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{{short description|Parable of Jesus}}
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[[File:Teachings of Jesus 31 of 40. parable of the unjust steward. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|thumb|300px|right|[[Jan Luyken]] etching of the parable, [[Bowyer Bible]].]]
The '''Parable of the Unjust Steward''' or '''Parable of the Penitent Steward''' is a [[parables of Jesus|parable of Jesus]] which appears in {{bibleverse||Luke|16:1-13|KJV}}. In it, a [[Steward (office)|steward]] who is about to be fired tries to "curry favor" with his master's debtors by remitting some of their debts.<ref>Rock, A., [https://www.catholicmom.com/daily-gospel/daily-gospel-reflection-for-november-5-2021 Daily Gospel Reflection for November 5, 2021], [[Holy Cross Family Ministries]], accessed 19 January 2022</ref> The term "steward" is common in many English translations of the [[New Testament]]; some versions refer to a "manager", or an "accountant".<ref>[[BibleGateway.com]], [https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Luke%2016:1 Translations of Luke 16:1], accessed 19 January 2022</ref> This parable does not appear in the other [[Canonical gospels|gospels]].<ref name=alford>[[Henry Alford (theologian)|Alford, H.]] (1841-1861), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/alford/luke/16.htm Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - Alford] on Luke 16, accessed 19 January 2022</ref>


==Text==
The '''Parable of the Unjust Steward''' or '''Parable of the Penitent Steward''' is a [[parables of Jesus|parable of Jesus]] which appears in {{bibleverse||Luke|16:1-13|KJV}}. In it, a steward who is about to be fired curries favor with his master's debtors by remitting some of their debts.
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[[File:Teachings of Jesus 31 of 40. parable of the unjust steward. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|thumb|300px|right|[[Jan Luyken]] etching of the parable of the unjust steward, [[Bowyer Bible]].]]

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{{quotation|Jesus also said to the disciples, “There was a rich man who had a manager, and charges were brought to him that this man was wasting his possessions. And he called him and said to him, ‘What is this that I hear about you? Turn in the account of your management, for you can no longer be manager.’ And the manager said to himself, ‘What shall I do, since my master is taking the management away from me? I am not strong enough to dig, and I am ashamed to beg. I have decided what to do, so that when I am removed from management, people may receive me into their houses.’ So, summoning his master's debtors one by one, he said to the first, ‘How much do you owe my master?’ He said, ‘A hundred measures of oil.’ He said to him ‘Take your bill, and sit down quickly and write fifty.’ Then he said to another, ‘And how much do you owe?’ He said, ‘A hundred measures of wheat.’ He said to him, ‘Take your bill, and write eighty.’ The master commended the dishonest manager for his shrewdness. For the sons of this world are more shrewd in dealing with their own generation than the sons of light. And I tell you, make friends for yourselves by means of unrighteous wealth, so that when it fails they may receive you into the eternal dwellings.
==Passage==
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{{quotation|He also said to the disciples, “There was a rich man who had a manager, and charges were brought to him that this man was wasting his possessions. And he called him and said to him, ‘What is this that I hear about you? Turn in the account of your management, for you can no longer be manager.’ And the manager said to himself, ‘What shall I do, since my master is taking the management away from me? I am not strong enough to dig, and I am ashamed to beg. I have decided what to do, so that when I am removed from management, people may receive me into their houses.’ So, summoning his master's debtors one by one, he said to the first, ‘How much do you owe my master?’ He said, ‘A hundred measures of oil.’ He said to him ‘Take your bill, and sit down quickly and write fifty.’ Then he said to another, ‘And how much do you owe?’ He said, ‘A hundred measures of wheat.’ He said to him, ‘Take your bill, and write eighty.’ The master commended the dishonest manager for his shrewdness. For the sons of this world are more shrewd in dealing with their own generation than the sons of light. And I tell you, make friends for yourselves by means of unrighteous wealth, so that when it fails they may receive you into the eternal dwellings.


“One who is faithful in a very little is also faithful in much, and one who is dishonest in a very little is also dishonest in much. If then you have not been faithful in the unrighteous wealth, who will entrust to you the true riches? And if you have not been faithful in that which is another's, who will give you that which is your own? No servant can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money.”
“One who is faithful in a very little is also faithful in much, and one who is dishonest in a very little is also dishonest in much. If then you have not been faithful in the unrighteous wealth, who will entrust to you the true riches? And if you have not been faithful in that which is another's, who will give you that which is your own? No servant can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money.”
</p>|Luke 16:1-13, [[English Standard Version]]
|source={{bibleref2|Luke |16:1-13|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]], 2001 }}
}}


==Interpretation==
==Interpretation==
The [[parable]], on the face of it, appears to be commending dishonest behaviour.<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-005-1391-x Daryl Koehn, "Integrity as a Business Asset", Journal of Business Ethics, (2005) 58: 125–136]</ref> This issue is sometimes addressed by suggesting that the manager is forgoing a commission due to him personally,<ref>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/lk/16:8 The Catholic Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 1990, footnote to Luke 16 v 1-8a]</ref> but some scholars disagree with this interpretation.<ref name="Green"/> However, although the master has "a certain grudging admiration"<ref name="JP">John Phillips, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-SfZ7QnAHYC&pg=PA216 Exploring the Gospel of Luke: An expository commentary]'', Kregel Publications, 2005, {{ISBN|0-8254-3377-0}}, pp. 216-217.</ref> for the manager's "shrewdness," Jesus labels the manager "dishonest."<ref name="Green"/> To add to the interpretations, several different sayings about money were attached to the parable here. It is a matter of debate whether sayings about trust or serving two masters apply to this parable.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mathewson |first= Dave L. |title= The Parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke 16:1-13): A Reexamination of the Traditional View in Light of Recent Challenges | journal = Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society |volume = 38 |issue= 1 |date= March 1995| pages= 29–39 | url= https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/38/38-1/JETS_38-1_029-039_Mathewson.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=J. Allen |last= Troxler |title= Doing Justice to the Unjust Steward: An Exegetical Examination of Luke 16: 1-13 and Its Context |publisher= Peter Lang Publisher |date= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-8204-8623-9|pages= 260–266}}</ref>
No parable in the gospels has been the subject of so much controversy as this.<ref name=alford /> The parable, on the face of it, appears to be commending dishonest behaviour.<ref name=Koehn2005>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10551-005-1391-x |first=Daryl |last=Koehn|title=Integrity as a Business Asset|journal= Journal of Business Ethics|date=2005|volume=58|issue=1–3 |pages= 125–136}}</ref> Most explain that the manager is forgoing a commission due to him personally,<ref>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/lk/16:8 The Catholic Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 1990, footnote to Luke 16 v 1-8a]</ref> but some scholars disagree with this interpretation.<ref name="Green"/> However, although the master has "a certain grudging admiration"<ref name="JP">{{cite book|author=John Phillips|title=Exploring the Gospel of Luke: An Expository Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-SfZ7QnAHYC&pg=PA216|year=2005|publisher=Kregel Academic|isbn=978-0-8254-3377-1|pages=216–}}</ref> for the manager's "shrewdness", Jesus labels the manager "dishonest".<ref name="Green"/> To add to the interpretations, several different sayings about money were attached to the parable here. It is a matter of debate whether sayings about trust or serving two masters apply to this parable.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mathewson |first= Dave L. |title= The Parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke 16:1-13): A Reexamination of the Traditional View in Light of Recent Challenges | journal = Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society |volume = 38 |issue= 1 |date= March 1995| pages= 29–39 | url= https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/38/38-1/JETS_38-1_029-039_Mathewson.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=J. Allen |last= Troxler |title= Doing Justice to the Unjust Steward: An Exegetical Examination of Luke 16: 1-13 and Its Context |publisher= Peter Lang Publisher |date= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-8204-8623-9|pages= 260–266}}</ref>


The manager in the parable is probably a [[Slavery in ancient Rome|slave]] or [[freedman]] acting as his master's agent in business affairs.<ref name="Green">[[Joel B. Green]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&pg=PA590 The Gospel of Luke]'', Eerdmans, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8028-2315-7}}, pp. 590-595.</ref> As his master's representative, the agreements he signs with the debtors are therefore binding.<ref name="Green"/>
The manager in the parable was probably a [[Slavery in ancient Rome|slave]] or [[freedman]] acting as his master's agent in business affairs.<ref name="Green">{{cite book|last=Green|first=Joel B. |authorlink=Joel B. Green|title=The Gospel of Luke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&pg=PA590|year=1997|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-2315-1|pages=590–595}}</ref> As his master's representative, the agreements he signs with the debtors were therefore [[legally binding|binding]].<ref name="Green"/>


The parable shares the theme of other passages where "Jesus counsels the disposition of possessions (and hospitality) on behalf of the poor with the understanding that, while mammon will vanish, eternal treasure will have thus been secured."<ref name="Green"/> When death comes, "the power we have to do good with our money ceases, so we should do good with it now"<ref name="JP"/> so that the friends we have made on earth will be waiting for us in heaven.<ref name="JP"/> This interpretation was also espoused by early church writers, such as [[Asterius of Amasia]]:
The parable shares the theme of other passages where "Jesus counsels the disposition of possessions (and hospitality) on behalf of the poor with the understanding that, while mammon will vanish, eternal treasure will have thus been secured."<ref name="Green"/> When death comes, "the power we have to do good with our money ceases, so we should do good with it now"<ref name="JP"/> so that the friends we have made on earth will be waiting for us in heaven.<ref name="JP"/> This interpretation was also espoused by early church writers, such as [[Asterius of Amasia]]:


<blockquote>
{{blockquote|
When, therefore, any one anticipating his end and his removal to the next world, lightens the burden of his sins by good deeds, either by canceling the obligations of debtors, or by supplying the poor with abundance, by giving what belongs to the Lord, he gains many friends, who will attest his goodness before the Judge, and secure him by their testimony a place of happiness.<ref>[[Asterius of Amasia]], [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/fathers/asterius_02_sermon2.html Sermon 2: The Unjust Steward], ''Sermons'' (1904) pp. 45-71.</ref></blockquote>
When, therefore, any one anticipating his end and his removal to the next world, lightens the burden of his sins by good deeds, either by canceling the obligations of debtors, or by supplying the poor with abundance, by giving what belongs to the Lord, he gains many friends, who will attest his goodness before the Judge, and secure him by their testimony a place of happiness.|source={{harvnb|Asterius of Amasia|1904|pp=45–71}} }}

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English Reformer [[William Tyndale]] emphasises the consistency of this parable with the doctrine of [[Sola fide|justification by faith]], writing a booklet on the parable called ''The Parable of the Wicked Mammon'' (1528),<ref name="Tyndale">[[William Tyndale]], [http://www.theologynetwork.org/unquenchable-flame/the-reformation-in-britain/going-on/the-parable-of-the-wicked-mammon.htm ''The Parable of the Wicked Mammon''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728102439/http://www.theologynetwork.org/unquenchable-flame/the-reformation-in-britain/going-on/the-parable-of-the-wicked-mammon.htm |date=2011-07-28 }} (1528), also printed in ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8qoMAAAAIAAJ/page/n98 <!-- pg=83 --> The Works of the English reformers: William Tyndale and John Frith, Volume 1]'' (1831), pp. 83–161.</ref> based on an exposition by [[Martin Luther]].<ref name="PincombeShrank2009">{{cite book|last1=Pincombe|first1=Mike |last2=Shrank|first2=Cathy |title=The Oxford Handbook of Tudor Literature: 1485-1603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXw2vBznRYgC&pg=PA109|year=2009|publisher=University Press|location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-920588-2|pages=109–}}</ref> Tyndale saw "good works" as the result of faith.<ref name="Tyndale"/> Tyndale also pointed out that the steward was not praised by Jesus for his conduct, but merely provided as an example of wisdom and diligence, so that "we with righteousness should be as diligent to provide for our souls, as he with unrighteousness provided for his body".<ref name="Tyndale"/> Anglican [[Charles Daubuz]] (1720) was among those who saw in the "eternal habitations" promised to the unjust steward a negative prediction of the grave, not a promise of heaven.{{sfn|Daubuz|1720|p=527}}


⚫
English Reformer [[William Tyndale]] emphasises the consistency of this parable with the doctrine of [[Sola fide|justification by faith]], writing a booklet on the parable called ''The Parable of the Wicked Mammon'' (1528),<ref name="Tyndale">[[William Tyndale]], [http://www.theologynetwork.org/unquenchable-flame/the-reformation-in-britain/going-on/the-parable-of-the-wicked-mammon.htm ''The Parable of the Wicked Mammon''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728102439/http://www.theologynetwork.org/unquenchable-flame/the-reformation-in-britain/going-on/the-parable-of-the-wicked-mammon.htm |date=2011-07-28 }} (1528), also printed in ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8qoMAAAAIAAJ/page/n98 <!-- pg=83 --> The Works of the English reformers: William Tyndale and John Frith, Volume 1]'' (1831), pp. 83–161.</ref> based on an exposition by [[Martin Luther]].<ref>Mike Pincombe and Cathy Shrank, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXw2vBznRYgC&pg=PA109 The Oxford Handbook of Tudor Literature]'', Oxford University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0-19-920588-4}}, p. 109.</ref> Tyndale saw "good works" as the result of faith.<ref name="Tyndale"/> Tyndale also pointed out that the steward was not praised by Jesus for his conduct, but merely provided as an example of wisdom and diligence, so that "we with righteousness should be as diligent to provide for our souls, as he with unrighteousness provided for his body."<ref name="Tyndale"/>
Anglican [[Charles Daubuz]] (1720) was among those who saw in the "eternal habitations" promised to the unjust steward a negative prediction of the grave, not a promise of heaven.<ref>Daubuz ''A Perpetual Commentary on the Revelation of St. John'' 1720 "Everlasting Habitations, is an euphemismus of the oriental stamp, to signify the Grave, or State of the Dead, ."</ref>
The Anglican theologian [[J. C. Ryle]], writing in 1859, rejected a number of allegorical interpretations of the parable, and gave an interpretation similar to that of Tyndale:
The Anglican theologian [[J. C. Ryle]], writing in 1859, rejected a number of allegorical interpretations of the parable, and gave an interpretation similar to that of Tyndale:


<blockquote>
{{blockquote|
Let us contend earnestly for the glorious doctrines of salvation by grace, and justification by faith. But let us never allow ourselves to suppose that true religion sanctions any trifling with the second table of the law. Let us never forget for a moment, that true faith will always be known by its fruits. We may be very sure that where there is no honesty, there is no grace.<ref>[[J. C. Ryle]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=550CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA199 Expository thoughts on the Gospels, with the text complete], London: Wertheim, Macintosh, and ''Hunt, 1859, p. 199.</ref></blockquote>''
Let us contend earnestly for the glorious doctrines of salvation by grace, and justification by faith. But let us never allow ourselves to suppose that true religion sanctions any trifling with the second table of the law. Let us never forget for a moment, that true faith will always be known by its fruits. We may be very sure that where there is no honesty, there is no grace.|source={{harvnb|Ryle|1859|pp=199-}} }}


David Flusser, in a book titled ''Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls'', has taken the phrase "sons of light" to mean the [[Essenes]]; their closed economic system is contrasted with that of other people who were less strict.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James |title=Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls |year=1992 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=0385478445 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusdeadseasc00char/page/181 181] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusdeadseasc00char/page/181 }}</ref>
David Flusser, in a book titled ''Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls'', has taken the phrase "sons of light" to mean the [[Essenes]]; their closed economic system is contrasted with that of other people who were less strict.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James |title=Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls |year=1992 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=0385478445 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusdeadseasc00char/page/181 181] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusdeadseasc00char/page/181 }}</ref>


A [[Confessional Lutheran]] apologist commented:
A [[Confessional Lutheran]] apologist commented:
<blockquote>Jesus' parable of the unjust manager is one of the most striking in all the Gospels. Obviously, it would be pressing the parable beyond the point of comparison to interpret it as an endorsement of dishonest business practices. Jesus' point is simply to show us what money is really for. Typically we think of ourselves first when we answer that question. But Jesus invites us to realize that, first, our money isn't really ours -- we're simply managing it for its real owner, God. Second, even "filthy lucre" can be pressed into the service of God and our neighbor. When it is, the benefits will last beyond this life -- which the things we buy for ourselves won't. For example, money can be used to spread the Gospel, through which the Holy Spirit will gather believers into Christ's church. We will enjoy blessed fellowship with these believers forever, long after the money itself is gone.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927182708/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=813&cuItem_itemID=17890 WELS Topical Q&A: Luke 16:9 - Welcomed Into Eternal Dwellings]</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>Jesus' parable of the unjust manager is one of the most striking in all the Gospels. Obviously, it would be pressing the parable beyond the point of comparison to interpret it as an endorsement of dishonest business practices. Jesus' point is simply to show us what money is really for. Typically we think of ourselves first when we answer that question. But Jesus invites us to realize that, first, our money isn't really ours -- we're simply managing it for its real owner, God. Second, even "filthy lucre" can be pressed into the service of God and our neighbor. When it is, the benefits will last beyond this life -- which the things we buy for ourselves won't. For example, money can be used to spread the Gospel, through which the Holy Spirit will gather believers into Christ's church. We will enjoy blessed fellowship with these believers forever, long after the money itself is gone.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927182708/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=813&cuItem_itemID=17890 WELS Topical Q&A: Luke 16:9 - Welcomed Into Eternal Dwellings]</ref></blockquote>


Elder [[James E. Talmage]] wrote:
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Elder [[James E. Talmage]] wrote:
<blockquote>It was not the steward’s dishonesty that was extolled; his prudence and foresight were commended, however; for while he misapplied his master’s substance, he gave relief to the debtors; and in so doing he did not exceed his legal powers, for he was still steward though he was morally guilty of malfeasance [wrongdoing]. The lesson may be summed up in this wise: … Be diligent; for the day in which you can use your earthly riches will soon pass. Take a lesson from even the dishonest and the evil; if they are so prudent as to provide for the only future they think of, how much more should you, who believe in an eternal future, provide therefor! If you have not learned wisdom and prudence in the use of ‘unrighteous mammon,’ how can you be trusted with the more enduring riches?<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter 18: Luke 15–17|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/new-testament-student-manual/introduction-to-the-gospel-according-to-st-luke/chapter-18-luke-15-17?lang=eng|access-date=2021-05-14|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>It was not the steward’s dishonesty that was extolled; his prudence and foresight were commended, however; for while he misapplied his master’s substance, he gave relief to the debtors; and in so doing he did not exceed his legal powers, for he was still steward though he was morally guilty of malfeasance [wrongdoing]. The lesson may be summed up in this wise:&nbsp;… Be diligent; for the day in which you can use your earthly riches will soon pass. Take a lesson from even the dishonest and the evil; if they are so prudent as to provide for the only future they think of, how much more should you, who believe in an eternal future, provide therefor! If you have not learned wisdom and prudence in the use of ‘unrighteous mammon,’ how can you be trusted with the more enduring riches?<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter 18: Luke 15–17|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/new-testament-student-manual/introduction-to-the-gospel-according-to-st-luke/chapter-18-luke-15-17?lang=eng|access-date=2021-05-14|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref></blockquote>


===Catholic interpretation===
===Catholic interpretation===
According to the commentators of the [[New American Bible Revised Edition]], the parable is about an agent who, knowing he is about to be fired for [[usury]], repents of his sin, asking the debtors to only pay what they owe his master—rather than pay him as well.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke| 16:1-8|NABRE}} Note a</ref> This is in line with what [[John the Baptist]] tells the tax collectors and soldiers about exploiting tax payers and debtors [[Luke 3#Verses 7-17|earlier in the gospel]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|3:12-14|NABRE}}</ref>

According to the commentators of the [[New American Bible Revised Edition]], the parable is about an agent who, knowing he is about to be fired for [[usury]], repents of his sin, asking the debtors to only pay what they owe his master—rather than pay him as well.<ref>[http://usccb.org/bible/readings/bible/luke/16#50016001-1 USCCB Bible, Luke 16:1-8 commentary] The parable of the dishonest steward has to be understood in the light of the Palestinian custom of agents acting on behalf of their masters and the usurious practices common to such agents. The dishonesty of the steward consisted in the squandering of his master’s property (Lk 16:1) and not in any subsequent graft. The master commends the dishonest steward who has forgone his own usurious commission on the business transaction by having the debtors write new notes that reflected only the real amount owed the master (i.e., minus the steward’s profit). The dishonest steward acts in this way in order to ingratiate himself with the debtors because he knows he is being dismissed from his position (Lk 16:3). The parable, then, teaches the prudent use of one’s material goods in light of an imminent crisis.</ref> This is in line with what [[John the Baptist]] tells the tax collectors and soldiers about exploiting tax payers and debtors earlier in the gospel.<ref>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/luke/3 USCCB Bible, Luke 3:12-14] Even tax collectors came to be baptized and they said to him, “Teacher, what should we do?” He answered them, “Stop collecting more than what is prescribed.” Soldiers also asked him, “And what is it that we should do?” He told them, “Do not practice extortion, do not falsely accuse anyone, and be satisfied with your wages.”</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 45: Line 43:


==References==
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Asterius of Amasia|author=Asterius of Amasia|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/fathers/asterius_02_sermon2.html|chapter=Sermon 2: The Unjust Steward|title=Sermons|date=1904|pages= 45–71}}
*{{cite book|last=Daubuz|first=Charles |title=A Perpetual Commentary on the Revelation of St. John: Wherein is Contain'd I. The Original Sacred Text--II. The Nature of the Prophetick Stile--III. The History of the Church of Christ...with a Preliminary Discourse Concerning the Certainty of the Principles Upon which the Revelation of St. John is to be Understood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxPekQEACAAJ&pg=PA527|year=1720|publisher=Benj. Tooke}}
*{{cite book|last=Ryle|first=John Charles (bp. of Liverpool.)|authorlink=J. C. Ryle|title=Expository thoughts on the Gospels, with the text complete|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=550CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA199|year=1859|pages=199–|volume=2|location=Ipswich|publisher=Wm Hunt}}
{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Parable of the Unjust Steward}}
{{Commons category|Parable of the Unjust Steward}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.biblical-art.com/biblicalsubject.asp?id_biblicalsubject=1187&pagenum=1 Biblical Art on the WWW: The Shrewd Manager]
*[http://www.biblical-art.com/biblicalsubject.asp?id_biblicalsubject=1187&pagenum=1 Biblical Art on the WWW: The Shrewd Manager] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004185545/http://www.biblical-art.com/biblicalsubject.asp?id_biblicalsubject=1187&pagenum=1 |date=2018-10-04 }}


{{Jesus footer}}
{{Jesus footer}}

Latest revision as of 13:35, 11 October 2024

The Parable of the Unjust Steward or Parable of the Penitent Steward is a parable of Jesus which appears in Luke 16:1–13. In it, a steward who is about to be fired tries to "curry favor" with his master's debtors by remitting some of their debts.[1] The term "steward" is common in many English translations of the New Testament; some versions refer to a "manager", or an "accountant".[2] This parable does not appear in the other gospels.[3]

Text

[edit]
Jan Luyken etching of the parable of the unjust steward, Bowyer Bible.

Jesus also said to the disciples, “There was a rich man who had a manager, and charges were brought to him that this man was wasting his possessions. And he called him and said to him, ‘What is this that I hear about you? Turn in the account of your management, for you can no longer be manager.’ And the manager said to himself, ‘What shall I do, since my master is taking the management away from me? I am not strong enough to dig, and I am ashamed to beg. I have decided what to do, so that when I am removed from management, people may receive me into their houses.’ So, summoning his master's debtors one by one, he said to the first, ‘How much do you owe my master?’ He said, ‘A hundred measures of oil.’ He said to him ‘Take your bill, and sit down quickly and write fifty.’ Then he said to another, ‘And how much do you owe?’ He said, ‘A hundred measures of wheat.’ He said to him, ‘Take your bill, and write eighty.’ The master commended the dishonest manager for his shrewdness. For the sons of this world are more shrewd in dealing with their own generation than the sons of light. And I tell you, make friends for yourselves by means of unrighteous wealth, so that when it fails they may receive you into the eternal dwellings.

“One who is faithful in a very little is also faithful in much, and one who is dishonest in a very little is also dishonest in much. If then you have not been faithful in the unrighteous wealth, who will entrust to you the true riches? And if you have not been faithful in that which is another's, who will give you that which is your own? No servant can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money.”

— Luke 16:1–13: English Standard Version, 2001

Interpretation

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No parable in the gospels has been the subject of so much controversy as this.[3] The parable, on the face of it, appears to be commending dishonest behaviour.[4] Most explain that the manager is forgoing a commission due to him personally,[5] but some scholars disagree with this interpretation.[6] However, although the master has "a certain grudging admiration"[7] for the manager's "shrewdness", Jesus labels the manager "dishonest".[6] To add to the interpretations, several different sayings about money were attached to the parable here. It is a matter of debate whether sayings about trust or serving two masters apply to this parable.[8][9]

The manager in the parable was probably a slave or freedman acting as his master's agent in business affairs.[6] As his master's representative, the agreements he signs with the debtors were therefore binding.[6]

The parable shares the theme of other passages where "Jesus counsels the disposition of possessions (and hospitality) on behalf of the poor with the understanding that, while mammon will vanish, eternal treasure will have thus been secured."[6] When death comes, "the power we have to do good with our money ceases, so we should do good with it now"[7] so that the friends we have made on earth will be waiting for us in heaven.[7] This interpretation was also espoused by early church writers, such as Asterius of Amasia:

When, therefore, any one anticipating his end and his removal to the next world, lightens the burden of his sins by good deeds, either by canceling the obligations of debtors, or by supplying the poor with abundance, by giving what belongs to the Lord, he gains many friends, who will attest his goodness before the Judge, and secure him by their testimony a place of happiness.

— Asterius of Amasia 1904, pp. 45–71

English Reformer William Tyndale emphasises the consistency of this parable with the doctrine of justification by faith, writing a booklet on the parable called The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528),[10] based on an exposition by Martin Luther.[11] Tyndale saw "good works" as the result of faith.[10] Tyndale also pointed out that the steward was not praised by Jesus for his conduct, but merely provided as an example of wisdom and diligence, so that "we with righteousness should be as diligent to provide for our souls, as he with unrighteousness provided for his body".[10] Anglican Charles Daubuz (1720) was among those who saw in the "eternal habitations" promised to the unjust steward a negative prediction of the grave, not a promise of heaven.[12]

The Anglican theologian J. C. Ryle, writing in 1859, rejected a number of allegorical interpretations of the parable, and gave an interpretation similar to that of Tyndale:

Let us contend earnestly for the glorious doctrines of salvation by grace, and justification by faith. But let us never allow ourselves to suppose that true religion sanctions any trifling with the second table of the law. Let us never forget for a moment, that true faith will always be known by its fruits. We may be very sure that where there is no honesty, there is no grace.

— Ryle 1859, pp. 199-

David Flusser, in a book titled Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls, has taken the phrase "sons of light" to mean the Essenes; their closed economic system is contrasted with that of other people who were less strict.[13]

A Confessional Lutheran apologist commented:

Jesus' parable of the unjust manager is one of the most striking in all the Gospels. Obviously, it would be pressing the parable beyond the point of comparison to interpret it as an endorsement of dishonest business practices. Jesus' point is simply to show us what money is really for. Typically we think of ourselves first when we answer that question. But Jesus invites us to realize that, first, our money isn't really ours -- we're simply managing it for its real owner, God. Second, even "filthy lucre" can be pressed into the service of God and our neighbor. When it is, the benefits will last beyond this life -- which the things we buy for ourselves won't. For example, money can be used to spread the Gospel, through which the Holy Spirit will gather believers into Christ's church. We will enjoy blessed fellowship with these believers forever, long after the money itself is gone.[14]

LDS Elder James E. Talmage wrote:

It was not the steward’s dishonesty that was extolled; his prudence and foresight were commended, however; for while he misapplied his master’s substance, he gave relief to the debtors; and in so doing he did not exceed his legal powers, for he was still steward though he was morally guilty of malfeasance [wrongdoing]. The lesson may be summed up in this wise: … Be diligent; for the day in which you can use your earthly riches will soon pass. Take a lesson from even the dishonest and the evil; if they are so prudent as to provide for the only future they think of, how much more should you, who believe in an eternal future, provide therefor! If you have not learned wisdom and prudence in the use of ‘unrighteous mammon,’ how can you be trusted with the more enduring riches?[15]

Catholic interpretation

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According to the commentators of the New American Bible Revised Edition, the parable is about an agent who, knowing he is about to be fired for usury, repents of his sin, asking the debtors to only pay what they owe his master—rather than pay him as well.[16] This is in line with what John the Baptist tells the tax collectors and soldiers about exploiting tax payers and debtors earlier in the gospel.[17]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Rock, A., Daily Gospel Reflection for November 5, 2021, Holy Cross Family Ministries, accessed 19 January 2022
  2. ^ BibleGateway.com, Translations of Luke 16:1, accessed 19 January 2022
  3. ^ a b Alford, H. (1841-1861), Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - Alford on Luke 16, accessed 19 January 2022
  4. ^ Koehn, Daryl (2005). "Integrity as a Business Asset". Journal of Business Ethics. 58 (1–3): 125–136. doi:10.1007/s10551-005-1391-x.
  5. ^ The Catholic Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 1990, footnote to Luke 16 v 1-8a
  6. ^ a b c d e Green, Joel B. (1997). The Gospel of Luke. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 590–595. ISBN 978-0-8028-2315-1.
  7. ^ a b c John Phillips (2005). Exploring the Gospel of Luke: An Expository Commentary. Kregel Academic. pp. 216–. ISBN 978-0-8254-3377-1.
  8. ^ Mathewson, Dave L. (March 1995). "The Parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke 16:1-13): A Reexamination of the Traditional View in Light of Recent Challenges" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 38 (1): 29–39.
  9. ^ Troxler, J. Allen (2007). Doing Justice to the Unjust Steward: An Exegetical Examination of Luke 16: 1-13 and Its Context. Peter Lang Publisher. pp. 260–266. ISBN 978-0-8204-8623-9.
  10. ^ a b c William Tyndale, The Parable of the Wicked Mammon Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine (1528), also printed in The Works of the English reformers: William Tyndale and John Frith, Volume 1 (1831), pp. 83–161.
  11. ^ Pincombe, Mike; Shrank, Cathy (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Tudor Literature: 1485-1603. Oxford: University Press. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-0-19-920588-2.
  12. ^ Daubuz 1720, p. 527.
  13. ^ Charlesworth, James, ed. (1992). Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Doubleday. p. 181. ISBN 0385478445.
  14. ^ WELS Topical Q&A: Luke 16:9 - Welcomed Into Eternal Dwellings
  15. ^ "Chapter 18: Luke 15–17". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  16. ^ Luke 16:1–8 Note a
  17. ^ Luke 3:12–14

Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parable of the Unjust Steward.
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