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{{Year dab|1797}}
{{Year dab|1797}}
{{Year nav|1797}}
{{Year nav|1797}}
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[[File:Philippoteaux Felix - Bonaparte a la bataille de Rivoli.jpg|250px|right|[[January 14]]: Napoleon leads troops to victory at [[Battle of Rivoli]].]]
{{C18 year in topic}}
{{C18 year in topic}}
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[[File:Philippoteaux Felix - Bonaparte a la bataille de Rivoli.jpg|thumb|right|[[January 14]]: [[Battle of Rivoli]]]]
{{Year article header|1797}}
{{Year article header|1797}}


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=== January–March ===
=== January–March ===
* [[January 3]] – The [[Treaty of Tripoli]], a peace treaty between the [[United States]] and [[Ottoman Tripolitania]], is signed at [[Algiers]] (''see also'' [[1796]]).
* [[January 3]] – The [[Treaty of Tripoli]], a peace treaty between the [[United States]] and [[Ottoman Tripolitania]], is signed at [[Algiers]] (''see also'' [[1796]]).
* [[January 7]] – The parliament of the [[Cisalpine Republic]] adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as the official flag (this is considered the birth of the [[flag of Italy]]).
* [[January 7]] – The parliament of the [[Cisalpine Republic]] adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as their official flag (this is considered the birth of the [[flag of Italy]]).
* [[January 13]] – [[Action of 13 January 1797]], part of the [[War of the First Coalition]]: Two British [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]]s, [[HMS Indefatigable (1784)|HMS ''Indefatigable'']] and [[HMS Amazon (1795)|HMS ''Amazon'']], drive the French [[Seventy-four (ship)|74-gun]] [[ship of the line]] ''[[French ship Droits de l'Homme (1794)|Droits de l'Homme]]'' aground on the coast of [[Brittany]], with over 900 deaths.
* [[January 13]] – [[Action of 13 January 1797]], part of the [[War of the First Coalition]]: Two British [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]]s, [[HMS Indefatigable (1784)|HMS ''Indefatigable'']] and [[HMS Amazon (1795)|HMS ''Amazon'']], drive the French [[Seventy-four (ship)|74-gun]] [[ship of the line]] ''[[French ship Droits de l'Homme (1794)|Droits de l'Homme]]'' aground on the coast of [[Brittany]], resulting in over 900 deaths.
* [[January 14]] – [[War of the First Coalition]] – [[Battle of Rivoli]]: French forces under General [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] defeat an Austrian army of 28,000 men, under ''[[General of the branch|Feldzeugmeister]]'' [[József Alvinczi]], near [[Rivoli Veronese|Rivoli]] (modern-day [[Italy]]), ending [[Austria]]'s fourth and final attempt to relieve the fortress city of [[Mantua]].
* [[January 14]] – [[War of the First Coalition]] – [[Battle of Rivoli]]: French forces under General [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] defeat an Austrian army of 28,000 men, under ''[[General of the branch|Feldzeugmeister]]'' [[József Alvinczi]], near [[Rivoli Veronese|Rivoli]] (modern-day [[Italy]]), ending [[Austria]]'s fourth and final attempt to relieve the fortress city of [[Mantua]].
* [[January 26]] – The Treaty of the [[Third Partition of Poland]] is signed in St. Petersburg by the [[Russian Empire]], [[Hapsburg Monarchy|Austria]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].
* [[January 26]] – The Treaty of the [[Third Partition of Poland]] is signed in St. Petersburg by the [[Russian Empire]], [[Hapsburg Monarchy|Austria]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].
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* [[February 25]] – [[William Tate (soldier)|William Tate]] surrenders to the British at Fishguard.
* [[February 25]] – [[William Tate (soldier)|William Tate]] surrenders to the British at Fishguard.
* [[February 26]] – [[Bank Restriction Act 1797|Bank Restriction Act]] removes the requirement for the [[Bank of England]] (the national bank of Great Britain) to convert banknotes into gold - Restriction period lasts until 1821. The Bank of England issues the first [[Bank of England £1 note|one-pound]] and two-pound notes (pound notes discontinued [[March 11]], [[1988]]).
* [[February 26]] – [[Bank Restriction Act 1797|Bank Restriction Act]] removes the requirement for the [[Bank of England]] (the national bank of Great Britain) to convert banknotes into gold - Restriction period lasts until 1821. The Bank of England issues the first [[Bank of England £1 note|one-pound]] and two-pound notes (pound notes discontinued [[March 11]], [[1988]]).
* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[John Adams]] is [[Inauguration of John Adams|sworn in]] as the second [[President of the United States]], with an uneventful transition of power from the administration of George Washington.<ref name="Harper1797">{{cite book|title=Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909|editor1=Lossing, Benson John|editor2=Wilson, Woodrow|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1910|page=171}}</ref>
* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[John Adams]] is [[Inauguration of John Adams|sworn in]] as the second [[president of the United States]], with an uneventful transition of power from the administration of George Washington.<ref name="Harper1797">{{cite book|title=Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909|editor1=Lossing, Benson John|editor2=Wilson, Woodrow|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1910|page=171}}</ref>
* [[March 5]] &ndash; Protestant missionaries from the [[London Missionary Society]] land in [[Tahiti]], from the ''[[Duff (1794 ship)|Duff]]'' (celebrated as [[Missionary Day]] in [[French Polynesia]]).
* [[March 5]] &ndash; Protestant missionaries from the [[London Missionary Society]] land in [[Tahiti]], from the ''[[Duff (1794 ship)|Duff]]'' (celebrated as [[Missionary Day]] in [[French Polynesia]]).
* [[March 13]] &ndash; ''[[Médée (Cherubini)|Médée]]'', an opera by [[Luigi Cherubini]], is premiered in Paris.
* [[March 13]] &ndash; ''[[Médée (Cherubini)|Médée]]'', an opera by [[Luigi Cherubini]], is premiered in Paris.
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[[File:Ataque británico en Santa Cruz de Tenerife.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 24]]: [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)|Battle of Santa Cruz]]]]
[[File:Ataque británico en Santa Cruz de Tenerife.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 24]]: [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)|Battle of Santa Cruz]]]]
* [[July 9]] &ndash; U.S. Senator [[William Blount]] becomes the first federal legislator to be expelled from office, as his fellow Senators vote 25 to 1 to block him from his seat during an investigation against him on charges of criminal conspiracy.<ref name="Harper1797"/>
* [[July 9]] &ndash; U.S. Senator [[William Blount]] becomes the first federal legislator to be expelled from office, as his fellow Senators vote 25 to 1 to block him from his seat during an investigation against him on charges of criminal conspiracy.<ref name="Harper1797"/>
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Gual and España conspiracy]] against Spanish rule in [[Colonial Venezuela]] is exposed.
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Horatio Nelson]] is wounded at the [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)|Battle of Santa Cruz]], losing an arm.
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Horatio Nelson]] is wounded at the [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)|Battle of Santa Cruz]], losing an arm.
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Massacre of Tranent]]: British troops attack protestors against enforced recruitment into the [[Militia (Great Britain)|militia]] at [[Tranent]], [[Scotland]], killing 12.
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Massacre of Tranent]]: British troops attack protestors against enforced recruitment into the [[Militia (Great Britain)|militia]] at [[Tranent]], [[Scotland]], killing 11 and injuring 8.
* [[September 4]] &ndash; The [[Coup of 18 Fructidor]] is carried out in [[France]] as three of the five members of [[French Directory|The Directory]], France's executive council, arrested royalist members of the [[Council of Five Hundred]], the national legislature, and discard the results of the spring elections.<ref>{{cite book|first=K. Steven|last=Vincent|title=Benjamin Constant and the Birth of French Liberalism|publisher=Springer|year=2011|pages=81–82}}</ref>
* [[September 4]] &ndash; The [[Coup of 18 Fructidor]] is carried out in [[France]] as three of the five members of [[French Directory|The Directory]], France's executive council, arrested royalist members of the [[Council of Five Hundred]], the national legislature, and discard the results of the spring elections.<ref>{{cite book|first=K. Steven|last=Vincent|title=Benjamin Constant and the Birth of French Liberalism|publisher=Springer|year=2011|pages=81–82}}</ref>
* [[September 5]] &ndash; France's new government decrees that citizens who left the country without authorization are subject to the death penalty if they return.<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Andress|title=The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015}}</ref>
* [[September 5]] &ndash; France's new government decrees that citizens who left the country without authorization are subject to the death penalty if they return.<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Andress|title=The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015}}</ref>
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=== October&ndash;December ===
=== October&ndash;December ===
[[File:Thomas-Whitcombe-Battle-of-Camperdown.jpg|thumb|right|[[October 11]]: [[Battle of Camperdown]]]]
[[File:Thomas-Whitcombe-Battle-of-Camperdown.jpg|thumb|right|[[October 11]]: [[Battle of Camperdown]]]]
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Camperdown]]: the British Royal Navy defeats the fleet of the [[Batavian Republic]] off the coast of [[Holland]].<ref name=CBH236237>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=236–237|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Camperdown]]: the British Royal Navy defeats the fleet of the [[Batavian Republic]] off the coast of [[Holland]].<ref name=CBH236237>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=236–237|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 17]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] ends the [[War of the First Coalition]].
* [[October 17]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] ends the [[War of the First Coalition]].
* [[October 18]] &ndash; The [[XYZ Affair]] inflames tensions between France and the United States when American negotiators [[Charles Cotesworth Pinckney]], [[John Marshall]], and [[Elbridge Gerry]] meet with French government representatives [[Jean-Conrad Hottinguer]], Pierre Bellamy and Lucien Hauteval and are told that a treaty between France and the U.S. will require payment of a bribe to France's Foreign Minister [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Charles Talleyrand]] and a large loan of American cash to France. Pinckney tells people later that his response was "No, no, not a sixpence!"; Hottinguer, Bellamy and Hauteval are referred to, respectively, as "X", "Y" and "Z" in U.S. government reports on the failed negotiations.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mathew|last=Manweller|title=Chronology of the U.S. Presidency|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|page=57}}</ref>
* [[October 18]] &ndash; The [[XYZ Affair]] inflames tensions between France and the United States when American negotiators [[Charles Cotesworth Pinckney]], [[John Marshall]], and [[Elbridge Gerry]] meet with French government representatives [[Jean-Conrad Hottinguer]], Pierre Bellamy and Lucien Hauteval and are told that a treaty between France and the U.S. will require payment of a bribe to France's Foreign Minister [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Charles Talleyrand]] and a large loan of American cash to France. Pinckney tells people later that his response was "No, no, not a sixpence!"; Hottinguer, Bellamy and Hauteval are referred to, respectively, as "X", "Y" and "Z" in U.S. government reports on the failed negotiations.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mathew|last=Manweller|title=Chronology of the U.S. Presidency|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|page=57}}</ref>
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* [[February 18]]
* [[February 18]]
** [[Jean-Baptiste Boucho]], French-born Vicar Apostolic of Malacca-Singapore (d. [[1871]])
** [[Jean-Baptiste Boucho]], French-born Vicar Apostolic of Malacca-Singapore (d. [[1871]])
** [[John Day (judge)|John Day]], Liberian politician and jurist, 2nd Chief Justice of Liberia (1854 until his death) (d. [[1859]])
** [[John Day (Liberian judge)|John Day]], Liberian politician and jurist, 2nd Chief Justice of Liberia (1854 until his death) (d. [[1859]])
* [[February 19]]
* [[February 19]]
** [[Giuseppe Avezzana]], Italian soldier fighting in Europe and America (d. [[1879]])
** [[Giuseppe Avezzana]], Italian soldier fighting in Europe and America (d. [[1879]])
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[[File:St Innocent of Alaska.JPG|thumb|right|110px|[[Innocent of Alaska]]]]
[[File:St Innocent of Alaska.JPG|thumb|right|110px|[[Innocent of Alaska]]]]
[[File:RothwellMaryShelley.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Mary Shelley]]]]
[[File:RothwellMaryShelley.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Mary Shelley]]]]
[[File:Castilla1.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ramón Castilla]]]]
* [[July 2]]
* [[July 2]]
** [[Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág]], Hungarian noblewoman, ancestor of several European monarchs (d. [[1862]])
** [[Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág]], Hungarian noblewoman, ancestor of several European monarchs (d. [[1862]])
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* [[August 28]]
* [[August 28]]
** [[Ferenc Duschek]], Hungarian politician (d. [[1872]])
** [[Ferenc Duschek]], Hungarian politician (d. [[1872]])
** [[Karl Otfried Müller]], German scholar, Philodorian (d. [[1840]])
** [[Karl Otfried Müller]], German scholar, philodorian (d. [[1840]])
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Mary Shelley|Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley]], English novelist, dramatist, essayist, biographer and travel writer (d. [[1851]])
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Mary Shelley|Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley]], English novelist, dramatist, essayist, biographer and travel writer (d. [[1851]])
* [[August 31]]
* [[August 31]]
** [[Philipp von Brunnow]], Russian diplomat (d. [[1875]])
** [[Philipp von Brunnow]], Russian diplomat (d. [[1875]])
** [[Ramón Castilla]], Peruvian military leader and politician, three times President of Peru (d. [[1867]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Revista del Instituto Libertador Ramón Castilla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-hJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA216|year=1955|publisher=Instituto Libertador Ramón Castilla|location=Lima|volume=2|page=216|language=es}}</ref>
** [[Ramón Castilla]], Peruvian ''caudillo'' who served as President of Peru three times (d. [[1867]])
** [[James Ferguson (American astronomer)|James Ferguson]], Scottish-born American astronomer and engineer (d. [[1867]])
** [[James Ferguson (American astronomer)|James Ferguson]], Scottish-born American astronomer and engineer (d. [[1867]])
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[William FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros]] of England (d. [[1874]])
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[William FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros]] of England (d. [[1874]])
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** [[Hans Skramstad]], Norwegian pianist and composer (d. [[1839]])
** [[Hans Skramstad]], Norwegian pianist and composer (d. [[1839]])
* [[December 27]]
* [[December 27]]
** Mirza Beg Asadullah Khan ([[Mirza Ghalib]]), Indian poet (d.1868)
** [[Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos]] (d. [[1867]])
** [[Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos]] (d. [[1867]])
** [[Charles Hodge]], Presbyterian theologian, principal of Princeton Theological Seminary (1851-1878) (d. [[1878]])
** [[Charles Hodge]], Presbyterian theologian, principal of Princeton Theological Seminary (1851-1878) (d. [[1878]])
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* [[March 31]]
* [[March 31]]
** [[Olaudah Equiano]], Nigerian ex-slave, abolitionist (b. c. [[1746]])
** [[Olaudah Equiano]], Nigerian ex-slave, abolitionist (b. c. [[1746]])
** [[Betty Washington Lewis]], younger sister of George Washington, the only sister to live to adulthood (b. [[1733]])
** [[Elizabeth Washington Lewis]], younger sister of George Washington, the only sister to live to adulthood (b. [[1733]])


=== April&ndash;June ===
=== April&ndash;June ===
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* [[December 26]] &ndash; [[John Wilkes]], English radical (b. [[1725]])
* [[December 26]] &ndash; [[John Wilkes]], English radical (b. [[1725]])
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[David Martin (artist)|David Martin]], British painter, engraver (b. [[1737]])
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[David Martin (artist)|David Martin]], British painter, engraver (b. [[1737]])
* ''Date unknown''
⚫
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Wang Zhenyi (astronomer)|Wang Zhenyi]], Chinese astronomer
** [[Joseph Ferrers]], English Carmelite friar.<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Ferrers, Joseph |volume= 18 |last= Goodwin |first= Gordon |author-link= |page=386 |short= 1}}</ref>
⚫
** [[Wang Zhenyi (astronomer)|Wang Zhenyi]], Chinese astronomer


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 16:42, 11 October 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
January 14: Napoleon leads troops to victory at Battle of Rivoli.
January 14: Napoleon leads troops to victory at Battle of Rivoli.
1797 by topic
Arts and science
Countries
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1797 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1797
MDCCXCVII
French Republican calendar5–6
Ab urbe condita2550
Armenian calendar1246
ԹՎ ՌՄԽԶ
Assyrian calendar6547
Balinese saka calendar1718–1719
Bengali calendar1204
Berber calendar2747
British Regnal year37 Geo. 3 – 38 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar2341
Burmese calendar1159
Byzantine calendar7305–7306
Chinese calendar丙辰年 (Fire Dragon)
4494 or 4287
    — to —
丁巳年 (Fire Snake)
4495 or 4288
Coptic calendar1513–1514
Discordian calendar2963
Ethiopian calendar1789–1790
Hebrew calendar5557–5558
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1853–1854
 - Shaka Samvat1718–1719
 - Kali Yuga4897–4898
Holocene calendar11797
Igbo calendar797–798
Iranian calendar1175–1176
Islamic calendar1211–1212
Japanese calendarKansei 9
(寛政９年)
Javanese calendar1723–1724
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4130
Minguo calendar115 before ROC
民前115年
Nanakshahi calendar329
Thai solar calendar2339–2340
Tibetan calendar阳火龙年
(male Fire-Dragon)
1923 or 1542 or 770
    — to —
阴火蛇年
(female Fire-Snake)
1924 or 1543 or 771
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1797.

1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1797th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 797th year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th year of the 18th century, and the 8th year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1797, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

[edit]

January–March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]

July–September

[edit]
July 24: Battle of Santa Cruz

October–December

[edit]
October 11: Battle of Camperdown

Undated

[edit]


Births

[edit]

January–March

[edit]
Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
Maria Leopoldina of Austria
Franz Schubert
George Julius Poulett Scrope
Michel Goudchaux
J. G. M. Ramsey
Manuela Sáenz

April–June

[edit]
Franz Graf von Wimpffen
Adolphe Thiers
Jean Victoire Audouin
John Hughes
Imam Shamil

July–September

[edit]
Innocent of Alaska
Mary Shelley
Ramón Castilla

October–December

[edit]
Philippe Suchard
Thurlow Weed
Heinrich Heine
Charles Hodge

Deaths

[edit]

January–March

[edit]
Francis Lightfoot Lee

April–June

[edit]
François-Noël Babeuf
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

July–September

[edit]
Edmund Burke
Joseph Wright of Derby
Mary Wollstonecraft
Asaf-ud-Daula

October–December

[edit]
Agui

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Lossing, Benson John; Wilson, Woodrow, eds. (1910). Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 171.
  2. ^ Dale, David (February 16, 2008). "Who We Are: The man who nearly changed everything". The Sun Herald. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  3. ^ Heaton, J. Henniker (1873). Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. Sydney.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Grassby, Al; Hill, Marji (1988). Six Australian Battlefields. North Ryde: Angus & Robertson. p. 99.
  5. ^ "Pemulwuy". www.nma.gov.au. Canberra, Australia: National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  6. ^ Rose, John Holland (1904). "Bonaparte and the Conquest of Italy". In Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley (eds.). The Cambridge Modern History, vol. VIII: The French Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 582.
  7. ^ Vincent, K. Steven (2011). Benjamin Constant and the Birth of French Liberalism. Springer. pp. 81–82.
  8. ^ Andress, David (2015). The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution. Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 236–237. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  10. ^ Manweller, Mathew (2012). Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. ABC-CLIO. p. 57.
  11. ^ A History of Rugby School. pp. 182–185.
  12. ^ Hepper, David J. (1994). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650–1859. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot. p. 85. ISBN 0-948864-30-3.
  13. ^ ja:進修館#創設 (Japanese language edition) Ritreveted date on 23 May 2020.
  14. ^ Bennett, Edward Turner (1797-1836), zoologist by J. C. Edwards in Dictionary of National Biography online (accessed 21 July 2008)
  15. ^ John Flower (January 17, 2013). Historical Dictionary of French Literature. Scarecrow Press. p. 523. ISBN 978-0-8108-7945-4.
  16. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Naumann, Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 278.
  17. ^ Revista del Instituto Libertador Ramón Castilla (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Lima: Instituto Libertador Ramón Castilla. 1955. p. 216.
  18. ^ Jason Thompson (2010). Sir Gardner Wilkinson and His Circle. University of Texas Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780292785694.
  19. ^ "Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)". National Records of Scotland. May 31, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  20. ^ Jerome R. Adams (1995). Notable Latin American Women: Twenty-nine Leaders, Rebels, Poets, Battlers, and Spies, 1500-1900. McFarland & Company. p. 91. ISBN 9780786400225.
  21. ^ "Mary Wollstonecraft | Biography, Works, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  22. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Frederick William II. of Prussia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65.
  23. ^ Goodwin, Gordon (1889). "Ferrers, Joseph" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 18. p. 386.
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