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{{Short description|Language family of Oregon, US}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Coosan
| name = Coosan
|altname=Kusan
| altname = Kusan
|region=[[Oregon]]
| region = [[Oregon]]
|ethnicity=[[Coos people]]
| ethnicity = [[Coos people]]
|familycolor=American
| familycolor = American
|fam1=[[Coast Oregon Penutian languages|Coast Oregon Penutian]] ?
| fam1 = [[Penutian languages|Penutian]]?
| fam2 = [[Coast Oregon Penutian languages|Coast Oregon Penutian]]?
|glotto=coos1248
| glotto = coos1248
|glottorefname=Coosan
| glottorefname = Coosan
|child1=''[[Hanis language|Hanis]]''
|child2=''[[Miluk language|Miluk]]''
| child1 = ''[[Hanis language|Hanis]]''
| child2 = ''[[Miluk language|Miluk]]''
|map=Coos langs.png
| map = Coosan map.svg
|mapcaption=Pre-contact distribution of Coosan languages
| mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of Coosan languages in Oregon
| ancestor =
| glottoname =
| notes =
}}
}}


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==Classification==
==Classification==
{{tree list}}
* '''[[Hanis language|Hanis]]''' ''†''
* '''Coosan'''
* '''[[Miluk language|Miluk]]''' ''†'' ({{sc|aka}} Lower Coquille)
** '''[[Hanis language|Hanis]]''' {{extinct}}
** '''[[Miluk language|Miluk]]''' {{extinct}} ({{a.k.a.}} Lower Coquille)
{{tree list/end}}


[[Melville Jacobs]] (1939) says that the languages are as close as [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[German language|German]]. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different.
[[Melville Jacobs]] (1939) says that the languages are as close as [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[German language|German]]. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different.


The origin of the name ''Coos'' is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem ''gus-'' meaning 'south' as in ''gusimídži·č'' 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern [[Athabaskan languages#Pacific Coast Athabaskan|Oregon Athabaskan]] word ''ku·s'' meaning 'bay'.
The origin of the name ''Coos'' is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem {{lang|csz|gus-}} meaning 'south' as in {{lang|csz|gusimídži·č}} 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern [[Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages|Oregon Athabaskan]] word ''ku·s'' meaning 'bay'.


In 1916 [[Edward Sapir]] suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger [[Oregon Penutian]] genetic grouping. This is currently being investigated. See [[Coast Oregon Penutian languages]].
Frachtenburg was the first major ethnolinguist to address the relatedness of these languages, saying that Hanis and Miluk were dialects of the same "Kusan" language.<ref>Frachtenburg (1914:305)</ref> [[Melville Jacobs]] also said that they were two dialects of the same languages; though he did note that Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson said they were in fact distinct languages and that Miluk had two dialects.<ref>Jacobs (1940:4)</ref> In 1916 [[Edward Sapir]] suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger [[Oregon Penutian]] genetic grouping. This analysis has been accepted by some.<ref>Delancey and Golla (1997:181)</ref>

However, more recent work has placed Hanis and Miluk as both separate languages and part of their own language family,<ref>Mithun (1999:72)</ref> with Douglas-Tavani doing a comparative reconstruction of Proto-Coosan's phonemes and vocabulary <ref>Douglas-Tavani (2021)</ref>


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}} || {{IPAlink|iː}} ||
| ||{{IPAlink|u}} || {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| '''SHORT''' || /i/ || /e/ || /a/ || /u/ || /ə/
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|eː}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| '''LONG''' || /i•/ || /e•/ || /a•/ || /u•/ || /-/
| || || {{IPAlink|a}}
|{{IPAlink|aː}}|| ||
|}
|}


=== Diphthongs ===
=== Diphthongs ===

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|/ai/ || /a*/
|{{IPA|ai}} || {{IPA|a*}}
|-
|-
| /e*/ || /o*/
| {{IPA|e*}} || {{IPA|o*}}
|}
|}


=== Three Series of Stops ===
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| '''Aspirated''' || /p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/
! colspan="3" |[[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="3" |[[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]!! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
!<small>plain</small>
| '''Optionally Voiced'''|| /b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /G/
![[Lateral consonant|<small>lateral</small>]]
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate|<small>affricate</small>]]
!<small>plain</small>
![[Labialization|<small>labial</small>]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Occlusive]]
| '''Ejectives''' || /p'/, /t'/, /c'/, /k'/, /kw'/, /q'/
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voice</small>]]
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|
| {{IPAlink|g}}
| {{IPA|gʷ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiceless</small>]]
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ts}}
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPA|kʷ}}
|
|-
! [[Ejective consonant|<small>ejective</small>]]
| {{IPAlink|pʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|tsʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|kʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|kʷʼ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Continuant]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voice</small>]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|x}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|}
|}


=== Consonants ===
==== Three Series of Stops ====

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Aspirated
! !! Palatal !! Alveolar !! Labial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal
| /p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/
|-
| '''Plosives''' || g, gw, k, kw, k', kw' || d, t, t' || b, p, p' || - || - || -
|-
|-
! Optionally Voiced
| '''Affricates''' || - || s, c || - || d, ts, tc, ts', tc' || - || -
| /b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /ɢ/
|-
|-
! Ejectives
| '''Nasal'''|| - || n || m || - || -|| -
| /pʼ/, /tʼ/, /cʼ/, /kʼ/, /kwʼ/, /qʼ/
|-
| '''Lateral''' || - || l,ɬ || - || - || - || -
|-
|''' Voiced Constinuants'''|| - || n || m || - || -|| -
|-
|''' Voiceless Constinuants'''|| y || s || w || - || x || h
|}
|}


=== Key ===
=== Key ===


* Glottal Stops are represented by ʔ for subscript epsilon
* Glottal stops are represented by ʔ for {{Angbr|ɜ}}.{{Clarify|reason=|date=October 2020}}
* Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (p') can be substituted as exclamation points (p!)
* Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (pʼ) can be substituted as exclamation points (p!)
* Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m•)
* Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m·)


<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mithum |first1=Marianne |title=The Languages of Native North America |date=1999 |publisher=The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |location=The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=396–397}}</ref><ref>Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001.</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mithun |first1=Marianne |title=The Languages of Native North America |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge |pages=396–397}}</ref><ref>Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001.</ref>

{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1914). ''[https://archive.org/details/lowerumpquatexts00frac Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialects]''. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp.&nbsp;141–150). (Reprinted 1969, New York: AMS Press).
* Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1914). ''[https://archive.org/details/lowerumpquatexts00frac Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialects]''. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp.&nbsp;141–150). (Reprinted 1969, New York: AMS Press).
*{{cite book|last1=Frachtenberg|first1=Leo Joachim|title=Coos texts|url=https://archive.org/details/coostexts00fracuoft|accessdate=28 August 2012|year=1913|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
*{{cite book|last1=Frachtenberg|first1=Leo Joachim|title=Coos texts|url=https://archive.org/details/coostexts00fracuoft|access-date=28 August 2012|year=1913|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA1148&lpg=PA1148#v=onepage Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA1148 Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas]
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The Languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The Languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
* Whereat, Don. (1992). (Personal communication in Mithun 1999).
* Whereat, Don. (1992). (Personal communication in Mithun 1999).
* Jacobs, Melville. (1940). Coos Narrative and Ethnologic Texts. University of Washington: Seattle.
{{refend}}
* DeLancey, S., & Golla, V. (1997). ‘The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect’. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 171-202.
* Douglas-Tavani, Jordan AG. (2021). 'Languages of the Bay: On the Proto-Coosan Hypothesis'. University of California: Santa Barbara. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20f1966w


{{Refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Appendix:Coos word list|auto=yes}}
*[http://www.ctclusi.org/ Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw homepage]
*[http://www.ctclusi.org/ Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw homepage]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030803092703/http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/oregon/coos.html Languages of Oregon - Coos]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030803092703/http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/oregon/coos.html Languages of Oregon - Coos]
Line 100: Line 189:
{{Penutian languages}}
{{Penutian languages}}
{{Language families}}
{{Language families}}
{{North American languages}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Coosan languages| ]]
[[Category:Coosan languages| ]]

Latest revision as of 10:48, 13 October 2024

Coosan
Kusan
Geographic
distribution		Oregon
EthnicityCoos people
Linguistic classificationPenutian?
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologcoos1248
Pre-contact distribution of Coosan languages in Oregon

The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast. Both languages are now extinct.

Classification

[edit]
  • Coosan

Melville Jacobs (1939) says that the languages are as close as Dutch and German. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different.

The origin of the name Coos is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem gus- meaning 'south' as in gusimídži·č 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern Oregon Athabaskan word ku·s meaning 'bay'.

Frachtenburg was the first major ethnolinguist to address the relatedness of these languages, saying that Hanis and Miluk were dialects of the same "Kusan" language.[1] Melville Jacobs also said that they were two dialects of the same languages; though he did note that Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson said they were in fact distinct languages and that Miluk had two dialects.[2] In 1916 Edward Sapir suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger Oregon Penutian genetic grouping. This analysis has been accepted by some.[3]

However, more recent work has placed Hanis and Miluk as both separate languages and part of their own language family,[4] with Douglas-Tavani doing a comparative reconstruction of Proto-Coosan's phonemes and vocabulary [5]

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː ə
Open a aː

Diphthongs

[edit]
ai a*
e* o*

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
plain lateral affricate plain labial
Occlusive voice b d d g gʷ
voiceless p t ts tʃ k kʷ
ejective pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ
Continuant voice m n l j
voiceless s ɬ ʃ x w h

Three Series of Stops

[edit]
Aspirated /p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/
Optionally Voiced /b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /ɢ/
Ejectives /pʼ/, /tʼ/, /cʼ/, /kʼ/, /kwʼ/, /qʼ/

Key

[edit]
  • Glottal stops are represented by ʔ for ⟨ɜ⟩.[clarification needed]
  • Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (pʼ) can be substituted as exclamation points (p!)
  • Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m·)

[6][7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Frachtenburg (1914:305)
  2. ^ Jacobs (1940:4)
  3. ^ Delancey and Golla (1997:181)
  4. ^ Mithun (1999:72)
  5. ^ Douglas-Tavani (2021)
  6. ^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 396–397.
  7. ^ Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001.


[edit]
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