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Coordinates: 4°15′9″S 69°56′17″W / 4.25250°S 69.93806°W / -4.25250; -69.93806
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:''For the city in State of São Paulo, see [[Tabatinga, São Paulo]].''
{{about||another city|Tabatinga, São Paulo|the beetle|Tabatinga x-littera}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Tabatinga
|name = Tabatinga
|settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipality]]
|settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in Amazonas|Municipality]]
|official_name =
|official_name =
|image_skyline = Tabatinga Amazonas.jpg
|image_skyline = Tabatinga Amazonas.jpg
|imagesize =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_caption =
|image_flag = Bandeira de Tabatinga.png
|image_flag = Bandeira de Tabatinga.png
|image_seal =
|image_seal =
|image_map = Amazonas MesoMicroMunicip Tabatinga.png
|image_map = Amazonas MesoMicroMunicip Tabatinga.png
|mapsize =
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location of the municipality inside Amazonas
|map_caption = Location of the municipality inside Amazonas
|pushpin_map = Brazil
|pushpin_map = Brazil
|pushpin_map_size = 250
|pushpin_mapsize = 250
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Brazil
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Brazil
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[States of Brazil|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[States of Brazil|State]]
|subdivision_type3 = Founded
|subdivision_type3 = Founded
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
|subdivision_name1 = [[North Region, Brazil|North]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[North Region, Brazil|North]]
|subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Bandeira do Amazonas.svg}} [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]
|subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Bandeira do Amazonas.svg}} [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]
|subdivision_name3 = July 28, 1866 (Limits committee - Department of state of the Brazil)<br />February 1, 1983 (Official foundation)<ref>Panorama IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) {{URL|https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/am/tabatinga/panorama}}</ref>
|subdivision_name3 = July 28, 1866
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Saul Nunes Bemerguy (Social Democratic Party)
|leader_name = Saul Nunes Bemerguy ([[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|Social Democratic Party]])
|area_note =
|area_note =
|area_total_km2 = 3225.064
|area_total_km2 = 3225.064
|population_as_of = 2016
|population_as_of = 2020
|population_total = 62346
|population_total = 67,182
|population_footnotes =
|population_footnotes =
|timezone = [[Time in Brazil|ACT]]
|timezone = [[Time in Brazil|ACT]]
|utc_offset = –5
|utc_offset = &minus;5
|timezone_DST =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|4|15|9|S|69|56|17|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|4|15|9|S|69|56|17|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m = 60
|elevation_m = 60
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank_info =
|website =
|website =
|footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Tabatinga''', originally '''Forte de São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga''', is a municipality in the [[Tres Fronteras|Três Fronteiras]] area of Northwestern [[Brazil]]. It is located in the [[States of Brazil|Brazilian state]] of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]. Its population was 59,684 (2014)<ref name="ibge">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/xtras/perfil.php?codmun=130406 Data for Tabatinga] from [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] (in Portuguese)</ref> and its area is 3,225&nbsp;km²<ref name="ibge" />
'''Tabatinga''', originally '''Forte de São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga''', is a [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipality]] in the [[Tres Fronteras|Três Fronteiras]] area of Western Amazonas. It is in the [[Brazil]]ian [[States of Brazil|state]] of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]. Its population was 67,182 (2020)<ref>[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/am/tabatinga/panorama IBGE 2020]</ref> and its area is 3,225&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.
⚫
Together with the neighbouring [[Colombia]]n city of [[Leticia, Colombia|Leticia]] and the [[Peru]]vian city of [[Santa Rosa de Yavari]], the urban area has more than 100,000 residents spread along the [[Amazon river]]. The first Portuguese settlement in the area was founded in the 18th century as a military outpost.<ref name="portal">{{cite web|publisher=Portal Tabatinga|url=http://www.portaltabatinga.com.br/nossacidadeatual.htm|title=Nossa Cidade|language=Portuguese|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> It became an autonomous municipality on February 1, 1983.<ref name="portal" /> Formerly, it was part of the Municipality of [[Benjamin Constant, Amazonas|Benjamin Constant]].


⚫
Together with the neighbouring [[Colombia]]n city of [[Leticia, Colombia|Leticia]] and the [[Peru]]vian city of [[Santa Rosa de Yavari]], the urban area has more than 100,000 residents spread along the [[Amazon River]]. The first Portuguese settlement in the area was founded in the 18th century as a military outpost.<ref name="portal">{{cite web|publisher=Portal Tabatinga|url=http://www.portaltabatinga.com.br/nossacidadeatual.htm|title=Nossa Cidade|language=pt|access-date=2008-02-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212233212/http://www.portaltabatinga.com.br/nossacidadeatual.htm|archive-date=2008-02-12}}</ref> It became an autonomous municipality on February 1, 1983.<ref name="portal" /> Formerly, it was part of the municipality of [[Benjamin Constant, Amazonas|Benjamin Constant]]. The city is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alto Solimões]].
⚫
It is considered the major point of entrance for [[cocaine]] in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rio drug trade turns Amazon city into crime capital |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/04/rio-drug-trade-amazon-manaus |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Tom Philips |date=4 January 2011 |accessdate=5 January 2011 |quote=Much of the cocaine sold in Rio is said to arrive through Tabatinga, a smuggling mecca lost on Brazil's tri-border with Peru and Colombia, around 700 miles upriver from Manaus. }}</ref>


==Etymology==
The city is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alto Solimões]].
The word ''Tabatinga'' is of indigenous origin, coming from the [[Tupi language|Tupi]] ''tobatinga'',<ref>[[Eduardo de Almeida Navarro|Navarro, E. A.]] ''Método moderno de tupi antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos''. 3ª edição. São Paulo. Global. 2005. p. 118. [Modern method of ancient Tupi: the language of Brazil of the first centuries] (In Portuguese).</ref> having its meaning designated as ''white clay'' or ''soil white''. It is believed that the indigenous people referred to the region with that name because of the white clay found abundantly at the bottom of the region's rivers. In the Tupi Guarani, the word also means ''small house''.<ref name="Tabatinga_history" />


==History==
==History==
[[File:Tabatinga-Frontier.JPG|250px|left|thumb|Post between the borders of Tabatinga and Leticia in 1924, Brazil and Colombia]]
It was established as a Portuguese military outpost Forte de São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga in 1766.
In the middle of the 17th century, near of the [[Amazon River]], the foundation of a village by the [[Jesuits]] was registered by the [[Portuguese empire]]. A military post and tax office were established near the site in 1766 to become a border region with [[Colombia]] and [[Peru]].<ref>{{cite book |last=SOUZA |first=Marcio |title=História da Amazônia: Do período pré-colombiano aos desafios do século XXI |trans-title=History of the Amazon: From the pre-Columbian period to the challenges of the 21st century |publisher=Record |isbn=9788501117496 |language=pt}}</ref> Fernando da Costa Ataíde Teives was responsible for the creation of a military post in the region and also created a border post between the domains of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]], alongside other military posts. The town of São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga was then established. Of the three main colonial border settlements (São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga, Vila Ipiranga and Vila Bittencourt), only the first was actively developing. On June 28, 1866, near the village, the border between Brazil and Peru was drawn. Until then, the region was administratively subordinated to the municipality of São Paulo de Olivença, however many few municipalities were established in the region.<ref name="Tabatinga_history">{{Cite web |url=https://www.achetudoeregiao.com.br/am/tabatinga/historia.htm |title=História do Município de Tabatinga AM |publisher=Ache Tudo |access-date=2020-05-07 |language=pt |trans-title=History of the Municipality of Tabatinga, Amazonas}}</ref> In 1898, with the dismantling of the territory of [[São Paulo de Olivença]] and the emancipation of the district of Benjamin Constant, the city of Tabatinga became part of the newly created municipality, including it as one of the subdivisions of the main district.<ref>{{cite book |last={{uc:Reis}} |first=Arthur Cezar Ferreira |title=Historia do Amazonas |location=Manaus |publisher=Itatiaia |isbn=9788531900358|trans-title=History of the State of Amazonas|language=pt}}</ref>

A post between the borders of Tabatinga and [[Leticia, Amazonas|Leticia]] in 1924 consistently defined the borders between Brazil and Colombia. On 4 June 1968, under Federal Law 5.449, the entire area of the municipality of [[Benjamin Constant, Amazonas|Benjamin Constant]], to which Tabatinga was subordinated, was classified by the [[Brazilian government]] as a [[National security|National Security Area]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/1950-1969/L5449.htm |title=Law No. 5,449 of June 4, 1968. |author=Republic Presidency; Civil House; Sub-Chief for Legal Affairs |date=1968-06-04 |language=pt |publisher=Republic Presidency |access-date=2020-05-07 |quote=Declares of interest for national security, in accordance with article 16, § 1, paragraph b of the Constitution's Brazilian, the municipalities that specify, and makes other provisions.}}</ref> due to its extensive open border with other countries and its poor border surveillance.<ref>{{cite book |last={{uc:Figueiredo}} |first=Aguinaldo |title=História do Amazonas |location=Manaus |publisher=Valer |isbn=9788575122990|trans-title=History of the State of Amazonas|language=pt}}</ref> For a long time Tabatinga was a district of Benjamin Constant. Tabatinga's political emancipation occurred on December 10, 1981, under the constitutional amendment of the State of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] No. 12, which now defines the Tabatinga district as an autonomous [[municipality]]. The installation of municipal offices took place on January 1, 1983.<ref name="Tabatinga_history" />

==Geography==
===Ethnic composition===
The population of Tabatinga municipality is quite heterogeneous. It is formed by Brazilians, Peruvians, Colombians, among them indigenous people of different ethnic groups, most of whom are [[Tikunas]] and [[Kokama people|Kokamas]]. Among the Brazilians in Tabatinga, there is the rotating population, corresponding to the military of the armed forces, bank branch workers and people who work for public agencies of the Brazilian government, because it is a border region, a large number of [[Federal Police of Brazil|federal police]] officers, [[Receita Federal do Brasil|federal revenue agents]], [[Prosecutor|federal prosecutors]], among others, are seen. The Ticunas Indians form the largest ethnic group in Tabatinga, and the [[List of indigenous territories (Brazil)#Amazonas|Tukuna Umariaçu indigenous reserve]] is found in the region of the municipality, inhabited by a majority belonging to this ethnic group.<ref name="land">{{cite web|publisher=Terras indígenas|trans-title=Indigenous lands of Brazil|url=https://terrasindigenas.org.br/pt-br/terras-indigenas/3888|title=Terras indígenas do Brasil|language=pt|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> The official language of the municipality is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], but [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and tribal languages are understood, including [[Tikuna language]].<ref name="ibge">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/xtras/perfil.php?codmun=130406 Data for Tabatinga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516200651/http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/xtras/perfil.php?codmun=130406 |date=2011-05-16 }} from [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] (in Portuguese)</ref>

==Economy==
The city's economy is driven by a significant portion of the informal economy and subsistence agriculture. It is also made up of public sector jobs and the extensive financial exchange of the Colombian city of [[Leticia, Amazonas|Leticia]], which, based on dollar regulation, takes place in parallel in the city between the Colombian Peso and the Brazilian Real.<ref name="ibge" />

==Security==
⚫
Due to the extensive border with Colombia and Peru, Tabatinga is considered by the [[Federal Police of Brazil|Federal Police]] and the [[Brazilian Army]] to be one of the main points of entry of [[cocaine]] into Brazil. According to Brazilian police authorities, the precarious enforcement of the law and problems of neighboring nations with illicit narcotics production make Tabatinga a frequent point of entry for drugs bound for Brazil's major cities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rio drug trade turns Amazon city into crime capital |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/04/rio-drug-trade-amazon-manaus |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Tom Philips |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=5 January 2011 |quote=Much of the cocaine sold in Rio is said to arrive through Tabatinga, a smuggling mecca lost on Brazil's tri-border with Peru and Colombia, around 700 miles upriver from Manaus. }}</ref>

==Transportation==
The city is served by [[Tabatinga International Airport]], and Tabatinga port where passengers can travel downriver by boat to [[Manaus]] or upriver to [[Iquitos]], Peru.

==Consular representation==
[[Colombia]] has a Consulate in Tabatinga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tramites.cancilleria.gov.co/ApostillaLegalizacion/directorio/misionesExterior.aspx|title=Misiones de Colombia en el exterior|website=Cancillería de Colombia|language=es|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Views of Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 01.jpg|COSAMA (Companhia de Saneamento do Amazonas) operates in the collection, treatment and distribution of water in the state of Amazonas
Image:Views of Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 07.jpg|Street in Tabatinga
Image:The port in Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 08.jpg|Street in Tabatinga
Image:Views of Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 08.jpg|Typical church in Tabatinga
Image:Porto de Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 02.jpg|Passengers at Tabatinga port queueing for a ferry to Manaus
Image:The port in Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 04.jpg|The riverside in Tabatinga
Image:The port in Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 01.jpg|Tabatinga port
Image:The port in Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 02.jpg|Tabatinga port
Image:The port in Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 03.jpg|Tabatinga port
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 61: Line 93:
*[http://www.metaltraveller.com/en/trips/brazil/tabatinga.html Pictures of Tabatinga], Pictures of Tabatinga.
*[http://www.metaltraveller.com/en/trips/brazil/tabatinga.html Pictures of Tabatinga], Pictures of Tabatinga.
{{Municipalities of Amazonas}}
{{Municipalities of Amazonas}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Municipalities in Amazonas (Brazilian state)]]
[[Category:Municipalities in Amazonas (Brazilian state)]]
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[[Category:Brazil–Colombia border crossings]]
[[Category:Brazil–Colombia border crossings]]
[[Category:Brazil–Peru border crossings]]
[[Category:Brazil–Peru border crossings]]
[[Category:Road-inaccessible communities of Brazil]]



{{AmazonasBR-geo-stub}}

Latest revision as of 19:42, 12 October 2024

For another city, see Tabatinga, São Paulo. For the beetle, see Tabatinga x-littera.
Tabatinga
Municipality
Flag of Tabatinga
Flag
Location of the municipality inside Amazonas
Location of the municipality inside Amazonas
Tabatinga is located in Brazil
Tabatinga
Tabatinga
Location in Brazil
Coordinates: 4°15′9″S 69°56′17″W / 4.25250°S 69.93806°W / -4.25250; -69.93806
Country Brazil
RegionNorth
State Amazonas
FoundedJuly 28, 1866 (Limits committee - Department of state of the Brazil)
February 1, 1983 (Official foundation)[1]
Government
 • MayorSaul Nunes Bemerguy (Social Democratic Party)
Area
 • Total
3,225.064 km2 (1,245.204 sq mi)
Elevation
60 m (200 ft)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
67,182
Time zoneUTC−5 (ACT)

Tabatinga, originally Forte de São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga, is a municipality in the Três Fronteiras area of Western Amazonas. It is in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Its population was 67,182 (2020)[2] and its area is 3,225 km2.

Together with the neighbouring Colombian city of Leticia and the Peruvian city of Santa Rosa de Yavari, the urban area has more than 100,000 residents spread along the Amazon River. The first Portuguese settlement in the area was founded in the 18th century as a military outpost.[3] It became an autonomous municipality on February 1, 1983.[3] Formerly, it was part of the municipality of Benjamin Constant. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alto Solimões.

Etymology

[edit]

The word Tabatinga is of indigenous origin, coming from the Tupi tobatinga,[4] having its meaning designated as white clay or soil white. It is believed that the indigenous people referred to the region with that name because of the white clay found abundantly at the bottom of the region's rivers. In the Tupi Guarani, the word also means small house.[5]

History

[edit]
Post between the borders of Tabatinga and Leticia in 1924, Brazil and Colombia

In the middle of the 17th century, near of the Amazon River, the foundation of a village by the Jesuits was registered by the Portuguese empire. A military post and tax office were established near the site in 1766 to become a border region with Colombia and Peru.[6] Fernando da Costa Ataíde Teives was responsible for the creation of a military post in the region and also created a border post between the domains of the Kingdom of Portugal and Spain, alongside other military posts. The town of São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga was then established. Of the three main colonial border settlements (São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga, Vila Ipiranga and Vila Bittencourt), only the first was actively developing. On June 28, 1866, near the village, the border between Brazil and Peru was drawn. Until then, the region was administratively subordinated to the municipality of São Paulo de Olivença, however many few municipalities were established in the region.[5] In 1898, with the dismantling of the territory of São Paulo de Olivença and the emancipation of the district of Benjamin Constant, the city of Tabatinga became part of the newly created municipality, including it as one of the subdivisions of the main district.[7]

A post between the borders of Tabatinga and Leticia in 1924 consistently defined the borders between Brazil and Colombia. On 4 June 1968, under Federal Law 5.449, the entire area of the municipality of Benjamin Constant, to which Tabatinga was subordinated, was classified by the Brazilian government as a National Security Area,[8] due to its extensive open border with other countries and its poor border surveillance.[9] For a long time Tabatinga was a district of Benjamin Constant. Tabatinga's political emancipation occurred on December 10, 1981, under the constitutional amendment of the State of Amazonas No. 12, which now defines the Tabatinga district as an autonomous municipality. The installation of municipal offices took place on January 1, 1983.[5]

Geography

[edit]

Ethnic composition

[edit]

The population of Tabatinga municipality is quite heterogeneous. It is formed by Brazilians, Peruvians, Colombians, among them indigenous people of different ethnic groups, most of whom are Tikunas and Kokamas. Among the Brazilians in Tabatinga, there is the rotating population, corresponding to the military of the armed forces, bank branch workers and people who work for public agencies of the Brazilian government, because it is a border region, a large number of federal police officers, federal revenue agents, federal prosecutors, among others, are seen. The Ticunas Indians form the largest ethnic group in Tabatinga, and the Tukuna Umariaçu indigenous reserve is found in the region of the municipality, inhabited by a majority belonging to this ethnic group.[10] The official language of the municipality is Portuguese, but Spanish and tribal languages are understood, including Tikuna language.[11]

Economy

[edit]

The city's economy is driven by a significant portion of the informal economy and subsistence agriculture. It is also made up of public sector jobs and the extensive financial exchange of the Colombian city of Leticia, which, based on dollar regulation, takes place in parallel in the city between the Colombian Peso and the Brazilian Real.[11]

Security

[edit]

Due to the extensive border with Colombia and Peru, Tabatinga is considered by the Federal Police and the Brazilian Army to be one of the main points of entry of cocaine into Brazil. According to Brazilian police authorities, the precarious enforcement of the law and problems of neighboring nations with illicit narcotics production make Tabatinga a frequent point of entry for drugs bound for Brazil's major cities.[12]

Transportation

[edit]

The city is served by Tabatinga International Airport, and Tabatinga port where passengers can travel downriver by boat to Manaus or upriver to Iquitos, Peru.

Consular representation

[edit]

Colombia has a Consulate in Tabatinga.[13]

[edit]
  • COSAMA (Companhia de Saneamento do Amazonas) operates in the collection, treatment and distribution of water in the state of Amazonas
    COSAMA (Companhia de Saneamento do Amazonas) operates in the collection, treatment and distribution of water in the state of Amazonas
  • Street in Tabatinga
    Street in Tabatinga
  • Street in Tabatinga
    Street in Tabatinga
  • Typical church in Tabatinga
    Typical church in Tabatinga
  • Passengers at Tabatinga port queueing for a ferry to Manaus
    Passengers at Tabatinga port queueing for a ferry to Manaus
  • The riverside in Tabatinga
    The riverside in Tabatinga
  • Tabatinga port
    Tabatinga port
  • Tabatinga port
    Tabatinga port
  • Tabatinga port
    Tabatinga port

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Panorama IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/am/tabatinga/panorama
  2. ^ IBGE 2020
  3. ^ a b "Nossa Cidade" (in Portuguese). Portal Tabatinga. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  4. ^ Navarro, E. A. Método moderno de tupi antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos. 3ª edição. São Paulo. Global. 2005. p. 118. [Modern method of ancient Tupi: the language of Brazil of the first centuries] (In Portuguese).
  5. ^ a b c "História do Município de Tabatinga AM" [History of the Municipality of Tabatinga, Amazonas] (in Portuguese). Ache Tudo. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  6. ^ SOUZA, Marcio. História da Amazônia: Do período pré-colombiano aos desafios do século XXI [History of the Amazon: From the pre-Columbian period to the challenges of the 21st century] (in Portuguese). Record. ISBN 9788501117496.
  7. ^ REIS, Arthur Cezar Ferreira. Historia do Amazonas [History of the State of Amazonas] (in Portuguese). Manaus: Itatiaia. ISBN 9788531900358.
  8. ^ Republic Presidency; Civil House; Sub-Chief for Legal Affairs (1968-06-04). "Law No. 5,449 of June 4, 1968" (in Portuguese). Republic Presidency. Retrieved 2020-05-07. Declares of interest for national security, in accordance with article 16, § 1, paragraph b of the Constitution's Brazilian, the municipalities that specify, and makes other provisions.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ FIGUEIREDO, Aguinaldo. História do Amazonas [History of the State of Amazonas] (in Portuguese). Manaus: Valer. ISBN 9788575122990.
  10. ^ "Terras indígenas do Brasil" [Indigenous lands of Brazil] (in Portuguese). Terras indígenas. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  11. ^ a b Data for Tabatinga Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine from IBGE (in Portuguese)
  12. ^ Tom Philips (4 January 2011). "Rio drug trade turns Amazon city into crime capital". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2011. Much of the cocaine sold in Rio is said to arrive through Tabatinga, a smuggling mecca lost on Brazil's tri-border with Peru and Colombia, around 700 miles upriver from Manaus.
  13. ^ "Misiones de Colombia en el exterior". Cancillería de Colombia (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 October 2024.
[edit]
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