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{{Short description|Language family of Oregon, US}}
The '''Coosan''' (also '''Coos''' or '''Kusan''') language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast. Both languages are now [[Extinct language|extinct]].
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Coosan
| altname = Kusan
| region = [[Oregon]]
| ethnicity = [[Coos people]]
| familycolor = American
| fam1 = [[Penutian languages|Penutian]]?
| fam2 = [[Coast Oregon Penutian languages|Coast Oregon Penutian]]?
| glotto = coos1248
| glottorefname = Coosan
| child1 = ''[[Hanis language|Hanis]]''
| child2 = ''[[Miluk language|Miluk]]''
| map = Coosan map.svg
| mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of Coosan languages in Oregon
| ancestor =
| glottoname =
| notes =
}}


The '''Coosan''' (also '''Coos''' or '''Kusan''') language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern [[Oregon]] coast. Both languages are now [[Extinct language|extinct]].
==Family division==


==Classification==
: 1. '''[[Hanis]]'''
{{tree list}}
: 2. '''[[Miluk]]''' (a.k.a. Lower Coquille)
* '''Coosan'''
** '''[[Hanis language|Hanis]]''' {{extinct}}
** '''[[Miluk language|Miluk]]''' {{extinct}} ({{a.k.a.}} Lower Coquille)
{{tree list/end}}


[[Melville Jacobs]] (1939) says that the languages are as close as [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[German language|German]]. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different.


The origin of the name ''Coos'' is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem {{lang|csz|gus-}} meaning 'south' as in {{lang|csz|gusimídži·č}} 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern [[Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages|Oregon Athabaskan]] word ''ku·s'' meaning 'bay'.
Melville Jacobs (1939) says that the languages are as close as [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[High German]].


Frachtenburg was the first major ethnolinguist to address the relatedness of these languages, saying that Hanis and Miluk were dialects of the same "Kusan" language.<ref>Frachtenburg (1914:305)</ref> [[Melville Jacobs]] also said that they were two dialects of the same languages; though he did note that Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson said they were in fact distinct languages and that Miluk had two dialects.<ref>Jacobs (1940:4)</ref> In 1916 [[Edward Sapir]] suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger [[Oregon Penutian]] genetic grouping. This analysis has been accepted by some.<ref>Delancey and Golla (1997:181)</ref>
The origin of the name ''Coos'' is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from Hanis stem ''gus-'' meaning 'south' as in ''gusimíd&#x017E;i·&#x010D;'' 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern Oregon Athabaskan word ''ku·s'' meaning 'bay'. The name ''Hanis'' is derived from ''há·nis'' which is the Hanis name for themselves. ''Miluk'' is derived from ''míluk'' the Miluk name for themselves, which is related to a village name.


However, more recent work has placed Hanis and Miluk as both separate languages and part of their own language family,<ref>Mithun (1999:72)</ref> with Douglas-Tavani doing a comparative reconstruction of Proto-Coosan's phonemes and vocabulary <ref>Douglas-Tavani (2021)</ref>
'''Miluk''' was spoken around the lower [[Coquille River]] and the South Slough of [[Coos Bay]]. The last known known speaker of Miluk was Annie Miner Peterson (who knew both Miluk and Hanis and recorded songs and myths on phonographs). She died in 1939.


== Phonology ==
'''Hanis''' was spoken north of the Milulk around the [[Coos River]] and Coos Bay. The last known speaker of Hanis was Martha Johnson who died in 1972.


===Genetic relations===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}} || {{IPAlink|iː}} ||
| ||{{IPAlink|u}} || {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|eː}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || || {{IPAlink|a}}
|{{IPAlink|aː}}|| ||
|}


=== Diphthongs ===
In 1916 [[Edward Sapir]] suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger [[Oregon Penutian]] genetic grouping. This is currently being investigated.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|{{IPA|ai}} || {{IPA|a*}}
|-
| {{IPA|e*}} || {{IPA|o*}}
|}


=== Consonants ===
==External links==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="3" |[[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="3" |[[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]!! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!<small>plain</small>
![[Lateral consonant|<small>lateral</small>]]
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate|<small>affricate</small>]]
!<small>plain</small>
![[Labialization|<small>labial</small>]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Occlusive]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voice</small>]]
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|
| {{IPAlink|g}}
| {{IPA|gʷ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiceless</small>]]
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ts}}
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPA|kʷ}}
|
|-
! [[Ejective consonant|<small>ejective</small>]]
| {{IPAlink|pʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|tsʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|kʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|kʷʼ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Continuant]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voice</small>]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|x}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|}


==== Three Series of Stops ====
''See also: '''[[Coos (tribe)]]'''.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Aspirated
| /p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/
|-
! Optionally Voiced
| /b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /ɢ/
|-
! Ejectives
| /pʼ/, /tʼ/, /cʼ/, /kʼ/, /kwʼ/, /qʼ/
|}


=== Key ===


* Glottal stops are represented by ʔ for {{Angbr|ɜ}}.{{Clarify|reason=|date=October 2020}}
*[http://www.ctclusi.org/ Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw homepage]
* Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (pʼ) can be substituted as exclamation points (p!)
*[http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/oregon/coos.html Languages of Oregon - Coos]
* Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m·)
*[http://www.npaihb.org/profiles/tribal_profiles/Oregon/Coos&Siuslaw&Lower_%20Umpqua.htm Coos, Lower Umpqua & Siuslaw Tribes profile]


<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mithun |first1=Marianne |title=The Languages of Native North America |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge |pages=396–397}}</ref><ref>Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001.</ref>
==Bibliography==


== References ==
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
{{Reflist}}
* Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1914). ''Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialect''. California University contributions to anthropology (Vol. 4, pp. 141-150). (Reprinted 1969, New York: AMS Press).
{{Refbegin}}
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1914). ''[https://archive.org/details/lowerumpquatexts00frac Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialects]''. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp.&nbsp;141–150). (Reprinted 1969, New York: AMS Press).
*{{cite book|last1=Frachtenberg|first1=Leo Joachim|title=Coos texts|url=https://archive.org/details/coostexts00fracuoft|access-date=28 August 2012|year=1913|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA1148 Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas]
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The Languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
* Whereat, Don. (1992). (Personal communication in Mithun 1999).
* Whereat, Don. (1992). (Personal communication in Mithun 1999).
* Jacobs, Melville. (1940). Coos Narrative and Ethnologic Texts. University of Washington: Seattle.
* DeLancey, S., & Golla, V. (1997). ‘The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect’. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 171-202.
* Douglas-Tavani, Jordan AG. (2021). 'Languages of the Bay: On the Proto-Coosan Hypothesis'. University of California: Santa Barbara. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20f1966w


===Hanis===


{{Refend}}
* Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1913). ''Coos texts''. California University contributions to anthropology (Vol. 1). New York: Columbia University Press. (Reprinted 1969 New York: AMS Press).
* Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1922). Coos: An illustrative sketch. In ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 2, pp. 297-299, 305). Bulletin, 40, pt. 2. Washington:Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
*Grant, Anthony. (1996). John Milhau's 1856 Hanis vocabularies: Coos dialectology and philology. In V. Golla (Ed.), ''Proceedings of the Hokan-Penutian workshop: University of Oregon, Eugene, July 1994 and University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, July 1995''. Survey of California and other Indian languages (No. 9). Berkeley, CA: Survey of California and Other Languages.


===Miluk===
==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Appendix:Coos word list|auto=yes}}

*[http://www.ctclusi.org/ Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw homepage]
* Dorsey, James Owen. (1885). On the comparative phonology of four Siouan languages. In ''Annual reports of the Board of Regents for the year 1883, Smithsonian Institution'' (No. 3, pp. 919-929). Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (Bureau of American Ethnology).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030803092703/http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/oregon/coos.html Languages of Oregon - Coos]
* Jacobs, Melville. (1939). ''Coos narrative and ethnologic texts''. University of Washington publications in anthropology (Vol. 8, No. 1). Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030815081827/http://www.npaihb.org/profiles/tribal_profiles/Oregon/Coos%26Siuslaw%26Lower_%20Umpqua.htm Coos, Lower Umpqua & Siuslaw Tribes profile]
* Jacobs, Melville. (1940). ''Coos myth texts''. University of Washington publications in anthropology (Vol. 8, No. 2). Seattle, WA: University of Washington.


{{Penutian languages}}
[[Category:Languages of the United States]]
{{Language families}}
[[Category:Native American languages of the Northwest Coast]]
[[Category:Coosan languages|*]]
{{North American languages}}
{{Authority control}}


[[de:Coosan (Sprache)]]
[[Category:Coosan languages| ]]
[[Category:Coast Oregon Penutian languages]]
[[Category:Language families]]

Latest revision as of 10:48, 13 October 2024

Coosan
Kusan
Geographic
distribution		Oregon
EthnicityCoos people
Linguistic classificationPenutian?
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologcoos1248
Pre-contact distribution of Coosan languages in Oregon

The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast. Both languages are now extinct.

Classification

[edit]
  • Coosan

Melville Jacobs (1939) says that the languages are as close as Dutch and German. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different.

The origin of the name Coos is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem gus- meaning 'south' as in gusimídži·č 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern Oregon Athabaskan word ku·s meaning 'bay'.

Frachtenburg was the first major ethnolinguist to address the relatedness of these languages, saying that Hanis and Miluk were dialects of the same "Kusan" language.[1] Melville Jacobs also said that they were two dialects of the same languages; though he did note that Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson said they were in fact distinct languages and that Miluk had two dialects.[2] In 1916 Edward Sapir suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger Oregon Penutian genetic grouping. This analysis has been accepted by some.[3]

However, more recent work has placed Hanis and Miluk as both separate languages and part of their own language family,[4] with Douglas-Tavani doing a comparative reconstruction of Proto-Coosan's phonemes and vocabulary [5]

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː ə
Open a aː

Diphthongs

[edit]
ai a*
e* o*

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
plain lateral affricate plain labial
Occlusive voice b d d g gʷ
voiceless p t ts tʃ k kʷ
ejective pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ
Continuant voice m n l j
voiceless s ɬ ʃ x w h

Three Series of Stops

[edit]
Aspirated /p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/
Optionally Voiced /b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /ɢ/
Ejectives /pʼ/, /tʼ/, /cʼ/, /kʼ/, /kwʼ/, /qʼ/

Key

[edit]
  • Glottal stops are represented by ʔ for ⟨ɜ⟩.[clarification needed]
  • Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (pʼ) can be substituted as exclamation points (p!)
  • Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m·)

[6][7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Frachtenburg (1914:305)
  2. ^ Jacobs (1940:4)
  3. ^ Delancey and Golla (1997:181)
  4. ^ Mithun (1999:72)
  5. ^ Douglas-Tavani (2021)
  6. ^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 396–397.
  7. ^ Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001.


[edit]
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