Zabergan: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Chieftain of the Kutrigurs}} |
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'''Zabergan''' ({{ |
'''Zabergan''' ({{langx|grc-x-medieval|Ζαβεργάν}}) was the chieftain of the [[Kutrigurs]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nomadic tribe of the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]], after [[Sinnion]]. His name is [[Iranian languages|Iranian]], meaning [[full moon]].{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973}} Either under pressure from incoming [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]],<ref name=Golden>{{harvnb|Golden|2011|p=140}}; {{harvnb|Golden|1992|p=100}}</ref> or in revolt against the [[Byzantine Empire]], in the winter of 558, he led a large Kutrigur army that crossed the frozen [[Danube]]. The army was divided into three sections: one raided south far as [[Thermopylae]], while two others the [[Gallipoli|Thracian Chersonesus]] and the periphery of [[Constantinople]].{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} In March 559 Zabergan attacked Constantinople, and one part of his forces consisted of 7,000 horsemen,{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=107}} but [[Belisarius]] defeated him at the [[Battle of Melantias]] and he was forced to withdraw.<ref>James C. Bradford, ''International Encyclopedia of Military History''</ref> |
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The transit of such big distances in a short period of time shows that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors,{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} and Zabergan's raiders were already encamped near the banks of the Danube.{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} However, once again Emperor [[Justinian I]] (r. 527–565) managed to persuade the [[Utigurs|Utigur]] chieftain [[Sandilch]] to attack the Kutrigurs, which resulted in the decimation of both.<ref name=Golden/> Nevertheless, according to the 12th-century chronicle of [[Michael the Syrian]] the remnant of those Bulgars were granted [[Dacia]] in the time of [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] (r. 582-602).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/1894295 |
The transit of such big distances in a short period of time shows that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors,{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} and Zabergan's raiders were already encamped near the banks of the Danube.{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} However, once again Emperor [[Justinian I]] (r. 527–565) managed to persuade the [[Utigurs|Utigur]] chieftain [[Sandilch]] to attack the Kutrigurs, which resulted in the decimation of both.<ref name=Golden/> Nevertheless, according to the 12th-century chronicle of [[Michael the Syrian]] the remnant of those Bulgars were granted [[Dacia]] in the time of [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] (r. 582-602).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/1894295 |title=The Three Scythian Brothers: an Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great | Mark Dickens |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2015-02-27}}</ref> It is unknown if Zabergan was related to the Byzantine general named Zabergan, who in 586 defended the fortress Chlomaron against the Romans.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973}} |
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==Honours== |
==Honours== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |chapter=Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans |editor1=Zimonyi István |editor2=Osman Karatay |title=Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/12138833 |date=2015 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |place=Wiesbaden |pages=69–89}} |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |chapter=Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_5.html#Zabergan |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=392 |isbn=9780520015968 |
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* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter Benjamin |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=1992 |title=An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004 |
* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter Benjamin |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=1992 |title=An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag|Otto Harrassowitz]] |place=[[Wiesbaden]] |isbn=9783447032742}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2011 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |
* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2011 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |publisher=Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei |isbn=9789732721520}} |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |chapter=Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_5.html#Zabergan |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=392 |isbn=9780520015968}} |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |chapter=Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans |title=Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/12138833 |
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{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
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{{succession box|before=[[Sinnion]]|title=Leader of the [[Kutrigurs]]|after=[[Bulgarios]] |
{{succession box|before=[[Sinnion]]|title=Leader of the [[Kutrigurs]]|after=[[Bulgarios (Kutrigur)|Bulgarios]]|years={{floruit}} 558–586}} |
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{{s-end}} |
{{s-end}} |
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Latest revision as of 17:14, 13 October 2024
Zabergan (Medieval Greek: Ζαβεργάν) was the chieftain of the Kutrigurs, a Turkic nomadic tribe of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, after Sinnion. His name is Iranian, meaning full moon.[1] Either under pressure from incoming Avars,[2] or in revolt against the Byzantine Empire, in the winter of 558, he led a large Kutrigur army that crossed the frozen Danube. The army was divided into three sections: one raided south far as Thermopylae, while two others the Thracian Chersonesus and the periphery of Constantinople.[3] In March 559 Zabergan attacked Constantinople, and one part of his forces consisted of 7,000 horsemen,[4] but Belisarius defeated him at the Battle of Melantias and he was forced to withdraw.[5]
The transit of such big distances in a short period of time shows that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors,[3] and Zabergan's raiders were already encamped near the banks of the Danube.[3] However, once again Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) managed to persuade the Utigur chieftain Sandilch to attack the Kutrigurs, which resulted in the decimation of both.[2] Nevertheless, according to the 12th-century chronicle of Michael the Syrian the remnant of those Bulgars were granted Dacia in the time of Maurice (r. 582-602).[6] It is unknown if Zabergan was related to the Byzantine general named Zabergan, who in 586 defended the fortress Chlomaron against the Romans.[1]
Honours
[edit]Zabergan Peak in Antarctica is named after Zabergan.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Maenchen-Helfen 1973.
- ^ a b Golden 2011, p. 140; Golden 1992, p. 100
- ^ a b c Curta 2015, p. 77.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 107.
- ^ James C. Bradford, International Encyclopedia of Military History
- ^ "The Three Scythian Brothers: an Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great | Mark Dickens". Academia.edu. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
Sources
[edit]- Curta, Florin (2015). "Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans". In Zimonyi István; Osman Karatay (eds.). Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 69–89.
- Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.
- Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.
- Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). "Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names". The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 392. ISBN 9780520015968.