2020), Bahl, Eva; Becker, Johannes (eds.), "Migrants and Refugees from Ghana and Haiti in Southern Brazil: Familial Constellations and Processes of Escape", Göttinger Beiträge zur soziologischen Biographieforschung, Göttingen: Göttingen University Press, pp. 83–102, doi:10.17875/gup2020-1315, ISBN 978-3-86395-454-3, S2CID 229221772, retrieved 2022-03-07
- ^ "More African Immigrants Finding a Home in Latin America | YaleGlobal Online". yaleglobal.yale.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
- ^ Andres, Luis (2009-11-15). "African immigrants drift toward Latin America". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
- ^ Cinta Cruz, Jaime Horacio (2020). Movilidades extracontinentales. Personas de origen africano y asiático en tránsito por la frontera sur de México. Mexico: Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica. ISBN 978-607-543-109-3.
- ^ Mercadal, Trudy (2021). "African Migrants and the American Dream: So close and yet so far" (PDF). Revista nuestrAmérica. 9 (17): 1–17. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ Navarro Alvarado, Guillermo Antonio (2022). "Flujos migratorios africanos en Costa Rica (2014-2020)". Estudios Sociológicos de el Colegio de México. 40 (120): 825–864. doi:10.24201/es.2022v40n120.2177. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ Miranda, Bruno (2023). "Migración africana en situación de espera: nuevo alcance y dimensión de la contención migratoria en México" (PDF). Revista Pueblos y Fronteras Digital. 18: 1–30. doi:10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2023.v18.633. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ Odgers-Ortiz, Olga (2024). "La era del atrapamiento migratorio: la migración africana hacia la frontera norte de México". Cuadernos Intercambio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe. 21 (1): 2. ISSN 1659-4940.
- ^ Lauderbaugh, George. "Migration to Latin America, 1800–1914". World History Encyclopedia, Alfred J. Andrea, ABC-CLIO, 1st edition, 2011. Credo Reference, . Accessed 25 Oct 2017.
- ^ "American FactFinder - Results". Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2016.