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Alexander of Tralles (Medieval Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Τραλλιανός; ca. 525 – ca. 605) was one of the most eminent physicians in the Byzantine Empire. His birth date may safely be put in the 6th century AD, for he mentions Aëtius Amidenus,^[1] who probably did not write until the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century, and he is himself quoted by Paul of Aegina,^[2] who is supposed to have lived in the 7th century; besides which, he is mentioned as a contemporary of Agathias,^[3] who set about writing his History in the beginning of the reign of Justin II, about 565.^[4]

Life

Alexander was born a Greek in Tralles in Asia Minor,^[5] and he had the advantage of being brought up under his father Stephanus, who was himself a physician,^[6] and also under another person, whose name he does not mention, but to whose son Cosmas he dedicates his chief work,^[7] which he wrote out of gratitude at his request. He was a man of an extensive practice, of a very long experience, and of great reputation, not only at Rome, but wherever he traveled in Spain, Gaul, and Italy,^[8] whence he was called by way of eminence "Alexander the Physician". Agathias speaks also with great praise of his four brothers, Anthemius, Dioscorus, Metrodorus, and Olympius, who were all eminent in their several professions. Alexander is not a mere compiler, like Aëtius Amidenus, Oribasius, and others, but is an author of quite a different stamp, and has more the air of an original writer. He wrote his great work in an extreme old age,^[9] from the results of his own experience, when he could no longer bear the fatigue of practice. His style in the main was, according to scholars such as John Freind, very good, short, clear, and (to use Alexander's own term) consisting of common expressions that,^[9] though not always perfectly elegant, very expressive and intelligible.

German scholar Johann Albert Fabricius considered Alexander to have belonged to the Methodic school, but in the opinion of Freind this is not proved sufficiently by the existing text.

Perhaps the most curious art of Alexander's practice appears to be his belief in charms and amulets. For example, his suggestion for treatment of ague: "Gather olive leaf before sunrise, write on it with common ink κα ροι α (ka roi a), and hang it round the neck."^[10] In exorcising gout he says, "I adjure thee by the great name Ἰαὼ Σαβαὼθ" (Iao Sabaoth), and a little further on, "I adjure thee with the holy names Ἰαὼ, Σαβαὼθ, Ἀδοναὶ, Ἐλωί" (Iao, Sabaoth, Adonai, Eloi), from which he would appear to have been either a Jew or a Christian, and, from his frequent prescription of pork, it is most probable that he was a Christian.

Works

Alexander's chief work, titled Twelve Books on Medicine, first appeared in an old, imperfect Latin translation, with the title Alexandri Yatros Practica, which was several times printed. It was first edited in Greek by Jac. Goupylus (Paris 1548, fol.), a beautiful and scarce edition, containing also Rhazae de Pestilentia Libellus ex Syrorum Lingua in Graecam Translatus.

The other work of Alexander that is still extant is a short treatise, Περὶ Ἑλμίνθων, De Lumbricis, which was first published in Greek and Latin by Hieronymus Mercurialis (Venica 1570, 4to). Alexander seems also to have written several other medical works which are now lost. Alexander also is credited with the discovery that depression (melancholia) can lead to homicidal and suicidal tendencies (dianne, hales R. Depression). He expresses his intention of writing a book on Fractures, and also on Wounds of the Head. A treatise on Urine written by him is alluded to by Joannes Actuarius,^[11] and he himself mentions a work of his on Diseases of the Eyes, which was translated into Arabic. The other medical treatise on pleurisy, which is said to have been also translated into Arabic, was probably only the sixth book of his great work, which is entirely devoted to the consideration of this disease. Two other medical works which are sometimes attributed to Alexander Trallianus (viz. a Collection of Medical and Physical Problems, and a treatise on Fevers) could also be attributed to Alexander of Aphrodisias.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

List of published works

Fragment d'un ouvrage grec d'Anthèmius sur des Paradoxes de mècanique (in French). Paris. 1777.

References

^ Alexander of Tralles, xii. 8, p. 346
^ Paul of Aegina, iii. 21. 78, vii. 5, 11, 19, pp. 447, 495, 650, 660, 687
^ Agathias, History v. p. 149
^ Greenhill, William Alexander (1867). "Alexander". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 126–127.
^ Wallis, Faith (2019). Medieval Medicine: A Reader. University of Toronto Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4426-0423-0.
^ Alexander of Tralles, iv. p. 198
^ Alexander of Tralles, xii. i. p. 313
^ Alexander of Tralles, i. 15, pp. 156, 157
^ ^a ^b Alexander of Tralles, xii. 1, p. 313
^ Alexander of Tralles, xii. 7, p. 339
^ Joannes Actuarius, De Urin. Differ. c. 2. p. 43
^ John Freind, The History of Physic
^ Johann Albert Fabricius. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 593, sq. ed. vet.
^ Albrecht von Haller, Bibliotheca Medicinae Practicae, tom. i.
^ Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel. Hist. de la Méd. tom. ii.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Alexander Trallianus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. pp. 126–127.

External links

A digitized version of Trallianus in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

[1] Alexander of Tralles, xii. 8, p. 346

[2] Paul of Aegina, iii. 21. 78, vii. 5, 11, 19, pp. 447, 495, 650, 660, 687

[3] Agathias, History v. p. 149

[DGRBM-4] Greenhill, William Alexander (1867). "Alexander". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 126–127.

[5] Wallis, Faith (2019). Medieval Medicine: A Reader. University of Toronto Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4426-0423-0.

[6] Alexander of Tralles, iv. p. 198

[7] Alexander of Tralles, xii. i. p. 313

[8] Alexander of Tralles, i. 15, pp. 156, 157

[Tralles_p._313-9] Alexander of Tralles, xii. 1, p. 313

[10] Alexander of Tralles, xii. 7, p. 339

[11] Joannes Actuarius, De Urin. Differ. c. 2. p. 43

[12] John Freind, The History of Physic

[13] Johann Albert Fabricius. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 593, sq. ed. vet.

[14] Albrecht von Haller, Bibliotheca Medicinae Practicae, tom. i.

[15] Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel. Hist. de la Méd. tom. ii.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|6th-century Byzantine physician}}
+{{Short description|6th-century Byzantine physician}}
 [[File:Alexander Trallianus (1906) - Veloso Salgado.png|thumb|right|Alexander of Tralles, 1906, by [[Veloso Salgado]] ([[Universidade Nova de Lisboa|NOVA Medical School]], [[Lisbon]])]]
+'''Alexander of Tralles''' ({{langx|grc-x-medieval|Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Τραλλιανός}}; ca. 525 – ca. 605) was one of the most eminent physicians in the [[Byzantine Empire]]. His birth date may safely be put in the 6th century AD, for he mentions [[Aëtius Amidenus]],<ref>Alexander of Tralles, xii. 8, p. 346</ref> who probably did not write until the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century, and he is himself quoted by [[Paul of Aegina]],<ref>[[Paul of Aegina]], iii. 21. 78, vii. 5, 11, 19, pp. 447, 495, 650, 660, 687</ref> who is supposed to have lived in the 7th century; besides which, he is mentioned as a contemporary of [[Agathias]],<ref>[[Agathias]], ''History'' v. p. 149</ref> who set about writing his ''History'' in the beginning of the reign of [[Justin II]], about 565.<ref name="DGRBM">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Greenhill | first = William Alexander | title = Alexander | editor = William Smith | editor-link = William Smith (lexicographer) | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] | volume = 1 | pages = 126–127 | publisher = [[Little, Brown and Company]] | location = Boston | year = 1867 | url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;idno=acl3129.0001.001;q1=demosthenes;size=l;frm=frameset;seq=141}}</ref>
-'''Alexander''' ({{lang-grc|Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Τραλλιανός}}) of [[Tralles]] in [[Lydia],Karia]<rAlthough Tralles was included within the borders of Lydia in the 7th century BC, it came under Persian rule after the Persians ended the Lydian kingdom in 546 BC. Upon the defeat of the young Cyrus in the struggle (401/400 BC) to depose his brother Artakserses, Tralleis was attached to the Carian Satrapist under Persian control. The first Karia post
-It was left to the rule of the family. The first Carian satrap was Hyssaldomosef></ref> ( Alexander Trallianus, c. 525&nbsp;– c.605) was one of the most eminent of the ancient physicians.  His date may safely be put in the 6th century AD, for he mentions [[Aëtius Amidenus]],<ref>Alexander of Tralles, xii. 8, p. 346</ref> who probably did not write until the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century, and he is himself quoted by [[Paul of Aegina]],<ref>[[Paul of Aegina]], iii. 21. 78, vii. 5, 11, 19, pp. 447, 495, 650, 660, 687</ref> who is supposed to have lived in the 7th century; besides which, he is mentioned as a contemporary of [[Agathias]],<ref>[[Agathias]], ''History'' v. p. 149</ref> who set about writing his ''History'' in the beginning of the reign of [[Justin II]], about 565.<ref name="DGRBM">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Greenhill | first = William Alexander | title = Alexander | editor = [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] | volume = 1 | pages = 126–127 | publisher = [[Little, Brown and Company]] | location = Boston | year = 1867 | url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;idno=acl3129.0001.001;q1=demosthenes;size=l;frm=frameset;seq=141}}</ref>
 ==Life==
-Alexander had the advantage of being brought up under his father Stephanus, who was himself a physician,<ref>Alexander of Tralles, iv. p. 198</ref> and also under another person, whose name he does not mention, but to whose son Cosmas he dedicates his chief work,<ref>Alexander of Tralles, xii. i. p. 313</ref> which he wrote out of gratitude at his request.  He was a man of an extensive practice, of a very long experience, and of great reputation, not only at Rome, but wherever he traveled in Spain, Gaul, and Italy,<ref>Alexander of Tralles, i. 15, pp. 156, 157</ref> whence he was called by way of eminence "Alexander the Physician".  [[Agathias]] speaks also with great praise of his four brothers, Anthemius, Dioscorus, Metrodorus, and Olympius, who were all eminent in their several professions.  Alexander is not a mere compiler, like [[Aëtius Amidenus]], [[Oribasius]], and others, but is an author of quite a different stamp, and has more the air of an original writer.  He wrote his great work in an extreme old age,<ref name="Tralles p. 313">Alexander of Tralles, xii. 1, p. 313</ref> from the results of his own experience, when he could no longer bear the fatigue of practice.  His style in the main was, according to scholars such as [[John Freind (physician)|John Freind]], very good, short, clear, and (to use Alexander's own term) consisting of common expressions that,<ref name="Tralles p. 313" /> though not always perfectly elegant, very expressive and intelligible.
+Alexander was born a [[Greeks|Greek]] in [[Tralles]] in [[Asia Minor]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wallis|first=Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swGHDwAAQBAJ|title=Medieval Medicine: A Reader|date=2019|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0423-0|pages=23|language=en}}</ref> and he had the advantage of being brought up under his father Stephanus, who was himself a physician,<ref>Alexander of Tralles, iv. p. 198</ref> and also under another person, whose name he does not mention, but to whose son Cosmas he dedicates his chief work,<ref>Alexander of Tralles, xii. i. p. 313</ref> which he wrote out of gratitude at his request. He was a man of an extensive practice, of a very long experience, and of great reputation, not only at Rome, but wherever he traveled in Spain, Gaul, and Italy,<ref>Alexander of Tralles, i. 15, pp. 156, 157</ref> whence he was called by way of eminence "Alexander the Physician". [[Agathias]] speaks also with great praise of his four brothers, Anthemius, Dioscorus, Metrodorus, and Olympius, who were all eminent in their several professions. Alexander is not a mere compiler, like [[Aëtius Amidenus]], [[Oribasius]], and others, but is an author of quite a different stamp, and has more the air of an original writer. He wrote his great work in an extreme old age,<ref name="Tralles p. 313">Alexander of Tralles, xii. 1, p. 313</ref> from the results of his own experience, when he could no longer bear the fatigue of practice. His style in the main was, according to scholars such as [[John Freind (physician)|John Freind]], very good, short, clear, and (to use Alexander's own term) consisting of common expressions that,<ref name="Tralles p. 313" /> though not always perfectly elegant, very expressive and intelligible.
 German scholar [[Johann Albert Fabricius]] considered Alexander to have belonged to the [[Methodic school]], but in the opinion of Freind this is not proved sufficiently by the existing text.
-Perhaps the most curious art of Alexander's practice appears to be his belief in [[spell (paranormal)|charm]]s and [[amulet]]s. For example, his suggestion for treatment of [[fever|ague]]: "Gather olive leaf before sunrise, write on it with [[common ink]] {{lang|grc|κα ροι α}} (''ka roi a''), and hang it round the neck."<ref>Alexander of Tralles, xii. 7, p. 339</ref>  In exorcising [[gout]] he says, "I adjure thee by the great name {{lang|grc|Ἰαὼ Σαβαὼθ}}" (''Iao Sabaoth''), and a little further on, "I adjure thee with the holy names {{lang|grc|Ἰαὼ, Σαβαὼθ, Ἀδοναὶ, Ἐλωί}}" (''Iao, Sabaoth, Adonai, Eloi''), from which he would appear to have been either a Jew or a Christian, and, from his frequent prescription of pork, it is most probable that he was a Christian.
+Perhaps the most curious art of Alexander's practice appears to be his belief in [[spell (paranormal)|charm]]s and [[amulet]]s. For example, his suggestion for treatment of [[fever|ague]]: "Gather olive leaf before sunrise, write on it with [[common ink]] {{lang|grc|κα ροι α}} (''ka roi a''), and hang it round the neck."<ref>Alexander of Tralles, xii. 7, p. 339</ref> In exorcising [[gout]] he says, "I adjure thee by the great name {{lang|grc|Ἰαὼ Σαβαὼθ}}" (''Iao Sabaoth''), and a little further on, "I adjure thee with the holy names {{lang|grc|Ἰαὼ, Σαβαὼθ, Ἀδοναὶ, Ἐλωί}}" (''Iao, Sabaoth, Adonai, Eloi''), from which he would appear to have been either a Jew or a Christian, and, from his frequent prescription of pork, it is most probable that he was a Christian.
 ==Works==
-Alexander's chief work, titled ''Twelve Books on Medicine'', first appeared in an old, imperfect Latin translation, with the title ''Alexandri Yatros Practica'', which was several times printed.  It was first edited in Greek by Jac. Goupylus ([[Paris]] 1548, fol.), a beautiful and scarce edition, containing also ''Rhazae de Pestilentia Libellus ex Syrorum Lingua in Graecam Translatus''.
+Alexander's chief work, titled ''Twelve Books on Medicine'', first appeared in an old, imperfect Latin translation, with the title ''Alexandri Yatros Practica'', which was several times printed. It was first edited in Greek by Jac. Goupylus ([[Paris]] 1548, fol.), a beautiful and scarce edition, containing also ''Rhazae de Pestilentia Libellus ex Syrorum Lingua in Graecam Translatus''.
-The other work of Alexander that is still extant is a short treatise, {{lang|grc|Περὶ Ἑλμίνθων}}, ''De Lumbricis'', which was first published in Greek and Latin by [[Hieronymus Mercurialis]] (Venica 1570, [[4to]]).  Alexander seems also to have written several other medical works which are now lost. Alexander also is credited with the discovery that depression (melancholia) can lead to homicidal and suicidal tendencies (dianne, hales R. [[Depression (mood)|Depression]]).  He expresses his intention of writing a book on Fractures, and also on Wounds of the Head.  A treatise on Urine written by him is alluded to by [[Joannes Actuarius]],<ref>[[Joannes Actuarius]], ''De Urin. Differ.'' c. 2. p. 43</ref> and he himself mentions a work of his on Diseases of the Eyes, which was translated into [[Arabic]].  The other medical treatise on [[Pleurisy]], which is said to have been also translated into Arabic, was probably only the sixth book of his great work, which is entirely devoted to the consideration of this disease.  Two other medical works which are sometimes attributed to Alexander Trallianus (viz. a Collection of Medical and Physical Problems, and a treatise on Fevers) could also be attributed to [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]].<ref>[[John Freind (physician)|John Freind]], ''The History of Physic''</ref><ref>[[Johann Albert Fabricius]]. ''Bibl. Graec.'' vol. xii. p. 593, sq. ed. vet.</ref><ref>[[Albrecht von Haller]], ''Bibliotheca Medicinae Practicae,'' tom. i.</ref><ref>[[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel]]. ''Hist. de la Méd.'' tom. ii.</ref>
+The other work of Alexander that is still extant is a short treatise, {{lang|grc|Περὶ Ἑλμίνθων}}, ''De Lumbricis'', which was first published in Greek and Latin by [[Hieronymus Mercurialis]] (Venica 1570, [[4to]]). Alexander seems also to have written several other medical works which are now lost. Alexander also is credited with the discovery that depression (melancholia) can lead to homicidal and suicidal tendencies (dianne, hales R. [[Depression (mood)|Depression]]). He expresses his intention of writing a book on Fractures, and also on Wounds of the Head. A treatise on Urine written by him is alluded to by [[Joannes Actuarius]],<ref>[[Joannes Actuarius]], ''De Urin. Differ.'' c. 2. p. 43</ref> and he himself mentions a work of his on Diseases of the Eyes, which was translated into [[Arabic]]. The other medical treatise on [[pleurisy]], which is said to have been also translated into Arabic, was probably only the sixth book of his great work, which is entirely devoted to the consideration of this disease. Two other medical works which are sometimes attributed to Alexander Trallianus (viz. a Collection of Medical and Physical Problems, and a treatise on Fevers) could also be attributed to [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]].<ref>[[John Freind (physician)|John Freind]], ''The History of Physic''</ref><ref>[[Johann Albert Fabricius]]. ''Bibl. Graec.'' vol. xii. p. 593, sq. ed. vet.</ref><ref>[[Albrecht von Haller]], ''Bibliotheca Medicinae Practicae,'' tom. i.</ref><ref>[[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel]]. ''Hist. de la Méd.'' tom. ii.</ref>
+=== List of published works ===
+* {{Cite book|title=Fragment d'un ouvrage grec d'Anthèmius sur des Paradoxes de mècanique|volume=|publisher=|location=Paris|year=1777|language=fr|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4780621}}
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ===Attribution===
@@ Line 23: / Line 25: @@
 ===Further reading===
-* {{cite encyclopedia  | last = Kudlien  | first = Fridolf  | title = Alexander of Tralles  | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]  | volume = 1  | pages = 121   | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons  | location = New York  | year = 1970  | isbn = 0-684-10114-9 }} on line [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Alexander_of_Tralles.aspx]
+* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Kudlien | first = Fridolf | title = Alexander of Tralles | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | volume = 1 | pages = 121 | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | location = New York | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-684-10114-9 }} on line [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Alexander_of_Tralles.aspx]
-* {{cite book  | last = Langslow  | first = D. R.  | title = The Latin Alexander Trallianus: The Text and Transmission of a Late Latin Medical Book  | publisher = Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Journal of Roman Studies Monograph no. 10| location = London  | year = 2006  | isbn = 0-907764-32-0 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Langslow | first = D. R. | title = The Latin Alexander Trallianus: The Text and Transmission of a Late Latin Medical Book | publisher = Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Journal of Roman Studies Monograph no. 10| location = London | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-907764-32-0 }}
-* {{Citation | last = Knight| first = Valerie | editor = [[Barbara Zipser]] | title = Simon of Genoa's Medical Lexicon | place = Berlin | publisher = De Gruyter | year = 2014 | chapter = Simon and the Tradition of the Latin Alexander of Tralles | pages = 99–128 | chapter-url = http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/247622 | doi = 10.2478/9788376560236 | isbn = 9788376560236 }}
+* {{Citation | last = Knight| first = Valerie | editor = Barbara Zipser | editor-link = Barbara Zipser | title = Simon of Genoa's Medical Lexicon | place = Berlin | publisher = De Gruyter | year = 2014 | chapter = Simon and the Tradition of the Latin Alexander of Tralles | pages = 99–128 | chapter-url = http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/247622 | doi = 10.2478/9788376560236 | isbn = 9788376560236 }}
 * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kqM2SpLuegoC |quote=de morbis puerorum. |title=De morbis puerorum Tractatus |author= Girolamo Mercuriale, Jan H. Chrościejowski |date = 1583}}
 ==External links==
-* [http://www.digital-collections.de/index.html?c=autoren_index&l=en&ab=Alexander+%5BTrallianus%5D A digitized version of Trallianus in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek]
+*[http://www.digital-collections.de/index.html?c=autoren_index&l=en&ab=Alexander+%5BTrallianus%5D A digitized version of Trallianus in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek]
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander of Tralles}}
 [[Category:520s births]]
-[[Category:700s deaths]]
+[[Category:600s deaths]]
-[[Category:Byzantine physicians]]
+[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
-[[Category:People from Tralles]]
+[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
-[[Category:6th-century Byzantine people]]
+[[Category:6th-century Byzantine physicians]]
-[[Category:Ancient Greek physicians]]
 [[Category:6th-century Byzantine scientists]]
-[[Category:6th-century physicians]]
 [[Category:6th-century Byzantine writers]]
-[[Category:7th-century Byzantine scientists]]
+[[Category:7th-century Byzantine physicians]]
-[[Category:7th-century physicians]]
 [[Category:7th-century Byzantine writers]]
+[[Category:People from Tralles]]
+[[Category:Medical writers]]
+[[Category:Christian writers]]

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