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| flag_caption = [[Flag of Guyana]]
| flag_caption = [[Flag of Guyana]]
| population = '''{{circa}} 1,250,000'''
| population = '''{{circa}} 1,250,000'''
| regions = {{flagcountry|Guyana}} {{nbsp|5}} 771,000
| regions = {{flagcountry|Guyana}} {{nbsp|5}} 816,800
| region2 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| region2 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop2 = 323,052
| pop2 = 323,052
| ref2 = <ref name="datosmacro">{{cite web|url=https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/emigracion/guyana|title=Guyana - Emigrantes totales 2019}}</ref>
| ref2 = <ref name="datosmacro">{{cite web|url=https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/emigracion/guyana|title=Guyana – Emigrantes totales 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop3 = 84,275
| pop3 = 84,275
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic+origin&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=8 February 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic+origin&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=8 February 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| region4 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop4 = 40,872
| pop4 = 40,872
| ref4 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| ref4 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop5 = 14,560
| pop5 = 14,560
Line 24: Line 24:
| pop7 = 7,401
| pop7 = 7,401
| ref7 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| ref7 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| pop8 = 6,038
| pop8 = 6,038
| ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011&lang=ENG|title = Antigua and Barbuda::Statistics Division/Redatam Webserver &#124; Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool}}</ref>
| ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011&lang=ENG|title = Antigua and Barbuda::Statistics Division/Redatam Webserver &#124; Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Barbados}}
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Barbados}}
| pop9 = 6,657
| pop9 = 6,657
| ref9 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| ref9 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}
⚫
| languages = [[English language|English]], [[Guyanese Creole]], [[Caribbean Hindustani#Guyanese Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous languages]]
| pop10 = 4,647
⚫
| religions = [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Protestantism|Protestants]]), [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Rastafari]]an, [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Buddhism]], [[Afro-American religions]], [[Traditional African religions]], [[Chinese folk religion]] ([[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]])
| ref10 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| pop11 = 5,197
| ref11 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| pop12 = 2,549
| ref12 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop13 = 2,427
| ref13 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}
| pop14 = 2,111
| ref14 = <ref name="datosmacro"/>
| region15 = {{flagcountry|French Guiana}}
| pop15 = 4,000
| ref15 = <ref name="auto">
{{cite web
|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination
|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination
}}</ref>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Sint Maarten}}
| pop16 = 2,000
| ref16 = <ref name="auto" />
⚫
| languages = [[English language|English]], [[Guyanese Creole]], [[Caribbean Hindustani#Guyanese Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[French language|French]], [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous languages]]
⚫
| religions = [[Christianity]] ([[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]), [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Rastafari]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Buddhism]], [[Afro-American religions]], [[Traditional African religions]], [[Chinese folk religion]] ([[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]]), [[Indigenous religion|Amerindian folk beliefs]]
| related =
| related =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}


The '''people of [[Guyana]]''', or '''Guyanese''', come from a wide array of backgrounds and cultures including aboriginal natives, also known as [[Amerindian]]s, and those who are descended from the slaves and contract workers who worked in the [[sugar industry of the Caribbean]] for various European interests, mostly of [[Indian people|Indian]] or [[African people|African]] origins. Demographics as of 2012 are [[Indo-Guyanese|East Indian]] 39.8%, African 30.1%, mixed race (mostly [[Dougla people|Dougla]]) 19.9%, Amerindian 10.5%, other 1.5% (including Chinese and Europeans, such as the Portuguese).
The people of [[Guyana]], or '''Guyanese''', come from a wide array of backgrounds and cultures including [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana|aboriginal natives]], [[African diaspora|African]] and [[Indian diaspora|Indian]] origins, as well as a minority of [[Chinese diaspora|Chinese]] and [[European emigration|European]] descendant peoples. Demographics as of 2012 are [[Indo-Guyanese]] 39.8%, [[Afro-Guyanese]] 30.1%, mixed race (mostly [[Dougla people|Dougla]]) 19.9%, Amerindian 10.5%, other 1.5% (including [[Chinese Guyanese|Chinese]] and Europeans, such as the [[Portuguese Guyanese|Portuguese]]). As a result, Guyanese do not equate their nationality with race and ethnicity, but with citizenship. Although citizens make up the majority of Guyanese, there is a substantial number of Guyanese expatriates, dual citizens and descendants living worldwide, chiefly elsewhere in the Anglosphere.


Located on the norther coast of South America, Guyana is part of the main land [[Caribbean]] which is part of the historical [[British West Indies]]. It is culturally similar to [[Suriname]] and nearby island nations of the [[Caribbean]] such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and is a culturally Caribbean country even though it is not an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana - The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/#people-and-society|access-date=2021-02-09|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>
Located on the northern coast of South America, Guyana is part of the main land [[Caribbean]] which is part of the historical [[British West Indies]]. It is culturally similar to [[Suriname]] and nearby island nations of the [[Caribbean]] such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and is a culturally Caribbean country even though it is not an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana – The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/#people-and-society|access-date=2021-02-09|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>


The national anthem of Guyana, [[Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains]], refers to Guyana as the "Land of six peoples"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loza|first=Léna|date=2007-05-01|title=Le Guyana: "Land of Six Peoples" ou "One People, One Nation" ?|url=http://journals.openedition.org/caliban/1872|journal=Caliban. French Journal of English Studies|language=fr|issue=21|pages=81–89|doi=10.4000/caliban.1872|issn=2425-6250|doi-access=free}}</ref> which was historically considered to be made up of [[Afro-Guyanese people|African]], [[Indo-Guyanese|Indian]], [[Chinese Guyanese|Chinese]], [[Portuguese Guyanese|Portuguese]], European, and [[Amerindian]] people.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agriculture|first=United States Congress House Committee on|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BYdAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+Land+of+Six+Peoples%22&pg=PA166|title=Amend and Extend the Sugar Act of 1948: Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Eighty-ninth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 10496|date=1965|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref>
The national anthem of Guyana, [[Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains]], refers to Guyana as the "Land of six peoples"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loza|first=Léna|date=2007-05-01|title=Le Guyana: "Land of Six Peoples" ou "One People, One Nation" ?|url=http://journals.openedition.org/caliban/1872|journal=Caliban. French Journal of English Studies|language=fr|issue=21|pages=81–89|doi=10.4000/caliban.1872|issn=2425-6250|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-02-09|archive-date=2023-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017131115/https://journals.openedition.org/caliban/1872|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was historically considered to be made up of [[Afro-Guyanese people|African]], [[Indo-Guyanese|Indian]], [[Chinese Guyanese|Chinese]], [[Portuguese Guyanese|Portuguese]], British, and [[Amerindian]] people.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agriculture|first=United States Congress House Committee on|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BYdAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+Land+of+Six+Peoples%22&pg=PA166|title=Amend and Extend the Sugar Act of 1948: Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Eighty-ninth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 10496|date=1965|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Guyana}}
{{Main|Demographics of Guyana}}
Even though referred to collectively as Amerindians, the [[indigenous peoples in Guyana]] are made up of several distinct tribes or nations. [[Warao people|Warao]], [[Arawak]], [[Kalina people|Caribs]], and [[Wapishana]] are all represented in Guyana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menezes|first=Mary Noel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjKC3f6dCJUC&q=Amerindians+in+Guyana&pg=PA4|title=The Amerindians in Guyana, 1803-73: A Documentary History|date=1979|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7146-4030-3|language=en}}</ref>
Even though referred to collectively as Amerindians, the [[indigenous peoples in Guyana]] are made up of several distinct tribes or nations. [[Warao people|Warao]], [[Arawak]], [[Kalina people|Caribs]], and [[Wapishana]] are all represented in Guyana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menezes|first=Mary Noel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjKC3f6dCJUC&q=Amerindians+in+Guyana&pg=PA4|title=The Amerindians in Guyana, 1803–73: A Documentary History|date=1979|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7146-4030-3|language=en}}</ref>


Europeans arrived in [[the Guianas]] in the search for gold in the [[New World]], eventually settling in and colonizing Guyana and the Americas. Starting with the Dutch, then English, the cultural presence of Europe has been a significant force in the country even though the population was always in the minority. French and Spanish also have a presence in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana - BRITISH TAKE OVER|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/6.htm|access-date=2021-02-09|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>
Europeans arrived in [[the Guianas]] in the search for gold in the [[New World]], eventually settling in and colonizing Guyana and the Americas. Starting with the Dutch, then English, the cultural presence of Europe has been a significant force in the country even though the population was always in the minority. French and Spanish also have a presence in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana – BRITISH TAKE OVER|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/6.htm|access-date=2021-02-09|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>


The climate of Guyana was deemed suitable for growing sugar cane, sparking a demand for labor unmet by the Europeans themselves or the local Amerindians, so slaves from Africa were brought into the country. The high mortality and low birthrate of plantation slavery was supplemented by bringing in more enslaved people until the slave trade was abolished in 1838.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana - ETHNIC GROUPS|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/28.htm|access-date=2021-02-09|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Indentured labor contracts were made for Portuguese and Chinese people,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=Hailing contributions of Chinese, President says new arrivals welcome|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2018/01/13/news/guyana/hailing-contributions-of-chinese-president-says-new-arrivals-welcome/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Stabroek News|language=en-US}}</ref> but the largest numbers came from India.
The climate of Guyana was deemed suitable for growing sugar cane, sparking a demand for labour unmet by the Europeans themselves or the local Amerindians, so slaves from Africa were brought into the country. The high mortality and low birthrate of plantation slavery was supplemented by bringing in more enslaved people until the slave trade was abolished in 1838.<ref name="Guyana – ETHNIC GROUPS">{{Cite web|title=Guyana – Ethnic Groups|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/28.htm|access-date=2021-02-09|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Indentured labour contracts were made for Portuguese and Chinese people,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=Hailing contributions of Chinese, President says new arrivals welcome|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2018/01/13/news/guyana/hailing-contributions-of-chinese-president-says-new-arrivals-welcome/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Stabroek News|language=en-US}}</ref> but the largest numbers came from India.


The diversity of the country is a point of pride as well as a challenge; conflicts along racial lines have been a source of significant social tension. Racism in Guyana has roots in the control of labor, so that plantation owners could maintain a stratified society of subservient workers and limit competition for the highest social class. Many segments of society are divided by race, such as religion, politics, even industries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana - ETHNIC GROUPS|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/28.htm|access-date=2021-02-09|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>
The diversity of the country is a point of pride as well as a challenge; conflicts along racial lines have been a source of significant social tension. Racism in Guyana has roots in the control of labour, so that plantation owners could maintain a stratified society of subservient workers and limit competition for the highest social class. Many segments of society are divided by race, such as religion, politics, even industries.<ref name="Guyana – ETHNIC GROUPS"/>


==Language==
==Language==
[[File:WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_English_and_Guyanese_Creole.webm|thumb|WIKITONGUES- Sandra speaking English and Guyanese Creole]]
Guyana's culture reflects its European history as it was colonized by both the Dutch and French before becoming a British colony. Guyana (known as British Guiana under British colonial rule), gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 and subsequently became a republic in 1970. As a result of Guyana's 170-year history as a British colony, it is a part of the [[Anglophone]] world and part of the [[Anglophone Caribbean]] - a subregion of the Caribbean consisting of independent, English-speaking nations that were once British colonies (also known as the Commonwealth Caribbean). Even as the only English-speaking country in South America, the majority of people in Guyana speak [[Guyanese Creole]] informally. Standard English, i.e. British English spelling and pronunciation, is used for all business and education and is typically consistently spoken by members of the upper and upper-middle class.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-13|title=Of Creole language, dialect and literature|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2018/05/13/sunday/arts-on-sunday/of-creole-language-dialect-and-literature/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Stabroek News|language=en-US}}</ref>
Guyana's culture reflects its European history as it was colonized by both the Dutch and French before becoming a British colony. Guyana (known as British Guiana under British colonial rule), gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 and subsequently became a republic in 1970. As a result of Guyana's 170-year history as a British colony, it is a part of the [[Anglophone]] world and part of the [[Anglophone Caribbean]] – a subregion of the Caribbean consisting of independent, English-speaking nations that were once British colonies (also known as the Commonwealth Caribbean). Even as the only English-speaking country in South America, the majority of people in Guyana speak [[Guyanese Creole]] informally. Standard English, i.e. British English spelling and pronunciation, is used for all business and education and is typically consistently spoken by members of the upper and upper-middle class.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-13|title=Of Creole language, dialect and literature|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2018/05/13/sunday/arts-on-sunday/of-creole-language-dialect-and-literature/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Stabroek News|language=en-US}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Guyana}}
* [[Culture of Guyana]]
* [[Culture of Guyana]]
* [[Guyanese Canadians]]
* [[Guyanese Canadians]]
Line 62: Line 89:
* [[Guyanese Americans]]
* [[Guyanese Americans]]
* [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana]]
* [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana]]
*[[Portuguese Guyanese]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:20, 11 October 2024

Guyanese people
Flag of Guyana
Total population
c. 1,250,000
Regions with significant populations
 Guyana       816,800
 United States323,052[1]
 Canada84,275[2]
 United Kingdom40,872[1]
 Netherlands14,560[1]
 Suriname11,530[1]
 Venezuela7,401[1]
 Antigua and Barbuda6,038[3]
 Barbados6,657[1]
 Trinidad and Tobago4,647[1]
 Spain5,197[1]
 Brazil2,549[1]
 Netherlands2,427[1]
 Saint Lucia2,111[1]
 French Guiana4,000[4]
 Sint Maarten2,000[4]
Languages
English, Guyanese Creole, Guyanese Hindustani, Tamil, Chinese, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, Indigenous languages
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism), Hinduism, Islam, Rastafari, Baháʼí, Buddhism, Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Chinese folk religion (Taoism and Confucianism), Amerindian folk beliefs

The people of Guyana, or Guyanese, come from a wide array of backgrounds and cultures including aboriginal natives, African and Indian origins, as well as a minority of Chinese and European descendant peoples. Demographics as of 2012 are Indo-Guyanese 39.8%, Afro-Guyanese 30.1%, mixed race (mostly Dougla) 19.9%, Amerindian 10.5%, other 1.5% (including Chinese and Europeans, such as the Portuguese). As a result, Guyanese do not equate their nationality with race and ethnicity, but with citizenship. Although citizens make up the majority of Guyanese, there is a substantial number of Guyanese expatriates, dual citizens and descendants living worldwide, chiefly elsewhere in the Anglosphere.

Located on the northern coast of South America, Guyana is part of the main land Caribbean which is part of the historical British West Indies. It is culturally similar to Suriname and nearby island nations of the Caribbean such as Trinidad and Tobago, and is a culturally Caribbean country even though it is not an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea.[5]

The national anthem of Guyana, Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains, refers to Guyana as the "Land of six peoples"[6] which was historically considered to be made up of African, Indian, Chinese, Portuguese, British, and Amerindian people.[7]

Demographics

[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Guyana

Even though referred to collectively as Amerindians, the indigenous peoples in Guyana are made up of several distinct tribes or nations. Warao, Arawak, Caribs, and Wapishana are all represented in Guyana.[8]

Europeans arrived in the Guianas in the search for gold in the New World, eventually settling in and colonizing Guyana and the Americas. Starting with the Dutch, then English, the cultural presence of Europe has been a significant force in the country even though the population was always in the minority. French and Spanish also have a presence in the region.[9]

The climate of Guyana was deemed suitable for growing sugar cane, sparking a demand for labour unmet by the Europeans themselves or the local Amerindians, so slaves from Africa were brought into the country. The high mortality and low birthrate of plantation slavery was supplemented by bringing in more enslaved people until the slave trade was abolished in 1838.[10] Indentured labour contracts were made for Portuguese and Chinese people,[11] but the largest numbers came from India.

The diversity of the country is a point of pride as well as a challenge; conflicts along racial lines have been a source of significant social tension. Racism in Guyana has roots in the control of labour, so that plantation owners could maintain a stratified society of subservient workers and limit competition for the highest social class. Many segments of society are divided by race, such as religion, politics, even industries.[10]

Language

[edit]
WIKITONGUES- Sandra speaking English and Guyanese Creole

Guyana's culture reflects its European history as it was colonized by both the Dutch and French before becoming a British colony. Guyana (known as British Guiana under British colonial rule), gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 and subsequently became a republic in 1970. As a result of Guyana's 170-year history as a British colony, it is a part of the Anglophone world and part of the Anglophone Caribbean – a subregion of the Caribbean consisting of independent, English-speaking nations that were once British colonies (also known as the Commonwealth Caribbean). Even as the only English-speaking country in South America, the majority of people in Guyana speak Guyanese Creole informally. Standard English, i.e. British English spelling and pronunciation, is used for all business and education and is typically consistently spoken by members of the upper and upper-middle class.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Guyana – Emigrantes totales 2019" (in Spanish).
  2. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
  3. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda::Statistics Division/Redatam Webserver | Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool".
  4. ^ a b "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination".
  5. ^ "Guyana – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  6. ^ Loza, Léna (2007-05-01). "Le Guyana: "Land of Six Peoples" ou "One People, One Nation" ?". Caliban. French Journal of English Studies (in French) (21): 81–89. doi:10.4000/caliban.1872. ISSN 2425-6250. Archived from the original on 2023-10-17. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  7. ^ Agriculture, United States Congress House Committee on (1965). Amend and Extend the Sugar Act of 1948: Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Eighty-ninth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 10496. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  8. ^ Menezes, Mary Noel (1979). The Amerindians in Guyana, 1803–73: A Documentary History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7146-4030-3.
  9. ^ "Guyana – BRITISH TAKE OVER". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  10. ^ a b "Guyana – Ethnic Groups". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  11. ^ "Hailing contributions of Chinese, President says new arrivals welcome". Stabroek News. 2018-01-13. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  12. ^ "Of Creole language, dialect and literature". Stabroek News. 2018-05-13. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
[edit]
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