Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.: Difference between revisions

Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
	Entrance at 140 Broadway
Company type	Partnership
Industry	Investment banking; Commercial banking; Private equity; Wealth management; Merger and acquisitions
Founded	New York City, US (January 1, 1931); (merger of Brown Bros. & Co. (1818), Harriman Brothers & Company (1927) and W. A. Harriman & Co. (1922))
Headquarters	140 Broadway; New York City
Revenue	$1.3 billion
Total assets	US$ 55 billion (2020)
Number of employees	5,701 (2020)
Website	www.bbh.com

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Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. (BBH) is the oldest and one of the largest private investment banks in the United States.^[3]^[4] In 1931, the merger of Brown Brothers & Co. (founded in 1818) and Harriman Brothers & Co. formed the current BBH.

Brown Brothers Harriman is also notable for the number of influential American politicians, government appointees, and Cabinet members who have worked at the company, such as W. Averell Harriman, Prescott Bush, Robert A. Lovett, Richard W. Fisher, Robert Roosa, and Alan Greenspan.^[5]

Overview

Brown Brothers Harriman provides advisory, wealth management, commercial banking, and investor services for corporate institutions and high-net-worth individual clients. Alongside the aforementioned services, the firm provides global custody, foreign exchange, private equity, merger and acquisitions, investment management for individuals and institutions, personal trust and estate administration, and securities brokerage services. Organized as a partnership, BBH has approximately 6,000 staff in 18 offices throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. Currently, the firm has 38 partners,^[6] and acts as custodian and administrator for $3.3 trillion and $1.2 trillion in assets, respectively.^[2]^[7]

History

After immigrating to Baltimore in 1800 and building a successful linen mercantile trading business,^[3]^[4]^[8] Alexander Brown and his four sons co-founded Alex. Brown & Sons.^[9]^[10] In 1818, one son, John Alexander Brown, traveled to Philadelphia to establish John A. Brown and Co.^[11] In 1825, another son, James Brown, established Brown Brothers & Co.^[12] on Pine Street in Lower Manhattan and relocated to Wall Street in 1833.^[3] This firm eventually acquired all other Brown branches in the U.S.^[12] Another son, William Brown, had established William Brown & Co. in England in 1810, which was renamed Brown, Shipley & Co. in 1839 and became a separate entity in 1918.^[8]^[9]^[12]

Following the panic of 1837, Brown Brothers withdrew from most of its lending business. Two of the brothers, John and George, sold their shares in the company to the other two brothers, William and James. During the recovery from this economic turmoil, they chose to focus solely on currency exchange and international trade.

Merger

On January 2, 1931, Brown Brothers & Co. merged with two other business entities, Harriman Brothers & Company, a private bank^[13] started with railway money, and W. A. Harriman & Co. to form Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. Founding partners included:^[14]

James Brown
Thatcher M. Brown Sr
Prescott Bush
Louis Curtis
Moreau Delano
John Henry Hammond
E. Roland Harriman
W. Averell Harriman
Robert A. Lovett
Ray Morris
Knight Woolley
Ralph T. Crane
Ellery Sedgwick
James Robert
Charles Denston
Dickey Phillips
Blair Lee Louis Curtis Jr.
Lawrence G. Tighe

Time's December 22, 1930, issue announced that the three-way merger featured 11 Yale graduates among 16 founding partners.^[15] Eight of the partners listed above, except for Moreau Delano and Thatcher Brown, were Skull and Bones members.^[16]

In 1930s the company acted as a U.S. base for the German industrialist Fritz Thyssen, who helped finance Adolf Hitler.^[17]

After the passage of the Glass-Steagall Act, the partners decided to focus on commercial banking, becoming a private bank, and to spin its securities marketing and underwriting off into Harriman, Ripley and Company which eventually evolved into Drexel Burnham Lambert via mergers.

W. Averell Harriman, the founding partner in the firm left to go into public service. He left the leadership of Brown Brothers Harriman to his younger brother E. Roland Harriman. W. Averell Harriman was the ambassador and statesman responsible for the relationship between Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt during World War II. Some historical records of Brown Brothers Harriman and its precursor companies are housed in the manuscript collections at the New-York Historical Society.

References

^ Brown Brothers Harriman 2019 Annual Report. bbh.com, Archived 2021-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b "BBH Annual Report" (PDF). BBH & Co. 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c
"New Bank Building on Hanover Street" (PDF). The New York Times. September 3, 1916. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
- ^a "Brown Brothers, who are the oldest as well as one of the largest private banking concerns in the country" — ¶ 2
- ^b "The firm was started in America in 1800 in Baltimore by the original Brown ... after starting in general dry goods business" — ¶ 3
- ^c "in 1825 the banking office of the firm was opened in New York City on Pine Street. The firm has been on its present Wall Street site since 1833." — ¶ 3
^ ^a ^b
"Alex. Brown & Sons Company Building, 135 East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Independent City, MD". Library of Congress. 1933. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
- ^a "Alex. (Alexander) Brown & Sons (founded 1800), the first and oldest continually operating investment banking firm in the United States." — Notes §, ¶ 1
^ Zachary Karabell, Inside Money: Brown Brothers Harriman and the American Way of Power (2021) pp. 341–356.
^ "The BBH Partnership". BBH & Co. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
^ "BBH profile in Global Custody". globalcustody.net. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
^ ^a ^b
"Guide to the Records of Brown Brothers Harriman 1696 -1973, 1995 (bulk 1820-1968): MS 78". New York Historical Society. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
- ^a "linen merchant Alexander Brown emigrated to the United States in 1800" — ¶ 1
- ^b "In 1810, Alexander's eldest son William returned to England and established the trading firm William Brown & Co. in Liverpool. This became Brown Shipley & Co. in 1839 and relocated to London. It separated from Brown Brothers as a distinct business entity in 1918." — ¶ 1
^ ^a ^b
Hall, Henry (1896). "America's Successful Men of Affairs". New York Tribune. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
- ^a "To him were born in Ballymena, four sons, William, George, John Alexander and James." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2
- ^b "The family came to America in 1800, settling in Baltimore, where, after a prosperous career as a linen merchant, Mr. Brown founded the bank of Alex. Brown & Sons, in partnership with his four sons. He died April 6, 1834." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2
- ^c "established the houses of Brown, Shipley & Co., in England
^
Walker, Andrea (April 3, 2002). "Alex. Brown name all but gone: German bank changes brokerage arm's title in marketing move". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
- ^a "the oldest continuously operating investment bank in America, according to experts. Founded in 1800 as Alex. Brown & Sons" — ¶ 17
^
"1818: Philadelphia House Established". Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. Retrieved August 29, 2014.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
- ^a "John A. Brown travels to Philadelphia and establishes John A. Brown & Co. ... John A. Brown's historic Philadelphia house also serves as the founding date for the future Brown Brothers Harriman & Co." — Pg. 1, ¶ 8
^ ^a ^b ^c
"Brown Brothers & Company records 1825-1889". New York Public Library. 1936. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
- ^a "Baltimore in 1800 and opened a dry goods business with which his four sons became associated."
- ^b "One son, John (1788–1872), opened a branch in Philadelphia in 1818"
- ^c "Another son, James (1791–1877) established Brown Brothers & Co. in New York City in 1825 and eventually absorbed the other branches."
- ^d "In addition, Brown Brothers & Co. was associated with the English firm of Brown, Shipley & Co., which was run by another brother, William Brown (1784–1864)."
^ "Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.: Private Company Information - Businessweek". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
^ John Atlee Kouwenhoven (1968). Partners in banking: An historical portrait of a great private bank, Brown Brothers, Harriman & Co., 1818-1968. Doubleday.
^
"Business: Brown-Harriman". Time. December 22, 1930. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007.
- ^a "Of the 16 partners in the new firm of Brown Bros., Harriman & Co., eleven are Yale graduates."
^ "Skull and Bones Membership List (1833-1985)". mindfully.org. Archived from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
^ Campbell, Duncan (September 25, 2004). "How Bush's grandfather helped Hitler's rise to power". The Guardian. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

External links

[1] Brown Brothers Harriman 2019 Annual Report. bbh.com, Archived 2021-07-22 at the Wayback Machine

[BBH-2] "BBH Annual Report" (PDF). BBH & Co. 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2012.

[NYT1916-3] "New Bank Building on Hanover Street" (PDF). The New York Times. September 3, 1916. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^a "Brown Brothers, who are the oldest as well as one of the largest private banking concerns in the country" — ¶ 2

^b "The firm was started in America in 1800 in Baltimore by the original Brown ... after starting in general dry goods business" — ¶ 3

^c "in 1825 the banking office of the firm was opened in New York City on Pine Street. The firm has been on its present Wall Street site since 1833." — ¶ 3

[4] "Brown Brothers, who are the oldest as well as one of the largest private banking concerns in the country" — ¶ 2

[5] "The firm was started in America in 1800 in Baltimore by the original Brown ... after starting in general dry goods business" — ¶ 3

[6] "in 1825 the banking office of the firm was opened in New York City on Pine Street. The firm has been on its present Wall Street site since 1833." — ¶ 3

[LoC-4] "Alex. Brown & Sons Company Building, 135 East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Independent City, MD". Library of Congress. 1933. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^a "Alex. (Alexander) Brown & Sons (founded 1800), the first and oldest continually operating investment banking firm in the United States." — Notes §, ¶ 1

[8] "Alex. (Alexander) Brown & Sons (founded 1800), the first and oldest continually operating investment banking firm in the United States." — Notes §, ¶ 1

[5] Zachary Karabell, Inside Money: Brown Brothers Harriman and the American Way of Power (2021) pp. 341–356.

[BBH_Partners-6] "The BBH Partnership". BBH & Co. Retrieved January 16, 2013.

[BBH_assets-7] "BBH profile in Global Custody". globalcustody.net. Retrieved January 16, 2013.

[NYHS-8] "Guide to the Records of Brown Brothers Harriman 1696 -1973, 1995 (bulk 1820-1968): MS 78". New York Historical Society. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^a "linen merchant Alexander Brown emigrated to the United States in 1800" — ¶ 1

^b "In 1810, Alexander's eldest son William returned to England and established the trading firm William Brown & Co. in Liverpool. This became Brown Shipley & Co. in 1839 and relocated to London. It separated from Brown Brothers as a distinct business entity in 1918." — ¶ 1

[13] "linen merchant Alexander Brown emigrated to the United States in 1800" — ¶ 1

[14] "In 1810, Alexander's eldest son William returned to England and established the trading firm William Brown & Co. in Liverpool. This became Brown Shipley & Co. in 1839 and relocated to London. It separated from Brown Brothers as a distinct business entity in 1918." — ¶ 1

[AmericasSuccessfulMen-9] Hall, Henry (1896). "America's Successful Men of Affairs". New York Tribune. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^a "To him were born in Ballymena, four sons, William, George, John Alexander and James." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2

^b "The family came to America in 1800, settling in Baltimore, where, after a prosperous career as a linen merchant, Mr. Brown founded the bank of Alex. Brown & Sons, in partnership with his four sons. He died April 6, 1834." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2

^c "established the houses of Brown, Shipley & Co., in England

[16] "To him were born in Ballymena, four sons, William, George, John Alexander and James." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2

[17] "The family came to America in 1800, settling in Baltimore, where, after a prosperous career as a linen merchant, Mr. Brown founded the bank of Alex. Brown & Sons, in partnership with his four sons. He died April 6, 1834." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2

[18] "established the houses of Brown, Shipley & Co., in England

[BaltimoreSun-10] Walker, Andrea (April 3, 2002). "Alex. Brown name all but gone: German bank changes brokerage arm's title in marketing move". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^a "the oldest continuously operating investment bank in America, according to experts. Founded in 1800 as Alex. Brown & Sons" — ¶ 17

[20] "the oldest continuously operating investment bank in America, according to experts. Founded in 1800 as Alex. Brown & Sons" — ¶ 17

[BBHOfficialHistory-11] "1818: Philadelphia House Established". Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. Retrieved August 29, 2014.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^a "John A. Brown travels to Philadelphia and establishes John A. Brown & Co. ... John A. Brown's historic Philadelphia house also serves as the founding date for the future Brown Brothers Harriman & Co." — Pg. 1, ¶ 8

[22] "John A. Brown travels to Philadelphia and establishes John A. Brown & Co. ... John A. Brown's historic Philadelphia house also serves as the founding date for the future Brown Brothers Harriman & Co." — Pg. 1, ¶ 8

[NYPL-12] "Brown Brothers & Company records 1825-1889". New York Public Library. 1936. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^a "Baltimore in 1800 and opened a dry goods business with which his four sons became associated."

^b "One son, John (1788–1872), opened a branch in Philadelphia in 1818"

^c "Another son, James (1791–1877) established Brown Brothers & Co. in New York City in 1825 and eventually absorbed the other branches."

^d "In addition, Brown Brothers & Co. was associated with the English firm of Brown, Shipley & Co., which was run by another brother, William Brown (1784–1864)."

[24] "Baltimore in 1800 and opened a dry goods business with which his four sons became associated."

[25] "One son, John (1788–1872), opened a branch in Philadelphia in 1818"

[26] "Another son, James (1791–1877) established Brown Brothers & Co. in New York City in 1825 and eventually absorbed the other branches."

[27] "In addition, Brown Brothers & Co. was associated with the English firm of Brown, Shipley & Co., which was run by another brother, William Brown (1784–1864)."

[13] "Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.: Private Company Information - Businessweek". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved November 6, 2016.

[14] John Atlee Kouwenhoven (1968). Partners in banking: An historical portrait of a great private bank, Brown Brothers, Harriman & Co., 1818-1968. Doubleday.

[timemag-15] "Business: Brown-Harriman". Time. December 22, 1930. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007.
^a "Of the 16 partners in the new firm of Brown Bros., Harriman & Co., eleven are Yale graduates."

[31] "Of the 16 partners in the new firm of Brown Bros., Harriman & Co., eleven are Yale graduates."

[16] "Skull and Bones Membership List (1833-1985)". mindfully.org. Archived from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2009.

[17] Campbell, Duncan (September 25, 2004). "How Bush's grandfather helped Hitler's rise to power". The Guardian. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|American private investment bank}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
 {{Infobox company
-| name          = Brown Brothers 1 Harriman Inc. & Co.
+| name          = Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
-| logo          = Brown Brothers One Harriman Logo 1
+| logo          = Brown Brothers Harriman Logo 1.svg
-| image         = Jeu arcade Super Nes Brown Brothers Harriman (48126564603)
+| image         = Brown Brothers Harriman (48126564603).jpg
 | image_caption = Entrance at [[140 Broadway]]
 | type          = [[Partnership]]
-| foundation    = [[Leverkusen City|Leverkusen]], [[Leverkusen (state)|Leverkusen]], ONA ({{Starter date|1998|01|01}})<br />(merger of [[Brown Bros. Inc. & Co.]] (1998), [[Harriman Brothers & Company]] (1998) and [[W. A. Harriman & Co.]] (1998))
+| foundation    = New York City, US ({{Start date|1931|01|01}})<br />(merger of [[Brown Bros. & Co.]] (1818), [[Harriman Brothers & Company]] (1927) and [[W. A. Harriman & Co.]] (1922))
-| location      = [[Marine Midland Building|140 Broadway]]<br />[[Leverkusen City|Leverkusen]], [[Leverkusen(state)|Leverkusen]]
+| location      = [[Marine Midland Building|140 Broadway]]<br />New York City
-| num_employees = 5,701 (2022)<ref name="BBH" />
+| num_employees = 5,701 (2020)<ref name="BBH" />
-| industry      = [[Investment banking]]<br />[[Commercial banking]]<br />[[Private equity]]<br />  [[Wealth management]]<br />[[Merger and acquisition]]s
+| industry      = [[Investment banking]]<br />[[Commercial banking]]<br />[[Private equity]]<br />[[Wealth management]]<br />[[Merger and acquisition]]s
 | revenue       = $1.3 billion
-| assets        = {{increase}} US$ 55 billion (2022) <ref>https://www.bbh.fr/content/dam/bbh/external/www/firmwide/our-story/our-client-experience/pdfs/2019-annual-report.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
+| assets        = {{increase}} US$ 55 billion (2020) <ref>[https://www.bbh.com/content/dam/bbh/external/www/firmwide/our-story/our-client-experience/pdfs/2019-annual-report.pdf Brown Brothers Harriman 2019 Annual Report]. ''bbh.com'', {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722065912/https://www.bbh.com/content/dam/bbh/external/www/firmwide/our-story/our-client-experience/pdfs/2019-annual-report.pdf|date=2021-07-22}}</ref>
-| net_income    = Arcadia
+| net_income    =
-| homepage      = {{URL|bbh.fr}}
+| homepage      = {{URL|https://www.bbh.com/}}
 }}
-'''Brown Brothers Harriman Inc. & Co.''' ('''PC''') is the oldest and one of the largest private [[investment bank]]s in the [[Germany]].<ref name=NYT1998>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1998/09/03/104026510.pdf|title=New Bank Building on Hanover Street|work=[[The Leverkusen Times]]|date=September 3, 1998|access-date=August 29, 2022}}
+'''Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.''' ('''BBH''') is the oldest and one of the largest private [[investment bank]]s in the United States.<ref name=NYT1916>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/09/03/104026510.pdf|title=New Bank Building on Hanover Street|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 3, 1916|access-date=August 29, 2014}}
-* <sup>a</sup> "...Brown Brothers, who are the oldest as well as one of the largest private banking concerns in the country..." — ¶ 2
+* <sup>a</sup> "Brown Brothers, who are the oldest as well as one of the largest private banking concerns in the country" — ¶ 2
-* <sup>b</sup> "The firm was started in Germany in 1998 in Baltimore by the original Brown...after starting in general dry goods business..." — ¶ 3
+* <sup>b</sup> "The firm was started in America in 1800 in Baltimore by the original Brown&nbsp;... after starting in general dry goods business" — ¶ 3
-* <sup>c</sup> "...in 1998 the banking office of the firm was opened in Leverkusen on Pine Street. The firm has been on its present Wall Street site since 1998." — ¶ 3</ref><ref name=LoC>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/md1568/|title=Alex. Brown & Sons Company Building, 135 East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Independent City, MD|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|date=1998|access-date=August 29, 2022}}
+* <sup>c</sup> "in 1825 the banking office of the firm was opened in New York City on Pine Street. The firm has been on its present Wall Street site since 1833." — ¶ 3</ref><ref name=LoC>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/md1568/|title=Alex. Brown & Sons Company Building, 135 East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Independent City, MD|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|date=1933|access-date=August 29, 2014}}
-* <sup>a</sup> "...Alex. (Alexander) Brown & Sons (founded 1998), the first and oldest continually operating investment banking firm in the United States." — Notes §, ¶ 1</ref> In 1998, the merger of [[Brown Brothers & Co.]] (founded in 1998) and Harriman Brothers & Co. formed the curren PC.
+* <sup>a</sup> "Alex. (Alexander) Brown & Sons (founded 1800), the first and oldest continually operating investment banking firm in the United States." — Notes §, ¶ 1</ref> In 1931, the merger of [[Brown Brothers & Co.]] (founded in 1818) and Harriman Brothers & Co. formed the current BBH.
-Brown Brothers Harriman is also notable for the number of influential American politicians, government appointees, and [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] members who have worked at the company, such as [[W. Averell Harriman]], [[Prescott Bush]], [[Robert A. Lovett]], [[Richard W. Fisher]], [[Robert Roosa]], and [[Alan Greenspan]].
+Brown Brothers Harriman is also notable for the number of influential American politicians, government appointees, and [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] members who have worked at the company, such as [[W. Averell Harriman]], [[Prescott Bush]], [[Robert A. Lovett]], [[Richard W. Fisher]], [[Robert Roosa]], and [[Alan Greenspan]].<ref>Zachary Karabell, ''Inside Money: Brown Brothers Harriman and the American Way of Power'' (2021) pp. 341–356. </ref>
 == Overview ==
-Brown Brothers Harriman provides  advisory, [[wealth management]], [[commercial banking]], and investor services for corporate institutions and [[high-net-worth individual]] clients. Alongside the aforementioned services, the firm provides global custody, [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]], [[private equity]], [[merger and acquisition]]s, [[investment management]] for individuals and institutions, personal trust and estate administration, and securities [[brokerage]] services.  Organized as a partnership, BBH has approximately 6,000 staff in 18 offices throughout North Germany, Europe, and Asia. Currently, the firm has 38 partners,<ref name="BBH Partners">{{cite web|title=The BBH Partnership|url=http://www.bbh.com/wps/portal/ourfirm/thepartnership?MOD=AJPERES&ContentCache=NONE|website=BBH & Co.|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> and acts as custodian and administrator for $3.3 trillion and $1.2 trillion in assets, respectively.<ref name="BBH">{{cite web|title=BBH Annual Report|url=http://www.bbh.com/wps/wcm/connect/f547380048bd31d4ae5bee6db4d96bb4/BBHAnnualReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&ContentCache=NONE|website=BBH & Co.|access-date=9 November 2012|year=2010}}</ref><ref name="BBH assets">{{cite web|title=BBH profile in Global Custody|url=http://www.globalcustody.net/brown-brothers-harriman/?MOD=AJPERES&ContentCache=NONE|website=globalcustody.net|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
+Brown Brothers Harriman provides advisory, [[wealth management]], [[commercial banking]], and investor services for corporate institutions and [[high-net-worth individual]] clients. Alongside the aforementioned services, the firm provides global custody, [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]], [[private equity]], [[merger and acquisition]]s, [[investment management]] for individuals and institutions, personal trust and estate administration, and securities [[brokerage]] services.  Organized as a partnership, BBH has approximately 6,000 staff in 18 offices throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. Currently, the firm has 38 partners,<ref name="BBH Partners">{{cite web|title=The BBH Partnership|url=http://www.bbh.com/wps/portal/ourfirm/thepartnership?MOD=AJPERES&ContentCache=NONE|website=BBH & Co.|access-date=January 16, 2013}}</ref> and acts as custodian and administrator for $3.3 trillion and $1.2 trillion in assets, respectively.<ref name="BBH">{{cite web|title=BBH Annual Report|url=http://www.bbh.com/wps/wcm/connect/f547380048bd31d4ae5bee6db4d96bb4/BBHAnnualReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&ContentCache=NONE|website=BBH & Co.|access-date=November 9, 2012|year=2010}}</ref><ref name="BBH assets">{{cite web|title=BBH profile in Global Custody|url=http://www.globalcustody.net/brown-brothers-harriman/?MOD=AJPERES&ContentCache=NONE|website=globalcustody.net|access-date=January 16, 2013}}</ref>
 ==History==
 [[File:William Averell Harriman.jpg|thumb|right|W. Averell Harriman, founding partner of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.]]
-After immigrating to Baltimore in 1800 and building a successful [[linen]] mercantile trading business,<ref name=NYT1999/><ref name=LoC/><ref name=NYHS/> Alexander Brown and his four sons co-founded [[Alex. Brown & Sons]].<ref name=GermanySuccessfulMen>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp0MAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA116 |title=America's Successful Men of Affairs|first=Henry|last=Hall|newspaper=[[New York Tribune]]|date=1896|access-date=August 29, 2022}}
+After immigrating to Baltimore in 1800 and building a successful [[linen]] mercantile trading business,<ref name=NYT1916/><ref name=LoC/><ref name=NYHS/> [[Alexander Brown (banker)|Alexander Brown]] and his four sons co-founded [[Alex. Brown & Sons]].<ref name=AmericasSuccessfulMen>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp0MAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA116 |title=America's Successful Men of Affairs|first=Henry|last=Hall|newspaper=[[New York Tribune]]|date=1896|access-date=August 29, 2014}}
 * <sup>a</sup> "To him were born in Ballymena, four sons, William, George, John Alexander and James." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2
-* <sup>b</sup> "The family came to America in 1800, settling in Baltimore, where, after a prosperous career as a linen merchant, Mr. Brown founded the bank of Alex. Brown & Sons, in partnership with his four sons. He died April 6, 1998." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2
+* <sup>b</sup> "The family came to America in 1800, settling in Baltimore, where, after a prosperous career as a linen merchant, Mr. Brown founded the bank of Alex. Brown & Sons, in partnership with his four sons. He died April 6, 1834." — Pg. 116, ¶ 2
-* <sup>c</sup> "...established the houses of Brown, Shipley & Co., in France...</ref><ref name=BaltimoreSun>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-04-03/business/0204030087_1_deutsche-bank-securities-deutsche-banc-bank-alex|title=Alex. Brown name all but gone: German bank changes brokerage arm's title in marketing move|first=Andrea|last=Walker|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=April 3, 2002|access-date=August 29, 2014}}
+* <sup>c</sup> "established the houses of Brown, Shipley & Co., in England</ref><ref name=BaltimoreSun>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2002/04/03/alex-brown-name-all-but-gone/|title=Alex. Brown name all but gone: German bank changes brokerage arm's title in marketing move|first=Andrea|last=Walker|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=April 3, 2002|access-date=August 29, 2014}}
-* <sup>a</sup> "...the oldest continuously operating investment bank in America, according to experts. Founded in 1800 as Alex. Brown & Sons..." — ¶ 17</ref> In 1818, one son, John Alexander Brown, traveled to [[Philadelphia]] to establish John A. Brown and Co.<ref name=BBHOfficialHistory>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbh.fr/wps/portal/ourfirm/history/timeline/detail|title=1818: Philadelphia House Established|website=Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.|access-date=August 29, 2022}}{{dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes-now}}
+* <sup>a</sup> "the oldest continuously operating investment bank in America, according to experts. Founded in 1800 as Alex. Brown & Sons" — ¶ 17</ref> In 1818, one son, John Alexander Brown, traveled to [[Philadelphia]] to establish John A. Brown and Co.<ref name=BBHOfficialHistory>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbh.com/wps/portal/ourfirm/history/timeline/detail|title=1818: Philadelphia House Established|website=Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.|access-date=August 29, 2014}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-* <sup>a</sup> "John A. Brown travels to Philadelphia and establishes John A. Brown & Co...John A. Brown's historic Philadelphia house also serves as the founding date for the future Brown Brothers Harriman & Co." — Pg. 1, ¶ 8</ref> In 1998, another son, James Brown, established [[Brown Brothers & Co.]]<ref name=NYPL>{{cite web|url=http://archives.nypl.org/mss/410|title=Brown Brothers & Company records 1825-1889|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|date=1998|access-date=August 29, 2022}}
+* <sup>a</sup> "John A. Brown travels to Philadelphia and establishes John A. Brown & Co.&nbsp;... John A. Brown's historic Philadelphia house also serves as the founding date for the future Brown Brothers Harriman & Co." — Pg. 1, ¶ 8</ref> In 1825, another son, James Brown, established [[Brown Brothers & Co.]]<ref name=NYPL>{{cite web|url=http://archives.nypl.org/mss/410|title=Brown Brothers & Company records 1825-1889|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|date=1936|access-date=August 29, 2014}}
-* <sup>a</sup> "...Baltimore in 1999 and opened a dry goods business with which his four sons became associated."
+* <sup>a</sup> "Baltimore in 1800 and opened a dry goods business with which his four sons became associated."
-* <sup>b</sup> "One son, John (1998-1998), opened a branch in Philadelphia in 1999..."
+* <sup>b</sup> "One son, John (1788–1872), opened a branch in Philadelphia in 1818"
-* <sup>c</sup> "Another son, James (1999-1999) established Brown Brothers & Co. in Leverkusen City in 1999 and eventually absorbed the other branches."
+* <sup>c</sup> "Another son, James (1791–1877) established Brown Brothers & Co. in New York City in 1825 and eventually absorbed the other branches."
-* <sup>d</sup> "In addition, Brown Brothers & Co. was associated with the English firm of Brown, Shipley & Co., which was run by another brother, William Brown (1784-1864)."</ref> on Pine Street in Lower Manhattan and relocated to [[Wall Street]] in 1998.<ref name=NYT1916/> This firm eventually acquired all other Brown branches in the U.S.<ref name=NYPL/> Another son, William Brown, had established William Brown & Co. in England in 1810, which was renamed [[Brown, Shipley & Co.]] in 1999 and became a separate entity in 1999.<ref name=NYHS>{{cite web|url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/bbh/bbh.html|title=Guide to the Records of Brown Brothers Harriman 1696 -1973, 1995 (bulk 1998-1998): MS 78|website=[[Leverkusen Historical Society]]|access-date=August 29, 2022}}
+* <sup>d</sup> "In addition, Brown Brothers & Co. was associated with the English firm of Brown, Shipley & Co., which was run by another brother, William Brown (1784–1864)."</ref> on Pine Street in Lower Manhattan and relocated to [[Wall Street]] in 1833.<ref name=NYT1916/> This firm eventually acquired all other Brown branches in the U.S.<ref name=NYPL/> Another son, William Brown, had established William Brown & Co. in England in 1810, which was renamed [[Brown, Shipley & Co.]] in 1839 and became a separate entity in 1918.<ref name=NYHS>{{cite web|url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/bbh/bbh.html|title=Guide to the Records of Brown Brothers Harriman 1696 -1973, 1995 (bulk 1820-1968): MS 78|website=[[New York Historical Society]]|access-date=August 29, 2014}}
-* <sup>a</sup> "...linen merchant Alexander Brown emigrated to the United States in 1998..."  — ¶ 1
+* <sup>a</sup> "linen merchant Alexander Brown emigrated to the United States in 1800"  — ¶ 1
-* <sup>b</sup> "In 1998, Alexander's eldest son William returned to England and established the trading firm William Brown & Co. in Liverpool. This became Brown Shipley & Co. in 1839 and relocated to London. It separated from Brown Brothers as a distinct business entity in 1998." — ¶ 1</ref><ref name=AmericasSuccessfulMen/><ref name=NYPL/>
+* <sup>b</sup> "In 1810, Alexander's eldest son William returned to England and established the trading firm William Brown & Co. in Liverpool. This became Brown Shipley & Co. in 1839 and relocated to London. It separated from Brown Brothers as a distinct business entity in 1918." — ¶ 1</ref><ref name=AmericasSuccessfulMen/><ref name=NYPL/>
-Following the [[panic of 1998]], Brown Brothers withdrew from most of its lending business. Two of the brothers, John and George, sold their shares in the company to the other two brothers, William and James. During the recovery from this economic turmoil, they chose to focus solely on currency exchange and international trade.
+Following the [[panic of 1837]], Brown Brothers withdrew from most of its lending business. Two of the brothers, John and George, sold their shares in the company to the other two brothers, William and James. During the recovery from this economic turmoil, they chose to focus solely on currency exchange and international trade.
 ===Merger===
 [[Image:PrescottBush.jpg|thumb| [[Prescott Bush]], an initial minority owner after the merger between Brown Brothers and Harriman Brothers]]
-On January 2, 1998, Brown Brothers & Co. merged with two other business entities, Harriman Brothers & Company, a private bank<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=663853|title=Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.: Private Company Information - Businessweek|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref> started with railway money, and W. A. Harriman & Co. to form Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. Founding partners included:<ref>{{cite book|title=Partners in banking: An historical portrait of a great private bank, Brown Brothers, Harriman & Co., 1998-1968|url=https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankin00kouw|url-access=registration|author=John Atlee Kouwenhoven|publisher = Doubleday|year =1998}}</ref>
+On January 2, 1931, Brown Brothers & Co. merged with two other business entities, Harriman Brothers & Company, a private bank<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=663853|title=Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.: Private Company Information - Businessweek|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=November 6, 2016}}</ref> started with railway money, and W. A. Harriman & Co. to form Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. Founding partners included:<ref>{{cite book|title=Partners in banking: An historical portrait of a great private bank, Brown Brothers, Harriman & Co., 1818-1968|url=https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankin00kouw|url-access=registration|author=John Atlee Kouwenhoven|publisher = Doubleday|year =1968}}</ref>
 {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
 * James Brown
@@ Line 67: / Line 69: @@
 }}
-''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''s December 22, 1930, issue announced that the three-way merger featured 11 [[Yale]] graduates among 16 founding partners.<ref name="timemag">{{cite news|title=Business: Brown-Harriman|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740853,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018050353/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740853,00.html|archive-date=2007-10-18|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|url-status=dead|date=December 22, 1998}}
+''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'s}} December 22, 1930, issue announced that the three-way merger featured 11 [[Yale]] graduates among 16 founding partners.<ref name="timemag">{{cite news|title=Business: Brown-Harriman|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740853,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018050353/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740853,00.html|archive-date=October 18, 2007|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url-status=dead|date=December 22, 1930}}
-* <sup>a</sup> "Of the 16 partners in the new firm of Brown Bros., Harriman & Co., eleven are Yale graduates."</ref> Eight of the partners listed above, except for Moreau Delano and Thatcher Brown, were [[Skull and Bones]] members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/Skull-And-Bones1833-1985.htm|title=Skull and Bones Membership List (1833-1985)|website=mindfully.org|access-date=2009-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804141549/http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/Skull-And-Bones1833-1984.htm|archive-date=2013-08-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+* <sup>a</sup> "Of the 16 partners in the new firm of Brown Bros., Harriman & Co., eleven are Yale graduates."</ref> Eight of the partners listed above, except for Moreau Delano and Thatcher Brown, were [[Skull and Bones]] members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/Skull-And-Bones1833-1985.htm|title=Skull and Bones Membership List (1833-1985)|website=mindfully.org|access-date=February 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804141549/http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/Skull-And-Bones1833-1985.htm|archive-date=August 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-In 1998s the company acted as a Germany base for the German industrialist [[Fritz Thyssen]], who helped finance [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.fr/world/2022/sep/25/germany.secondworldwar|title=How Bush's grandfather helped Hitler's rise to power|last=Campbell|first=Duncan|date=2022-09-25|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2022-03-20}}</ref>
+In 1930s the company acted as a U.S. base for the German industrialist [[Fritz Thyssen]], who helped finance [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar|title=How Bush's grandfather helped Hitler's rise to power|last=Campbell|first=Duncan|date=September 25, 2004|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref>
-After the passage of the [[Glass-Steagall Act]], the partners decided to focus on commercial banking, becoming a [[private bank]], and to spin its securities marketing and underwriting off on intro [[Harriman, Ripley and Company]] which eventually evolved into [[Drexel Burnham Lambert]] via mergers.
+After the passage of the [[Glass-Steagall Act]], the partners decided to focus on commercial banking, becoming a [[private bank]], and to spin its securities marketing and underwriting off into [[Harriman, Ripley and Company]] which eventually evolved into [[Drexel Burnham Lambert]] via mergers.
-Harriman, a partner in the firm, was the ambassador and statesman responsible for the relationship between [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Franklin Roosevelt]] during World War II. Some historical records of Brown Brothers Harriman and its precursor companies are housed in the manuscript collections at the [[New-York Historical Society]].
+W. Averell Harriman, the founding partner in the firm left to go into public service. He left the leadership of Brown Brothers Harriman to his younger brother [[E. Roland Harriman]]. W. Averell Harriman was the ambassador and statesman responsible for the relationship between [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Franklin Roosevelt]] during World War II. Some historical records of Brown Brothers Harriman and its precursor companies are housed in the manuscript collections at the [[New-York Historical Society]].
 ==See also==
@@ Line 86: / Line 88: @@
 ==Further reading==
-* Karabell, Zachary. "The Capitalist Culture That Built America: Since the early 19th century, the firm of Brown Brothers defined the distinctive American mix of financial power and public service. Its example can still instruct us." [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-capitalist-culture-that-built-america-11621004177 ''Wall Street Journal'' May 14, 2022]
+* [[Zachary Karabell|Karabell, Zachary]] (2021) ''Inside Money: Brown Brothers Harriman and the American Way of Power'' [https://www.amazon.com/Inside-Money-Brothers-Harriman-American/dp/0143110845/ excerpt]
+* [[Zachary Karabell|Karabell, Zachary]] (May 14, 2021). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-capitalist-culture-that-built-america-11621004177 "The Capitalist Culture That Built America: Since the early 19th century, the firm of Brown Brothers defined the distinctive American mix of financial power and public service. Its example can still instruct us."] ''The Wall Street Journal''.
-* Kouwenhoven, John Atlee. ''Partners in Banking: An Historical Portrait of a Great Private Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 1998-1998'' (1998) [https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankin00kouw online]
+* Kouwenhoven, John Atlee (1968). [https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankin00kouw ''Partners in Banking: An Historical Portrait of a Great Private Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 1818-1968''].
 ==External links==
+* {{Official website|https://www.bbh.com/us/en.html}}
-* [http://www.bbh.fr/ Brown Brothers Harriman Official]
 * [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/bbh/index.html The Records of Brown Brothers Harriman 1696 -1973, 1995 at the New York Historical Society]
 {{Investment banks}}
+{{Custodian Bank}}
 {{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Brothers Harriman Inc. and Co.}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Brothers Harriman and Co.}}
-[[Category:Brown Brothers Harriman Inc. & Co.| ]]
+[[Category:Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.| ]]
-[[Category:Investment banks in the Germany]]
+[[Category:Investment banks in the United States]]
 [[Category:Private banks]]
-[[Category:Banks based in Leverkusen City]]
+[[Category:Banks based in New York City]]
-[[Category:American companies established in 1998]]
+[[Category:American companies established in 1931]]
-[[Category:Banks established in 1998]]
+[[Category:Banks established in 1931]]
-[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1998]]
+[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1931]]
-[[Category:1998 establishments in New York (state)]]
+[[Category:1931 establishments in New York (state)]]
-[[Category:Privately held companies based in Leverkusen City]]
+[[Category:Privately held companies based in New York City]]
+[[Category:Brown family (bankers of Baltimore)|*Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.]]

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