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{{Short description|Chieftain of the Kutrigurs}} |
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[[File:Zabergan Kutrigur-bulgars Byzantine war 558 - 559.jpg|alt=Zabergan Kutrigur-bulgars Byzantine war 558 - 559 map|thumb|Kutrigur-bulgars Zabergan Byzantine war dec. 558 - aug. 559, Campaign operations of the 3 armies wings : |
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'''Zabergan''' ({{langx|grc-x-medieval|Ζαβεργάν}}) was the chieftain of the [[Kutrigurs]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nomadic tribe of the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]], after [[Sinnion]]. His name is [[Iranian languages|Iranian]], meaning [[full moon]].{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973}} Either under pressure from incoming [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]],<ref name=Golden>{{harvnb|Golden|2011|p=140}}; {{harvnb|Golden|1992|p=100}}</ref> or in revolt against the [[Byzantine Empire]], in the winter of 558, he led a large Kutrigur army that crossed the frozen [[Danube]]. The army was divided into three sections: one raided south far as [[Thermopylae]], while two others the [[Gallipoli|Thracian Chersonesus]] and the periphery of [[Constantinople]].{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} In March 559 Zabergan attacked Constantinople, and one part of his forces consisted of 7,000 horsemen,{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=107}} but [[Belisarius]] defeated him at the [[Battle of Melantias]] and he was forced to withdraw.<ref>James C. Bradford, ''International Encyclopedia of Military History''</ref> |
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The Constantinople direction corps. The Galipoli and Asia Minor direction corps, The Aegean direction corps. <ref>According to: Victor Tonnennensis - Chronica, Theophanis Confessoris - Chronographia, Agathias Scholasticus - Historiarum libri, Procopius Caesariensis - Libri de bellis, Ioannis Malalae - Chronographia.</ref> |
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]] |
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'''Zabergan''' also '''''Zaber [[Khan (title)|Khan]]''''' <ref>''[[Steven Runciman|James Cochran Stevenson Runciman]], [https://chitanka.info/text/2382/28#ref_3-18 The History of the First Bulgarian Empire]''[https://chitanka.info/text/2382/28#ref_3-18 , 1930 - Стивън Рънсиман, История на Първото българско царство, Книга I - Чедата на хуните]</ref> and '''''Zavergan''''' ({{lang-gr|Ζαβεργάν}}) was a [[558]]-[[586]] ruled [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the [[Kutrigurs]], a [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] <ref name=":1">[http://macedonia.kroraina.com/libi/1/gal/1_370.html Victor Tonnennensis episcopi. Chronica, c. 560]</ref><ref name=":3">[http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_222.html Menandri Excerpta de legationibus, ГИБИ II , 220]</ref><ref name=":9">[http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/3/gal/3_261.html Theophanis] Confessoris. Chronographia, ГИБИ III p. 261-264</ref> nomadic people of the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]], successor of [[Sinnion]]. His name is [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] {{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973}} and mentioned by [[Procopius|Procopii Caesariensis]] as person that visited Constantinople in diplomatic mission and later [[Empress]] [[Theodora (6th century)|Theodora]] address to him letter to help to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzanine empire]] <ref>''Procopius Caesariensis, Historia Arcana c. 21''</ref>. The history inscribed ruler Zabergan as the chieftain of the large invasion of the led by him forces to [[Constantinople]], [[Gallipoli|Galipoli]] and [[Thermopylae]] from [[winter]] of [[558]]-[[559]] to [[August]] 559 finalized by concluding a profitable for Kutrigurs treaty with [[Byzantine Empire|Bizantine Empire]] between Zabergan and [[Emperor of the Byzantine Empire|Emperor]] [[Justinian I|Justinian the Great]] after that Zabergan withdraw his armies.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /> |
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The transit of such big distances in a short period of time shows that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors,{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} and Zabergan's raiders were already encamped near the banks of the Danube.{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} However, once again Emperor [[Justinian I]] (r. 527–565) managed to persuade the [[Utigurs|Utigur]] chieftain [[Sandilch]] to attack the Kutrigurs, which resulted in the decimation of both.<ref name=Golden/> Nevertheless, according to the 12th-century chronicle of [[Michael the Syrian]] the remnant of those Bulgars were granted [[Dacia]] in the time of [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] (r. 582-602).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/1894295 |title=The Three Scythian Brothers: an Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great | Mark Dickens |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2015-02-27}}</ref> It is unknown if Zabergan was related to the Byzantine general named Zabergan, who in 586 defended the fortress Chlomaron against the Romans.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973}} |
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== Zabergan invasion in the Bizantine Empire 558-559 == |
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=== Background === |
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In [[551]] army of 12 000 kutrigurs led by Zabergan predecessor [[Sinnion]] invaded the [[Balkans]], but after the fake news spread by Emperor [[Justinian I]] that kutrigurs land and settlements are under attack and huge amount of gold received from the Empire they withdraw back, however 2000 kutrigurs remain south of the Danube and by the Emperor settled in the area of [[Apros|Apros fortress]] not far of the [[Constantinople]].<ref>[https://chitanka.info/text/2382/28#note_3-17 ''James Cochran Stevenson Runciman, The History of the First Bulgarian Empire'', 1930]</ref> |
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=== Aim and beginning of the Kutrigurs 558-559 offensive === |
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In purport to force by devastation the Roman Empire to pay regular annuall [[tribute]] to led by Zabergan tribes Rruler of Kutrigurs move from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|northern Black Sea steppes]] and concentrate of the banks of the [[Danube Delta|lower Danube]] a large mass of forces and at the end of the [[558 AD]] already encamped near.{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} In the [[winter]] of [[558]]-[[559]] а huge troops of [[Huns|hun]][[Bulgars|-bulgars]] <ref name=":1" /> and [[Sclaveni|slavs]]<ref name=":2">[http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/3/gal/3_239.html Theophanis Confessoris. Chronographia, ГИБИ III p. 239-241]</ref> crosses the frozen Danube to [[Scythia Minor]] and invade the [[Byzantine Empire|Empire]] [[Roman diocese|dioceses]] of [[Diocese of Thrace|Thrace]] and [[Diocese of Macedonia|Macedonia.]] In this first phase of the campaign the army successfully crushed the [[Danubian Limes|Danube limes]], seize the huge area on the [[Balkans|Balcans]] and captured as [[Prisoner of war|prisonres of war]] not only local citizens but even hi level [[Stratelates|''Strategos'']] Sergius and Strategos Edem. Following the pointed goal of the offensive to inflict maximum damages to Empire the Kutrigur army in the next second phase of the campaign was divided into three wings: left [[corps]] raided south to [[Thermopylae]], other - attack the [[Gallipoli|Thracian Chersonesus]] (Gallipoli peninsula) and the third directed to [[Constantinople]].<ref name="Golden" />{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} |
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=== Operations of the detachment directed to Constantinople === |
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At the end of the winter of [[559]] Kutrigurs ''Wing directed to Constantinople'' - personaly led by Zabergam 7000 [[cavalry]] [[Zabergan#cite note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011107-6|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[6]</span>]][[Zabergan#cite note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011107-6|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[6]</span>]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Golden|first=Peter B|date=2011|title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes|url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971/Studies_on_the_Peoples_and_Cultures_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes|journal=Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei|language=en|volume=|pages=107|via=}}</ref>, crosses the [[Anastasian Wall|Anastasian wall]] and In the [[Anastasian wall batle|Anastasian Wall Batle]] totally defeated <ref name=":2" /> the [[Byzantine army|Bizantine army]] send against them by [[Emperor of the Byzantine Empire|Emperor]] [[Justinian I|Justinian I the Great]]. After this victory Zabergan forces in the beginning of the [[Spring (season)|spring]] of [[559]] take Constantinople suburb settlements ''Drypia''<ref>''Drypia'' - today '''[[:tr:Ataköy,_Bakırköy|Ataköy]]''' in [[Bakırköy]], [https://books.google.bg/books?id=1GRLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=Drypia,+but+she+should&source=bl&ots=fVIRxwWHy4&sig=p8ODYvVOwl0_pv2jXpGabSZqrdo&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT8aiy24TYAhUBOpoKHQmxAFAQ6AEIRjAG Ancient Drypia pointed south-west of the city on the sea-shore along the Via Egnatia 9 miles out of the Town (Janin 1969: 252)] between 7 miles ''Hepdomon'' ([[Bakırköy]]) and 10 miles ''Dekaton'' (''Florya'' to former ''San Stefano'' today [[Yeşilköy]]). </ref>'', Nymphs (Nymphas)''<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/TU/34/Kocasinan.html ''Nifos'' - today neighborhood] '''[[:tr:Kocasinan,_Bahçelievler|''Kocasinan'']]''' of Istanbul 's [[:tr:Bahçelievler,_İstanbul|Bahçelievler district]] </ref> and ''Hitos (Chitus)'' <ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/213656594/%D0%A1-%D0%B2-%D0%BE-%D0%B4-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D0%BD-%D0%B5-%D0%B9-%D1%88-%D0%B8-%D1%85-%D0%BF-%D0%B8-%D1%81-%D1%8C-%D0%BC-%D0%B5-%D0%BD-%D0%BD-%D1%8B-%D1%85-%D0%B8-%D0%B7-%D0%B2-%D0%B5-%D1%81-%D1%82-%D0%B8-%25D ''Htos'' (Свод древнейших письменных известий о славянах. Том I. Стр. 275)] previous Hitos (Chitus, Hittos, ''Chettus, Chiton) - later'' '''''Aipah''''' today '''''[[:tr:Güneşli,_Bağcılar|Güneşli Mahallesi]],''''' ''[[Bağcılar]] ''</ref> standing about 15 km to the ''gate of St. Roman'' and reach [[Galata|Sykai (Galata)]] <ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/213656594/%D0%A1-%D0%B2-%D0%BE-%D0%B4-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D0%BD-%D0%B5-%D0%B9-%D1%88-%D0%B8-%D1%85-%D0%BF-%D0%B8-%D1%81-%D1%8C-%D0%BC-%D0%B5-%D0%BD-%D0%BD-%D1%8B-%D1%85-%D0%B8-%D0%B7-%D0%B2-%D0%B5-%D1%81-%D1%82-%D0%B8-% Свод древнейших письменных известий о славянах т. I, c. 268-275] </ref> on [[Golden Horn|Golden horn]] at the opposite [[coast]] of the Empire capital, encircle and approach immediately to the gates of [[Constantinople]], Zabergan settle his camp at [[Melantias]], seize all the area to the [[Walls of Constantinople]] and push survived roman population to escape panicky behind the walls of the capital.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">[http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_192.html Agathiae. Historiarum libri V''' ,''' ГИБИ II, 185-202]</ref> At [[March]] 559 Detachment directed to Constantinople reach the main set strategic tasks to sack, demoralize and threaten the Empire hit it in its hеart. In this time the last collected forces of Byzantine army, led by the old [[Belisarius]], the most glorified commander of the Empire, at the end have the courage to go outside of the walls, make a [[Roman Camp|fortified camp]] at Hitos, take in ambush between Melantias and Hitos one of the avant-garde units of Kutrigurs and win the [[Battle of Melantias]],<ref name=":0">James C. Bradford, ''International Encyclopedia of Military History''</ref> but pushing back attack of less then 1/3 of the forces of the kutrigurs directed to Constantinople, Belisarius have no more power to pursue and defeat the invaders, in result the Zabergan forces in [[April]] march from Melantias more closer to Constantinople and take [[Yeşilköy|Dekaton (Decatum)]] <ref name=":10">[[John Malalas|Ioannis Malalae]]. [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_218.html Chronographia ГИБИ II 218]</ref><ref name=":5">[http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/3/gal/3_261.html Theophanis Confessoris. Chronographia, ГИБИ III p. 261]</ref> - only 10 km from the [[Golden Gate (Constantinople)|''Golden gate'']]. Direct siege of Constantinople and taking the Empire capital is not in Kutrigurs intentions according to the aims of the invasion and number of the divided for it forces in Constantinople direction of operation. |
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Already reached tasks of the mission the Detachment directed to Constantinople withdraw circa 13th April ([[Easter]] 559) the main of its forces on more secure positions at [[Arkadiopolis|Arkadioupol]], [[Drizipara|Drousipara (Zupparum)]], [[Çorlu|Tzouroulon (Tzurulum)]]<ref name=":5" />. From here it hold on operate in all sized yet area to Constantinople walls <ref name=":1" /> till [[August]] 559 when after coming back the two other detachments send to Gallipoli and to Thermopylae and successfully join all armies Zabergan achieved treaty with Emperor Justinian I by which: legitimate the Kutrigurs, Bizantine Empire pay heavi contribution estimate to min 70 000 and max 220 000 gold [[Nomisma|Nomismas]] <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">[https://www.scribd.com/doc/213656594/%D0%A1-%D0%B2-%D0%BE-%D0%B4-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D0%BD-%D0%B5-%D0%B9-%D1%88-%D0%B8-%D1%85-%D0%BF-%D0%B8-%D1%81-%D1%8C-%D0%BC-%D0%B5-%D0%BD-%D0%BD-%D1%8B-%D1%85-%D0%B8-%D0%B7-%D0%B2-%D0%B5-%D1%81-%D1%82-%D0%B8-% Свод древнейших письменных известий о славянах, 273]</ref><ref name=":8">[http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/3/gal/3_241.html Subsidia of this kind usually is about 80 000 - 100 000] [[Nomisma|gold N'''omisma''']] and no less 60 000, plus for captured 2 strategas [https://www.scribd.com/doc/213656594/%D0%A1-%D0%B2-%D0%BE-%D0%B4-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D0%BD-%D0%B5-%D0%B9-%D1%88-%D0%B8-%D1%85-%D0%BF-%D0%B8-%D1%81-%D1%8C-%D0%BC-%D0%B5-%D0%BD-%D0%BD-%D1%8B-%D1%85-%D0%B8-%D0%B7-%D0%B2-%D0%B5-%D1%81-%D1%82-%D0%B8-% ransom is about 10 000 per each,] if Zabergan finish one of them after Anastasian Wall Battle another one survived together with may be [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_112.html 120 000 of captured other citizens] (their ransom is no less then 1 nomisma per capito), that go to amount of min 70 000 and max 220 000 nomismas and that paying provoke serious civil reaction in Constantinople testified by [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_204.html Agathiae.in ''Historiarum libri V'' p. 201-202]i</ref>, guarantee to Kutrigurs army, with all collected prey, free, in fact victorious, way back withdrawing any Bizantine forces and navy form the Zabergan route to his lands across Thrace, Moesia and Danube, even the bizantine emperor nephew and future Emperor [[Justin II]] transported them across the Danube.<ref name=":2" /> |
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=== Operations of the detachment directed to Gallipoli and Asia minor=== |
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The second wing of the Zabergan army - ''Detachment directed to [[Gallipoli]] and [[Asia-Minor|Asia Minor]]'' have the task to isolate Constantinople from south as enchain in battles here the bizantine forces, to inflict additive casualties for the Empire and profit for Kutrigurs army as sack the peninsula and cross the [[Dardanelles|Dardaneles]] channel take the customs treasure from [[Abydos (Hellespont)|Abydos]] on [[Asia-Minor|Asia minor]] coast <ref name=":4" />.<ref name=":6" /> The detachment march to the [[Gallipoli|Thracian Chersonesus]] seize all the lands from [[Anastasian Wall|Anastasian wall]] to [[Gulf of Saros]] and attack the strong [[Defensive wall]] of Gallipoli peninsula build from the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] to the [[Sea of Marmara|Propontida]] coast near [[Bolayır|Agora (today Bolair)]]. Frontal assaults on the wall heavy defended by motivated byzantine forces isn't bring fast success for Kutrigurs besiegers and they prepare on Saros coast own fleet of 150 marine rafts and begin the see landing operation. Some byzantine sources in visible propaganda style as [[Agathias]] ''Historiarum libri'' claimed that the defenders fleet of 20 battleships overcomes the attack, even byzantine land forces try to break the siege, but defeated by the large besiegers troop withdraw back behind the wall <ref name=":4" />, but the other as [[Procopius|Procopius Caesariensis]] <ref name=":7">[[Procopius|Procopius Caesariensis]] Libri de bellis [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_112.html VIII ГИБИ II 110-112]</ref> testified that Kutrigus forces not only take and enslaved the all Thracian Chersonesus peninsula, but some of the their units successfully sailed from [[Sestos]] to the [[Asia-Minor|Asia Minor]] coast, [[Offensive (military)|attack]] Abydos, sake settlements here and with all the prey undamaged was returned back to the rest of the Gallipoli invaders [[corps]] and with them - to the main forces.<ref name=":7" /> Anyway the Detachment directed to Gallipoli successfully reached the tasks of his mission to enchain the byzantine forces here, to inflict additive casualties for the Empire and troops in combat power return and join to the Zabergan armies in the summer of 559.<ref name=":4" /> |
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=== Operations of the detachment directed to Thermopylae === |
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The other one more wing of the Zabergan army in the large offensive against the Empire - ''Detachment directed to [[Thermopylae]] and [[Greece]]'' have the similar task as all - to prevent any idea to help to Costantinople with south-west forces as break the land communications, paralyze as threaten or enchain in clashes the byzantine troops in central sector of the military road of [[Via Egnatia]] and in Greece, maneuvering without involving in battle do the same with second in the Empire powerful fortress and garrison of Thessaloniki, inflict as more as possible damages for the Empire as sack and capture all in the its way till to Greece.<ref name=":4" /> Detachment march to pointed direction and seize the lands from the Thracian Chersonesus to Thermopylae pass, take the strategic fortresses of [[Amaxades|Anastasioupolis]] <ref name=":2" /> on [[Lagos, Xanthi|Porto Lagos]] south of today [[Xanthi]] and [[Potidaea|Poteidaia]] <ref name=":7" /> on [[Chalkidiki|Chalkidiki peninsula]] closer south of [[Thessaloniki|Thesaloniki]], invade penetrating deep in the enemy territory reach and raided the ''Thermopylae wall.'' Here again some byzantine sources in visible propaganda style as [[Agathias]] Historiarum libri claimed that the troop defending the Thermopylae [[Defensive wall|fortified wall]] stave off the attack <ref name=":4" />, but the others as [[Procopius|Procopius Caesariensis]] <ref name=":7" /> with sorrow testified that after repulse of the first frontal attack on the wall raiders troop scouting all area, find the trail high thru the rocks, deadly defeat defenders forces and ''"slaughtered all of the greeks except thеsе in Pelopones, after that withdraw beck."'' <ref name=":7" /> Under invaders fallen in this years 32 [[Fortress|fortresses]] from [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|Illyricum]] ([[Diocese of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Epirus]] and [[Hellas (theme)|Hellas]]) to Constantinople <ref name=":7" /> Anyway the West Zabergan troops detachment as well reached the his tasks to enchain the byzantine forces here, to break the land communications of the Empire, to inflict more casualties and damages for it and after that successfully return and join to the main forces of the army.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> |
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=== The results of the campaign=== |
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[[Justinian I|Emperor Justinian I the Great]] who win colossal victories concurred and return to the Empire [[Roman province|provinces]]: [[Hispania|Hispahia]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia,]] [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] and [[Armenia (Roman province)|Armenia]] was brought by invaded [[Balkans]] Kutrigurs armies into situation to redeems the peace as concluding on the own burned territory grantfull treaty with them. Zabergan for about 8 mounts long in [[559]] large scale campaign invade deep in the Empire, spread his armies from the [[Walls of Constantinople|gates of the]] [[Constantinople]] and [[Galata]] on the [[Bosphorus|Bosphorus coast]], to [[Gallipoli]] on [[Sea of Marmara]] and [[Thermopylae]] in [[Greece]], reached the his aims as forced [[Byzantine Empire|Roman-byzantine Empire]] to conclude treaty with Kutrigurs by which legitimate them, pay them a huge contribution estimate to min 318,5 kg and max 990 kg gold <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />, and guarantee the Kutrigurs army, with the all taken prey, victorious, even in the eyes of byzantians <ref name=":4" />, way back withdrawing any Byzantine forces and navy form the way. The Kutrigurs prove that they no hesitation and have capability to attack the strong fortifications, to build and use own kind of [[navy]], to move and concentrate serious forces, transit and operate on a big distances in a short period of time, to solve and reach pointed tactical and strategic tasks, it shows to the world that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors and dangerous army.{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} At the same time once again after 551 Emperor [[Justinian I]] (r. 527–565) strategic diplomacy managed to collide<ref name=":4" /> ethnically the same [[Utigurs]] and Kutrigurs <ref name=":3" /> as persuade Utigurs chieftain [[Sandilch]] to attack Zabergan, which resulted in a fratricidal war of both.<ref name="Golden">{{harvnb|Golden|2011|p=140}}; {{harvnb|Golden|1992|p=100}}</ref> Nevertheless, according to the chronicle of [[Michael the Syrian]] the remnant of those [[Bulgars]]<ref name=":9" /> were granted [[Dacia]] in the time of [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] (r. [[582]]-[[602]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/1894295/The_Three_Scythian_Brothers_an_Extract_from_the_Chronicle_of_Michael_the_Great |title=The Three Scythian Brothers: an Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great | Mark Dickens |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2015-02-27}}</ref> After many rides in [[680]] AD bulgars finally concurred the lands south of the Danube river <ref name=":9" /> and establish here existing till today the state [[Bulgaria]]. It is unknown if the Kutrigurs 558-586 ruler is related to the [[Kardarigan (6th century)|Zabergan (Kardarigan)]], who in [[586]] defended the fortress [[Silvan, Diyarbakır|Chlomaron]] on the [[Sasanian Empire|Persian side]] against the Bizanto-romans.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973}} |
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==Honours== |
==Honours== |
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[[Zabergan Peak]] in [[Antarctica]] is named after Zabergan. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |chapter=Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans |editor1=Zimonyi István |editor2=Osman Karatay |title=Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/12138833 |date=2015 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |place=Wiesbaden |pages=69–89}} |
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| ⚫ | *{{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |chapter=Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_5.html#Zabergan |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=392 |isbn=9780520015968 |
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*{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter Benjamin |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=1992 |title=An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004 |
* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter Benjamin |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=1992 |title=An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag|Otto Harrassowitz]] |place=[[Wiesbaden]] |isbn=9783447032742}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2011 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |
* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2011 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |publisher=Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei |isbn=9789732721520}} |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |chapter=Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_5.html#Zabergan |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=392 |isbn=9780520015968}} |
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| ⚫ | *{{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |chapter=Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans |title=Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/12138833 |
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*[http://samoistina.com/2/sandilh.htm Дилян Николов, Писмата на Кан Сандилх до Византииският Император] |
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*[http://voennodelo.com/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8-2/ Димитър Манчоров, Българите кутригури срещу Византия 558 г., Военно дело 2012] |
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*[http://istoria.bg/booktext/balgarite-v-iztochnata-imperia Васил Златарски, Хуно-българите в Източната империя] |
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*[https://chitanka.info/text/30003/4#textstart Иван Божилов, Васил Гюзелев, История на средновековна България VII-XIV век История на България в три тома. Том І, Глава първа - Произход, прародина, етимология на името и най-ранна история на българите до края на VI в.] |
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*''[[Steven Runciman|James Cochran Stevenson Runciman]], [https://chitanka.info/text/2382/28#ref_3-18 The History of the First Bulgarian Empire]''[https://chitanka.info/text/2382/28#ref_3-18 , 1930 - Стивън Рънсиман, История на Първото българско царство, Книга I - Чедата на хуните] |
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*[[Menander Protector|Menandri]] [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_222.html Excerpta de legationibus, ГИБИ II , 220] |
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*[[John of Antioch (chronicler)|Ioannes Antiocheni]]. [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/3/gal/3_040.html Excerpta De insidiis] |
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*[[John Malalas|Ioannis Malalae]]. [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_218.html Chronographia ГИБИ II 218] |
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*[http://www.jassa.org/?p=5486 Slavs in the Chronicle of John Malalas] |
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*[[Procopius|Procopius Caesariensis]][http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_148.html , Libri de bellis VIII ГИБИ II 136] |
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*[[Procopius|Procopius Caesariensis]] Libri de bellis [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_112.html VIII ГИБИ II 110-112] |
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*[[Procopius|Procopius Caesariensis]]''[http://bghistory-letopisec.blogspot.bg/2012/05/blog-post_30.html , Historia Arcana c. 21 - Българската история в летописите]'' |
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*[[Victor Tonnennensis|Victor Tonnennensis episcopi]]. [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/libi/1/gal/1_371.html Chronica ЛИБИ I 371] |
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*[[Agathias|Agathiae]]. [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/2/gal/2_187.html Historiarum libri V ГИБИ II 185-204] |
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*[[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanis Confessoris]]. Chronographia: [https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&hl=bg&id=LA8bAAAAIAAJ&q=Chiton#v=onepage&q&f=false Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae v 43 p. 390-392] : [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/3/gal/3_239.html ГИБИ III 239-241] : [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/gibi/3/gal/3_261.html ГИБИ III 261-254] : [https://www.scribd.com/doc/213656594/%D0%A1-%D0%B2-%D0%BE-%D0%B4-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D0%BD-%D0%B5-%D0%B9-%D1%88-%D0%B8-%D1%85-%D0%BF-%D0%B8-%D1%81-%D1%8C-%D0%BC-%D0%B5-%D0%BD-%D0%BD-%D1%8B-%D1%85-%D0%B8-%D0%B7-%D0%B2-%D0%B5-%D1%81-%D1%82-%D0%B8-% Свод древнейших письменных известий о славянах т. I, c. 268-275] [http://mobooka.ru/?tp=book&path=0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B Феофан Исповедник - Хронография c 140-144] |
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{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
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{{succession box|before=[[Sinnion]]|title=Leader of the [[Kutrigurs]]|after=[[ |
{{succession box|before=[[Sinnion]]|title=Leader of the [[Kutrigurs]]|after=[[Bulgarios (Kutrigur)|Bulgarios]]|years={{floruit}} 558–586}} |
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{{s-end}} |
{{s-end}} |
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[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Europe]] |
[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Kutrigurs]] |
[[Category:Kutrigurs]] |
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[[Category:Bulgars]] |
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[[Category:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire]] |
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[[Category:6th-century deaths]] |
[[Category:6th-century deaths]] |
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[[Category:Monarchs of the Bulgars]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:14, 13 October 2024
Zabergan (Medieval Greek: Ζαβεργάν) was the chieftain of the Kutrigurs, a Turkic nomadic tribe of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, after Sinnion. His name is Iranian, meaning full moon.[1] Either under pressure from incoming Avars,[2] or in revolt against the Byzantine Empire, in the winter of 558, he led a large Kutrigur army that crossed the frozen Danube. The army was divided into three sections: one raided south far as Thermopylae, while two others the Thracian Chersonesus and the periphery of Constantinople.[3] In March 559 Zabergan attacked Constantinople, and one part of his forces consisted of 7,000 horsemen,[4] but Belisarius defeated him at the Battle of Melantias and he was forced to withdraw.[5]
The transit of such big distances in a short period of time shows that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors,[3] and Zabergan's raiders were already encamped near the banks of the Danube.[3] However, once again Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) managed to persuade the Utigur chieftain Sandilch to attack the Kutrigurs, which resulted in the decimation of both.[2] Nevertheless, according to the 12th-century chronicle of Michael the Syrian the remnant of those Bulgars were granted Dacia in the time of Maurice (r. 582-602).[6] It is unknown if Zabergan was related to the Byzantine general named Zabergan, who in 586 defended the fortress Chlomaron against the Romans.[1]
Honours
[edit]Zabergan Peak in Antarctica is named after Zabergan.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Maenchen-Helfen 1973.
- ^ a b Golden 2011, p. 140; Golden 1992, p. 100
- ^ a b c Curta 2015, p. 77.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 107.
- ^ James C. Bradford, International Encyclopedia of Military History
- ^ "The Three Scythian Brothers: an Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great | Mark Dickens". Academia.edu. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
Sources
[edit]- Curta, Florin (2015). "Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans". In Zimonyi István; Osman Karatay (eds.). Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 69–89.
- Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.
- Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.
- Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). "Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names". The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 392. ISBN 9780520015968.