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Coordinates: 51°57′14″N 1°16′30″W / 51.954°N 1.275°W / 51.954; -1.275
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{{Short description|Village in Oxfordshire, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
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|country= England
|country= England
|constituency_westminster= [[Banbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Banbury]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Banbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Banbury]]
|post_town= [[Bicester]]
|post_town= BICESTER
|postcode_district= OX25
|postcode_district= OX25
|postcode_area= OX
|postcode_area= OX
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==Archaeology==
==Archaeology==
[[File:Medieval coin, Quarter noble of Edward III (straightened) (FindID 477932).jpg|thumb|right|A gold [[noble (English coin)|noble]] coin of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], dating from {{circa|1363|1369}}, found in Somerton in 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://finds.org.uk/database/ajax/webcite/id/477932/type/artefacts |title=Finds record for: BERK-A01D04 |author= Byard, A |access-date= 24 August 2022 |publisher= The Portable Antiquities Scheme}}</ref>]]
14 [[Anglo-Saxon England|Saxon]] or early medieval graves have been discovered at Somerton's former Free School.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://publicapps.oxfordshire.gov.uk/wps/portal/publicapps/!ut/p/c5/hY3LDoIwFEQ_6d5SaO2yRaU1CIoLoRvSGIJNeLgwJv69ENfVmeWZB1hYPLmX793Tz5MboAbLWrahVWIExSxPt2hEKRVNK4qcLLxh7VFoEu2TGMtLHqPRqqgOSiJm0Z_2df0LJyj58l_7K8eAJEKh57GDBiwPvWQ7Ds3Q9e72hsdYoz_dzx9VXrH_/dl3/d3/L0lJSklna21DU1EhIS9JRGpBQU15QUJFUkNKRXFnLzRGR2dzbzBWdnphOUlBOW9JQSEhLzdfNjgzUjVJOTMwR0xDRDBJOU9BQjNDUjNHRTcvcE42MkM5NTgwMDY1L3NhLnNwZl9BY3Rpb25MaXN0ZW5lcg!!/?PC_7_683R5I930GLCD0I9OAB3CR3GE70n2826_spf_strutsAction=!2frecordSearch.do!3fmethod%3drecordSearch!26offset%3d0#7_683R5I930GLCD0I9OAB3CR3GE7 |title= Anglo Saxon Inhumation Cemetery at Somerton |work=Museums and Archaeology – Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record |publisher=[[Oxfordshire County Council]] |date= |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref>
Fourteen [[Anglo-Saxon England|Saxon]] or early medieval graves have been discovered at Somerton's former Free School.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://publicapps.oxfordshire.gov.uk/wps/portal/publicapps/!ut/p/c5/hY3LDoIwFEQ_6d5SaO2yRaU1CIoLoRvSGIJNeLgwJv69ENfVmeWZB1hYPLmX793Tz5MboAbLWrahVWIExSxPt2hEKRVNK4qcLLxh7VFoEu2TGMtLHqPRqqgOSiJm0Z_2df0LJyj58l_7K8eAJEKh57GDBiwPvWQ7Ds3Q9e72hsdYoz_dzx9VXrH_/dl3/d3/L0lJSklna21DU1EhIS9JRGpBQU15QUJFUkNKRXFnLzRGR2dzbzBWdnphOUlBOW9JQSEhLzdfNjgzUjVJOTMwR0xDRDBJOU9BQjNDUjNHRTcvcE42MkM5NTgwMDY1L3NhLnNwZl9BY3Rpb25MaXN0ZW5lcg!!/?PC_7_683R5I930GLCD0I9OAB3CR3GE70n2826_spf_strutsAction=!2frecordSearch.do!3fmethod%3drecordSearch!26offset%3d0#7_683R5I930GLCD0I9OAB3CR3GE7 |title= Anglo Saxon Inhumation Cemetery at Somerton |work=Museums and Archaeology – Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record |publisher=[[Oxfordshire County Council]] |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref>


==Manor==
==Manor==
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===The de Greys and their heirs===
===The de Greys and their heirs===
In 1230 the manor of Somerton was divided between two [[Beneficiary|heiress]]es. In 1245 [[Walter de Gray|Walter de Grey]], [[Archbishop of York]], granted one of the halves to his nephew, also called Walter de Grey. The de Grey manor house seems to have been on low-lying land near the Cherwell. By 1295 it had a court, [[dovecote]] and [[fishponds]]. By 1300 Somerton had a [[watermill]].<ref name=Lobel/> Remains of the fishponds survive today.
In 1230 the manor of Somerton was divided between two [[Beneficiary|heiress]]es. In 1245 [[Walter de Gray|Walter de Grey]], [[Archbishop of York]], granted one of the halves to his nephew, also called Walter de Grey. The de Grey manor house seems to have been on low-lying land near the Cherwell. By 1295 it had a court, [[dovecote]] and fishponds. By 1300 Somerton had a [[watermill]].<ref name=Lobel/> Remains of the fishponds survive today. The manor was passed down through the de Grey family, and then to their descendants the Deincourts and then the Lovells of [[Minster Lovell]]. In 1485 [[Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell|Francis Lovell]] was created 1st [[Viscount]] Lovell. Francis is believed to have been killed in 1487 in the [[Battle of Stoke Field]] at the end of the [[Wars of the Roses]].<ref name=Lobel/> Thereafter [[the Crown]] held the manor for the next 25 years.

The manor was passed down through the de Grey family, and then to their descendants the Deincourts and then the Lovells of [[Minster Lovell]]. In 1485 [[Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell|Francis Lovell]] was created 1st [[Viscount]] Lovell. Francis is believed to have been killed in 1487 in the [[Battle of Stoke Field]] at the end of the [[Wars of the Roses]].<ref name=Lobel/> Thereafter [[the Crown]] held the manor for the next 25 years.


===The Fermors===
===The Fermors===
In 1512 the Crown granted the manor to William Fermor of [[Witney]]. William built a new [[manor house]], above the village in contrast with the de Grey manor house that had been close to the Cherwell. It remained the Fermor home until about 1625 when Richard Fermor made [[Tusmore, Oxfordshire|Tusmore]] the family's principal home.<ref name=Lobel/> In the 18th century most of Somerton manor house was demolished, but part of the hall wall still remains.<ref name=Sherwood768>{{harvnb|Sherwood|Pevsner|1974,|p=768}}</ref>
In 1512 the Crown granted the manor to William Fermor of [[Witney]]. William built a new [[manor house]], above the village in contrast with the de Grey manor house that had been close to the Cherwell. It remained the Fermor home until about 1625 when Richard Fermor made [[Tusmore, Oxfordshire|Tusmore]] the family's principal home.<ref name=Lobel/> In the 18th century most of Somerton manor house was demolished, but part of the hall wall still remains.<ref name=Sherwood768>{{harvnb|Sherwood|Pevsner|1974|p=768}}</ref> In the 16th century the south [[Aisle#Architecture|aisle]] of St. James' church was converted into the Fermor family [[chapel]].<ref name=Sherwood768/> However, after the [[English Reformation]] the Fermors were [[Recusant]]s and had a private [[Roman Catholic church|Roman Catholic]] [[chapel]] at the manor house.

In the 16th century the south [[Aisle#Architecture|aisle]] of St. James' church was converted into the Fermor family [[chapel]].<ref name=Sherwood768/> However, after the [[English Reformation]] the Fermors were [[Recusant]]s and had a private [[Roman Catholic church|Roman Catholic]] [[chapel]] at the manor house.

When Thomas Fermor died in 1580, his [[Will (law)|will]] provided for the founding of a "free school" for Somerton boys to be instructed in ''"virtue and learning"''.<ref name=Lobel/> Somerton's present school building dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, but includes a late 16th-century window which may be from the original building.<ref name=Sherwood768/>


During the [[English Civil War]] of 1642–51, Henry Fermor stayed neutral but his kinsman by marriage [[Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour]], another Recusant, was a [[Cavalier|Royalist]] who fought for [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]. As a result, in 1646 the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] [[Sequestration (law)|sequestered]] Arundell's estates, including Somerton. However a relative bought Somerton from the sequestrators and in the [[English Restoration|Restoration of the Stuart monarchy]] in 1660 the manor was restored to the Fermors.<ref name=Lobel/>
When Thomas Fermor died in 1580, his [[Will (law)|will]] provided for the founding of a "free school" for Somerton boys to be instructed in ''"virtue and learning"''.<ref name=Lobel/> Somerton's present school building dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, but includes a late 16th-century window which may be from the original building.<ref name=Sherwood768/> During the [[English Civil War]] of 1642–51, Henry Fermor stayed neutral but his kinsman by marriage [[Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour]], another Recusant, was a [[Cavalier|Royalist]] who fought for [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]. As a result, in 1646 the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] [[Sequestration (law)|sequestered]] Arundell's estates, including Somerton. However a relative bought Somerton from the sequestrators and in the [[English Restoration|Restoration of the Stuart monarchy]] in 1660 the manor was restored to the Fermors.<ref name=Lobel/>


===Villiers family===
===Villiers family===
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===Parish church===
===Parish church===
[[File:Somerton StJames ChurchyardCross.JPG|thumb|The medieval cross in St James' churchyard is a [[Listed building#Categories of listed building|Grade I listed structure]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1225734 |desc=Churchyard Cross approximately 12 metres north of the Church of St James |grade=I |accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref>]]
[[File:Somerton StJames ChurchyardCross.JPG|thumb|The medieval cross in St James' churchyard is a [[Listed building#Categories of listed building|Grade I listed structure]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1225734 |desc=Churchyard Cross approximately 12 metres north of the Church of St James |grade=I |accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref>]] The [[Church of England parish church]] of [[James, son of Zebedee|Saint James the Apostle]] is known to have existed by 1074.<ref name=Lobel/> A [[Norman architecture|Norman]] carved doorway in the [[nave]] dates from this period. Much of the building, however, including the [[bell tower]], is [[English Gothic architecture#Decorated Gothic|Decorated Gothic]] from the first half of the 14th century. St. James' also has features from the 13th, 15th and 16th centuries.{{sfn|Sherwood|Pevsner|1974|pp=767–768}} St. James' is a [[Listed building#Categories of listed building|Grade I listed building]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1225707 |desc=Church of St James, Church Street |grade=I |accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref>
The [[Church of England parish church]] of [[James, son of Zebedee|Saint James the Apostle]] is known to have existed by 1074.<ref name=Lobel/> A [[Norman architecture|Norman]] carved doorway in the [[nave]] dates from this period. Much of the building, however, including the [[bell tower]], is [[English Gothic architecture#Decorated Gothic|Decorated Gothic]] from the first half of the 14th century. St. James' also has features from the 13th, 15th and 16th centuries.{{sfn|Sherwood|Pevsner|1974|pp=767–768}} St. James' is a [[Listed building#Categories of listed building|Grade I listed building]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1225707 |desc=Church of St James, Church Street |grade=I |accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref>


The tower has a [[Change ringing|ring]] of eight bells.<ref name=ODG-Banbury>{{cite web |url=http://www.parishes.oxford.anglican.org/bell-ringers/banbury/Somerton.htm |title=Somerton |work=Tower Guide |publisher=Oxford Diocesan Guild of Church Bell Ringers, Banbury Branch |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> Henry I Bagley of [[Chacombe#Social and economic history|Chacombe]], Northamptonshire cast the tenor and seventh bells in 1635.<ref name=Dove>{{cite web |url= http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?searchString=Somerton&Submit=+Go+&DoveID=SOMERTONOX |last=Hedgcock |first=James |title=Somerton S James Ap |work=[[Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers]] |publisher=[[Central Council for Church Bell Ringers]] |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> One of these bells was paid for by John and Isabel Aston.<ref name=Lobel/> Henry I Bagley cast also the fourth bell in 1646 and the fifth bell in 1670.<ref name=Dove/> His descendant Henry III Bagley cast the sixth bell in 1707,<ref name=Dove/> completing the set of five bells noted in ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'' in 1827.<ref>''The Gentleman's Magazine'', 1827, p. 115</ref> [[John Taylor & Co]] of Loughborough cast the third bell (which then would have been the treble) in 1896,<ref name=Dove/> making a ring of six. In 1974 the [[Whitechapel Bell Foundry]] added the present treble and second bells, increasing the ring to eight.<ref name=Dove/> At the same time all eight bells were also rehung.<ref name=ODG-Banbury/>
The tower has a [[Change ringing|ring]] of eight bells.<ref name=ODG-Banbury>{{cite web |url=http://www.parishes.oxford.anglican.org/bell-ringers/banbury/Somerton.htm |title=Somerton |work=Tower Guide |publisher=Oxford Diocesan Guild of Church Bell Ringers, Banbury Branch |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> Henry I Bagley of [[Chacombe#Social and economic history|Chacombe]], Northamptonshire cast the tenor and seventh bells in 1635.<ref name=Dove>{{cite web |url= http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?searchString=Somerton&Submit=+Go+&DoveID=SOMERTONOX |last=Hedgcock |first=James |title=Somerton S James Ap |work=[[Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers]] |publisher=[[Central Council for Church Bell Ringers]] |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> One of these bells was paid for by John and Isabel Aston.<ref name=Lobel/> Henry I Bagley cast also the fourth bell in 1646 and the fifth bell in 1670.<ref name=Dove/> His descendant Henry III Bagley cast the sixth bell in 1707,<ref name=Dove/> completing the set of five bells noted in ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'' in 1827.<ref>''The Gentleman's Magazine'', 1827, p. 115</ref> [[John Taylor & Co]] of Loughborough cast the third bell (which then would have been the treble) in 1896,<ref name=Dove/> making a ring of six. In 1974 the [[Whitechapel Bell Foundry]] added the present treble and second bells, increasing the ring to eight.<ref name=Dove/> At the same time all eight bells were also rehung.<ref name=ODG-Banbury/> St. James' parish is now part of the Cherwell Valley [[Benefice#Church of England|Benefice]] along with five other parishes: [[Ardley, Oxfordshire|Ardley]], [[Fritwell]], [[Lower Heyford]], [[Souldern]] and [[Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire|Upper Heyford]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.achurchnearyou.com/benefice.php?B=27/106DM |author=Archbishops' Council |author-link=Archbishops' Council |title=Benefice of Cherwell Valley |work=[[A Church Near You]] |publisher=[[Church of England]] |accessdate=30 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113120043/http://www.achurchnearyou.com/benefice.php?B=27%2F106DM |archive-date=13 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

St. James' parish is now part of the Cherwell Valley [[Benefice#Church of England|Benefice]] along with five other parishes: [[Ardley, Oxfordshire|Ardley]], [[Fritwell]], [[Lower Heyford]], [[Souldern]] and [[Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire|Upper Heyford]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.achurchnearyou.com/benefice.php?B=27/106DM |author=[[Archbishops' Council]] |title=Benefice of Cherwell Valley |work=[[A Church Near You]] |publisher=[[Church of England]] |accessdate=30 July 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113120043/http://www.achurchnearyou.com/benefice.php?B=27%2F106DM |archivedate=13 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


===Recusancy===
===Recusancy===
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==Economic and social history==
==Economic and social history==
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Somerton (Oxfordshire) Inclosure Act 1765
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title = An Act for dividing and enclosing a certain Open Common Field, Common Pastures, Common Meadows, and Waste Grounds, in the Manor and Parish of Somerton, in the County of Oxford.
| year = 1765
| citation = [[5 Geo. 3]]. c. ''83''
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 10 May 1765
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text =
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
[[File:Somerton Deep Lock on the Oxford Canal - geograph.org.uk - 30508.jpg|thumb|upright|Somerton Deep Lock, completed in 1787]]
[[File:Somerton Deep Lock on the Oxford Canal - geograph.org.uk - 30508.jpg|thumb|upright|Somerton Deep Lock, completed in 1787]]
Somerton was farmed in an [[open field system]] of four fields until William Fermor secured an [[Enclosure Acts|enclosure act]] from [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] in 1765.<ref name=Lobel/> Thereafter Somerton's population grew, reaching 400 in the [[United Kingdom Census 1821|1821 census]].
Somerton was farmed in an [[open field system]] of four fields until William Fermor secured an [[inclosure act]] from [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] in 1765, the '''{{visible anchor|Somerton (Oxfordshire) Inclosure Act 1765}}''' ([[5 Geo. 3]]. c. ''83'').<ref name=Lobel/> Thereafter Somerton's population grew, reaching 400 in the 1821 census. The stretch of the [[Oxford Canal]] between Banbury and [[Tackley]] was completed in 1787.{{sfn|Compton|1976|p=37}} It runs along the Cherwell valley, and at Somerton it passes between the river and the village. Somerton Deep [[Lock (water transport)|Lock]] was built {{convert|2/5|mi|0}} north of the village.

The stretch of the [[Oxford Canal]] between Banbury and [[Tackley]] was completed in 1787.{{sfn|Compton|1976|p=37}} It runs along the Cherwell valley, and at Somerton it passes between the river and the village. Somerton Deep [[Lock (water transport)|Lock]] was built {{convert|2/5|mi|0}} north of the village.


Building of the [[Oxford and Rugby Railway]] between {{rws|Oxford}} and {{rws|Banbury}} began in 1845. By the time the line opened the [[Great Western Railway]] had taken it over. In Somerton the railway threads along the valley between the Oxford Canal and the foot of the hill on which the village stands, and a bridge carries it over the road to [[North Aston]]. The GWR opened a station just south of the bridge in 1855;{{sfn|Compton|1976|p=117}} originally named Somerton, it was renamed {{rws|Fritwell & Somerton}} in 1907, although Fritwell is {{convert|2|mi|0}} away. The station attracted the opening of a [[public house]], the Railway Inn.<ref name=Lobel/> [[British Rail]]ways closed the station in 1964. The Railway Inn has since followed suit.
Building of the [[Oxford and Rugby Railway]] between {{rws|Oxford}} and {{rws|Banbury}} began in 1845. By the time the line opened the [[Great Western Railway]] had taken it over. In Somerton the railway threads along the valley between the Oxford Canal and the foot of the hill on which the village stands, and a bridge carries it over the road to [[North Aston]]. The GWR opened a station just south of the bridge in 1855;{{sfn|Compton|1976|p=117}} originally named Somerton, it was renamed {{rws|Fritwell & Somerton}} in 1907, although Fritwell is {{convert|2|mi|0}} away. The station attracted the opening of a [[public house]], the Railway Inn.<ref name=Lobel/> [[British Rail]]ways closed the station in 1964. The Railway Inn has since followed suit.


Some of the land on which the railway was built belonged to the Free School, some of the money that the GWR paid to in compenstation was spent on repairs to the school.<ref name=Lobel/> In the 19th century the village population grew and the school population grew with it. In a reorganisation of schools in 1930 the Free School became a junior school and senior pupils from Somerton had to go to Fritwell. The school was still open in the 1950s<ref name=Lobel/> but has since closed.
Some of the land on which the railway was built belonged to the Free School, and some of the money that the GWR paid in compensation was spent on repairs to the school.<ref name=Lobel/> In the 19th century the village population grew and the school population grew with it. In a reorganisation of schools in 1930 the Free School became a junior school and senior pupils from Somerton had to go to Fritwell. The school was still open in the 1950s<ref name=Lobel/> but has since closed.


==Barnes Memorial Hall==
==Barnes Memorial Hall==
After the First World War the Rev Dr Barnes, who had been Rector of Somerton since 1875, organised the building of the first [[village hall]]. Barnes retired in 1923, the hall was completed in 1924 and it was named the Barnes Memorial Hall in his memory.<ref name=Barnes>{{cite web |url= http://somertonoxon.co.uk/?page_id=159 |title=Village Hall History |work=The Village |accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref>
After the [[First World War]] the Rev Dr Barnes, who had been Rector of Somerton since 1875, organised the building of the first [[village hall]]. Barnes retired in 1923; the hall was completed in 1924 and it was named the Barnes Memorial Hall in his memory.<ref name=Barnes>{{cite web |url= http://somertonoxon.co.uk/?page_id=159 |title=Village Hall History |work=The Village |accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref> By the 2000s the first hall was suffering from [[subsidence]] and a leaking roof. In December 2008 the [[Big Lottery Fund]] granted its trustees £311,000 to rebuild the hall for the village.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/england/global-content/press-releases/england/south-east/big-lottery-fund-cements-future-of-oxfordshire-memorial-hall |date=17 December 2008 |title=Big Lottery Fund cements future of Oxfordshire Memorial Hall |work=News releases |publisher=[[Big Lottery Fund]] |accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> The new Barnes Memorial Hall was completed in May 2010.<ref name=Barnes/>

By the 2000s the first hall was suffering from [[subsidence]] and a leaking roof. In December 2008 the [[Big Lottery Fund]] granted its trustees £311,000 to rebuild the hall for the village.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/england/global-content/press-releases/england/south-east/big-lottery-fund-cements-future-of-oxfordshire-memorial-hall |date=17 December 2008 |title=Big Lottery Fund cements future of Oxfordshire Memorial Hall |work=News releases |publisher=[[Big Lottery Fund]] |accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> The new Barnes Memorial Hall was completed in May 2010.<ref name=Barnes/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Sources and further reading==
==Sources and further reading==
[[File:Bridge 196, Oxford Canal - geograph.org.uk - 799793.jpg|thumb|Road bridge over the [[Oxford Canal]] at Somerton]]
[[File:Bridge 196, Oxford Canal - geograph.org.uk - 799793.jpg|thumb|Road bridge over the [[Oxford Canal]] at Somerton]]
*{{cite book |last=Blomfield |first=James Charles |year=1888 |title=History of Middleton and Somerton |place=London |publisher= |pages= |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Blomfield |first=James Charles |year=1888 |title=History of Middleton and Somerton |place=London }}
*{{cite journal |last=Chambers |first=R.A. |year=1977 |title=Observations at Somerton, Oxon., 1973 |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=XLII |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society]] |pages=216–226 |issn=0308-5562 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal |last=Chambers |first=R.A. |year=1977 |title=Observations at Somerton, Oxon., 1973 |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=XLII |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society]] |pages=216–226 |issn=0308-5562 }}
*{{cite book |last=Compton |first=Hugh J. |year=1976 |title=The Oxford Canal |place=Newton Abbot |publisher=[[David & Charles]] |isbn=0-7153-7238-6 |pages=37, 117 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Compton |first=Hugh J. |year=1976 |title=The Oxford Canal |place=Newton Abbot |publisher=[[David & Charles]] |isbn=0-7153-7238-6 |pages=37, 117 }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Lobel |editor-first=Mary D |editor-link=Mary Lobel |year=1959 |title=A History of the County of Oxford |volume=6: Ploughley Hundred |series=[[Victoria County History]] |place=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] for the [[Institute of Historical Research]] |pages=290–301 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol6/pp290-301 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Lobel |editor-first=Mary D |editor-link=Mary Lobel |year=1959 |title=A History of the County of Oxford |volume=6: Ploughley Hundred |series=[[Victoria County History]] |place=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] for the [[Institute of Historical Research]] |pages=290–301 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol6/pp290-301 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Sherwood |first1=Jennifer |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |authorlink2=Nikolaus Pevsner |year=1974 |title=Oxfordshire |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]] |place=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-071045-0 |pages=767–768 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sherwood |first1=Jennifer |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |author-link2=Nikolaus Pevsner |year=1974 |title=Oxfordshire |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]] |place=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-071045-0 |pages=767–768 }}
*{{cite journal |last= |first= |year=1827 |title=Topography of Somerton, Oxfordshire |work=[[The Gentleman's Magazine]] |place= |publisher= |page=115 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal |year=1827 |title=Topography of Somerton, Oxfordshire |journal=[[The Gentleman's Magazine]] |page=115 }}


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://somertonvillage.org/ Somerton Village Clubs & Societies website]
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.somertonoxon.co.uk/ Somerton]
*[http://www.somertonoxon.co.uk/ Somerton Church and village history website]


{{Cherwell}}
{{Cherwell}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Civil parishes in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Oxfordshire]]

Latest revision as of 15:44, 12 October 2024

Somerton
St James the Apostle parish church
Somerton is located in Oxfordshire
Somerton
Somerton
Location within Oxfordshire
Area8.00 km2 (3.09 sq mi)
Population305 (2011 Census)
• Density38/km2 (98/sq mi)
OS grid referenceSP4928
Civil parish
  • Somerton
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBICESTER
Postcode districtOX25
PoliceThames Valley
FireOxfordshire
AmbulanceSouth Central
UK Parliament
WebsiteSomerton
List of places
UK
England
Oxfordshire
51°57′14″N 1°16′30″W / 51.954°N 1.275°W / 51.954; -1.275

Somerton is a village and civil parish in Oxfordshire, England, in the Cherwell valley about 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Bicester. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 305.[1]

Archaeology

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A gold noble coin of Edward III, dating from c. 1363 – c. 1369, found in Somerton in 2011[2]

Fourteen Saxon or early medieval graves have been discovered at Somerton's former Free School.[3]

Manor

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The Domesday Book of 1086 records that William the Conqueror's step-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, held most of the manor of Somerton.[4]

The de Greys and their heirs

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In 1230 the manor of Somerton was divided between two heiresses. In 1245 Walter de Grey, Archbishop of York, granted one of the halves to his nephew, also called Walter de Grey. The de Grey manor house seems to have been on low-lying land near the Cherwell. By 1295 it had a court, dovecote and fishponds. By 1300 Somerton had a watermill.[4] Remains of the fishponds survive today. The manor was passed down through the de Grey family, and then to their descendants the Deincourts and then the Lovells of Minster Lovell. In 1485 Francis Lovell was created 1st Viscount Lovell. Francis is believed to have been killed in 1487 in the Battle of Stoke Field at the end of the Wars of the Roses.[4] Thereafter the Crown held the manor for the next 25 years.

The Fermors

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In 1512 the Crown granted the manor to William Fermor of Witney. William built a new manor house, above the village in contrast with the de Grey manor house that had been close to the Cherwell. It remained the Fermor home until about 1625 when Richard Fermor made Tusmore the family's principal home.[4] In the 18th century most of Somerton manor house was demolished, but part of the hall wall still remains.[5] In the 16th century the south aisle of St. James' church was converted into the Fermor family chapel.[5] However, after the English Reformation the Fermors were Recusants and had a private Roman Catholic chapel at the manor house.

When Thomas Fermor died in 1580, his will provided for the founding of a "free school" for Somerton boys to be instructed in "virtue and learning".[4] Somerton's present school building dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, but includes a late 16th-century window which may be from the original building.[5] During the English Civil War of 1642–51, Henry Fermor stayed neutral but his kinsman by marriage Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour, another Recusant, was a Royalist who fought for King Charles I. As a result, in 1646 the Commonwealth sequestered Arundell's estates, including Somerton. However a relative bought Somerton from the sequestrators and in the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 the manor was restored to the Fermors.[4]

Villiers family

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In 1815 William Fermor sold the manor to George Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey. As the Free School accepted only boys, Julia, Lady Jersey, opened a girls' school in Somerton.[4] Lady Jersey was the daughter of Sir Robert Peel. A century later George's son Victor Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey died and the Somerton estate was sold.[4]

Churches

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Parish church

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The medieval cross in St James' churchyard is a Grade I listed structure.[6]

The Church of England parish church of Saint James the Apostle is known to have existed by 1074.[4] A Norman carved doorway in the nave dates from this period. Much of the building, however, including the bell tower, is Decorated Gothic from the first half of the 14th century. St. James' also has features from the 13th, 15th and 16th centuries.[7] St. James' is a Grade I listed building.[8]

The tower has a ring of eight bells.[9] Henry I Bagley of Chacombe, Northamptonshire cast the tenor and seventh bells in 1635.[10] One of these bells was paid for by John and Isabel Aston.[4] Henry I Bagley cast also the fourth bell in 1646 and the fifth bell in 1670.[10] His descendant Henry III Bagley cast the sixth bell in 1707,[10] completing the set of five bells noted in The Gentleman's Magazine in 1827.[11] John Taylor & Co of Loughborough cast the third bell (which then would have been the treble) in 1896,[10] making a ring of six. In 1974 the Whitechapel Bell Foundry added the present treble and second bells, increasing the ring to eight.[10] At the same time all eight bells were also rehung.[9] St. James' parish is now part of the Cherwell Valley Benefice along with five other parishes: Ardley, Fritwell, Lower Heyford, Souldern and Upper Heyford.[12]

Recusancy

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Even after the Fermors moved to Tusmore, the Roman Catholic Mass continued to be celebrated at the Somerton manor house chapel. In 1738 St. James' Church of England rector reported that 47 Roman Catholics attended Mass at the manor house chapel once a month. Somerton's Roman Catholics were respectful to the Anglican rector, good farmers, and so neighbourly to Anglican fellow-villagers that there were numerous intermarriages between the two denominations. The rector concluded that the two denominations "are so blended and united together" that it would be inadvisable to enforce the laws against Roman Catholicism that made it an offence to celebrate the Mass or for anyone to harbour Roman Catholic clergy.[4]

Economic and social history

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Somerton (Oxfordshire) Inclosure Act 1765
Act of Parliament
Parliament of Great Britain
Long titleAn Act for dividing and enclosing a certain Open Common Field, Common Pastures, Common Meadows, and Waste Grounds, in the Manor and Parish of Somerton, in the County of Oxford.
Citation5 Geo. 3. c. 83
Dates
Royal assent10 May 1765
Somerton Deep Lock, completed in 1787

Somerton was farmed in an open field system of four fields until William Fermor secured an inclosure act from Parliament in 1765, the Somerton (Oxfordshire) Inclosure Act 1765 (5 Geo. 3. c. 83).[4] Thereafter Somerton's population grew, reaching 400 in the 1821 census. The stretch of the Oxford Canal between Banbury and Tackley was completed in 1787.[13] It runs along the Cherwell valley, and at Somerton it passes between the river and the village. Somerton Deep Lock was built 2⁄5 mile (1 km) north of the village.

Building of the Oxford and Rugby Railway between Oxford and Banbury began in 1845. By the time the line opened the Great Western Railway had taken it over. In Somerton the railway threads along the valley between the Oxford Canal and the foot of the hill on which the village stands, and a bridge carries it over the road to North Aston. The GWR opened a station just south of the bridge in 1855;[14] originally named Somerton, it was renamed Fritwell & Somerton in 1907, although Fritwell is 2 miles (3 km) away. The station attracted the opening of a public house, the Railway Inn.[4] British Railways closed the station in 1964. The Railway Inn has since followed suit.

Some of the land on which the railway was built belonged to the Free School, and some of the money that the GWR paid in compensation was spent on repairs to the school.[4] In the 19th century the village population grew and the school population grew with it. In a reorganisation of schools in 1930 the Free School became a junior school and senior pupils from Somerton had to go to Fritwell. The school was still open in the 1950s[4] but has since closed.

Barnes Memorial Hall

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After the First World War the Rev Dr Barnes, who had been Rector of Somerton since 1875, organised the building of the first village hall. Barnes retired in 1923; the hall was completed in 1924 and it was named the Barnes Memorial Hall in his memory.[15] By the 2000s the first hall was suffering from subsidence and a leaking roof. In December 2008 the Big Lottery Fund granted its trustees £311,000 to rebuild the hall for the village.[16] The new Barnes Memorial Hall was completed in May 2010.[15]

References

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  1. ^ "Area: Somerton (Parish):Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  2. ^ Byard, A. "Finds record for: BERK-A01D04". The Portable Antiquities Scheme. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  3. ^ "Anglo Saxon Inhumation Cemetery at Somerton". Museums and Archaeology – Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record. Oxfordshire County Council. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lobel 1959, pp. 290–301
  5. ^ a b c Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, p. 768
  6. ^ Historic England. "Churchyard Cross approximately 12 metres north of the Church of St James (Grade I) (1225734)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  7. ^ Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, pp. 767–768.
  8. ^ Historic England. "Church of St James, Church Street (Grade I) (1225707)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b "Somerton". Tower Guide. Oxford Diocesan Guild of Church Bell Ringers, Banbury Branch. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d e Hedgcock, James (15 September 2009). "Somerton S James Ap". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Central Council for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  11. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine, 1827, p. 115
  12. ^ Archbishops' Council. "Benefice of Cherwell Valley". A Church Near You. Church of England. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  13. ^ Compton 1976, p. 37.
  14. ^ Compton 1976, p. 117.
  15. ^ a b "Village Hall History". The Village. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  16. ^ "Big Lottery Fund cements future of Oxfordshire Memorial Hall". News releases. Big Lottery Fund. 17 December 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2016.

Sources and further reading

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Road bridge over the Oxford Canal at Somerton
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