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{{Short description|1934 novel by Bhagwati Charan Verma}}
{{Short description|1934 novel by Bhagwati Charan Verma}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
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'''''Chitralekha''''' is a [[1934 in literature|1934]] [[Hindi]] [[novel]] by the Indian writer [[Bhagwati Charan Verma]] about the [[philosophy]] of life, love, sin and virtue. The author was still practicing law at [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] when he wrote the novel, which brought him immediate fame and started his literary career.
'''''Chitralekha''''' is a [[1934 in literature|1934]] [[Hindi]] [[novel]] by the Indian novel writer [[Bhagwati Charan Verma]] about the [[philosophy]] of life, love, sin and virtue.


It is said to be modelled on [[Anatole France]]'s 1890 novel [[Thaïs (novel)|''Thaïs'']] but set in [[India]].<ref name="Bakshi1954">{{cite book|author=Mahendra Nath Bakshi|title=Prefaces to Hindi Letters (from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NatHAAAAMAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Bakshi Brothers|page=212}}</ref>
It is said to be modelled on [[Anatole France]]'s 1890 novel [[Thaïs (novel)|''Thaïs'']] but set in [[India]].<ref name="Bakshi1954">{{cite book|author=Mahendra Nath Bakshi|title=Prefaces to Hindi Letters (from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NatHAAAAMAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Bakshi Brothers|page=212}}</ref> However, the author noted in the book's preface:
However, the author noted in the book's in preface:
<blockquote>"The difference between ''Chitralekha'' and Anatole France's ''Thaïs'', is as much as there is in me and Anatole. In ''Chitralekha'', there is a problem, it is my own perspective of seeing the virtue and vice of human life, and it is also the music of my soul."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/xZOL_chitra-lekha-bhagavati-charan-verma/page/n1/mode/2up | title=Chitra Lekha Bhagavati Charan Verma }}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"The difference between ''Chitralekha'' and Anatole France's ''Thaïs'', is as much as there is in me and Anatole. In ''Chitralekha'', there is a problem, it is my own perspective of seeing the virtue and vice of human life, and it is also the music of my soul."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/xZOL_chitra-lekha-bhagavati-charan-verma/page/n1/mode/2up | title=Chitra Lekha Bhagavati Charan Verma }}</ref></blockquote>


==Synopsis==
==Synopsis==


Chitralekha is a slim volume of literary work that delves deep into the universal truths of human life within a social context. Its narrative is intricately woven around an intense love story, a mirror that reflects the various facets of human nature and the complex dilemmas we encounter in our journey.
Chitralekha is a slim volume with a narrative that is woven around a love story, and reflects on various aspects of human life.


The story commences with a dialogue between the revered hermit Ratnambar and his disciples, Shwetank and Vishaldev, discussing the sins of humanity. They conclude that humans are often victims and slaves of circumstance. Ratnambar posits that sin and virtue are not inherent but products of our circumstances. The author, Bhagwaticharan Varma, boldly explores the notion that sin may be in action. Still, never in thought, ''anuraag'' (attachment/passion) is in desire, and ''viraag'' (alienation/lack of passion) comes from gratification (''tripti''). This candid and liberal perspective is a departure from the traditional Hindi literature of pre-independence India.
The story commences with a dialogue between the revered [[hermit]] Ratnakar (रत्नाकर) and his disciples, Shwetaank (श्वेतांक) and Vishaldev (विशालदेव), discussing the [[sin]]s of humanity. They conclude that humans are often victims and slaves of circumstance. Ratnakar posits that sin and [[virtue]] are not inherent but products of our circumstances. The author, Bhagwati Charan Varma, explores the notion that sin may be in action. Still, never in thought, ''anuraag'' (attachment/passion) is in desire, and ''viraag'' (alienation/lack of passion) comes from ''tripti'' ([[gratification]]). This candid and liberal perspective is a departure from the traditional Hindi literature of pre-independence India.


Chitralekha, the protagonist, embodies the life of a truly empowered woman: beautiful and resilient, driven by her own choices, generous by nature, and unwaveringly honest. She shatters the stereotypes surrounding women, presenting an accurate and humane portrayal. Chitralekha takes charge of her life, refusing to be swayed by societal norms and pressures. Her self-reflection and refusal to let her ego hinder her path to redemption lead her to triumph, as she finds both peace within passion and passion within peace.
Chitralekha, the protagonist, embodies the life of a truly empowered woman: beautiful and resilient, driven by her own choices, generous by nature, and unwaveringly honest. She shatters the stereotypes surrounding women, presenting an accurate and humane portrayal. Chitralekha takes charge of her life, refusing to be swayed by societal norms and pressures. Her self-reflection and refusal to let her ego hinder her path to redemption lead her to triumph, as she finds both peace within passion and passion within peace.


This novel is a love story about a young general, Bijgupta, who leads a luxurious life while serving under the [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Chandragupta Maurya|King Chandragupta Maurya]] (340 BCE – 298 BCE) and the beautiful dancer and young widow, Chitralekha. Kumargiri, a hermit, also falls in love with Chitralekha and becomes a victim of his circumstances. Shwetaank and Vishaldev wish to find the truth about the holy and the unholy in life, as suggested by their guru, Ratnambar, but they too become slaves of circumstances, as does Bijgupta. The other characters are Yashodhara, the princess; Yashodhara's father, the aged Mritunjay; and Chanakya, who has been woven into the novel to make it interesting.
This novel is a love story about a young general, Beejgupta (बीजगुप्त) and Chitralekha who was a beautiful dancer and a young widow. Beejgupta lives a luxurious life while serving under the [[Mauryan Empire]] ruled by [[Chandragupta Maurya|King Chandragupta Maurya]] (340 BCE – 298 BCE). Kumargiri (कुमारगिरि) a hermit, also falls in love with Chitralekha and becomes a victim of his circumstances. Shwetaank and Vishaldev wish to find the truth about the holy and the unholy of life, as suggested by their guru, Ratnakar, but they too become slaves of circumstances, as does Beejgupta. The other characters are Yashodhara (यशोधरा), the princess; Yashodhara's father, the aged Mritunjay (मृत्युंज्य); and Chanakya (चाणक्य), who has been woven into the novel to make it interesting.


The novel has 22 sections that clearly demonstrate the futility of being judgmental.
The novel has 22 sections that demonstrate clearly the futility of being judgmental.


==Translations==
==Translations==
Line 52: Line 50:
! Language !! Translator !! Publisher !! Title
! Language !! Translator !! Publisher !! Title
|-
|-
| Sanskrit || Niranjan Mishra || Rashtriya Sanskrit Sahitya Kendra Jaipur || Chitralekha
| [[Sanskrit]] || Niranjan Mishra || Rashtriya Sanskrit Sahitya Kendra Jaipur || Chitralekha
|-
|-
| Gujarati || Kamal Sindha || Gurjar Sahitya Prakashan || Chitralekha
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || Kamal Sindha || Gurjar Sahitya Prakashan || Chitralekha
|-
|-
| Telugu || Lanka Narayana Rao || Classic Books || Chitralekha
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Lanka Narayana Rao || Classic Books || Chitralekha
|-
|-
| Marathi || Hemant Godse || Rajhans Prakashan || Chitralekha
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || Hemant Godse || Rajhans Prakashan || Chitralekha
|-
|-
| Marathi || Malati Cholkar || || Chitralekha
| Marathi || Malati Cholkar || || Chitralekha
Line 67: Line 65:


==Adaptations==
==Adaptations==
A Hindi [[movie]], ''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]'', released in 1964 was based on the novel. Directed by [[Kidar Sharma]], it starred [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Pradeep Kumar]] in leading roles. The director has also directed ''[[Chitralekha (1941 film)|Chitralekha]]'' (1941), which was based on the same novel.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema|author=Gulzar |author-link=Gulzar |author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2003|isbn=81-7991-066-0 |page=335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=Sahib+Bibi+Aur+Golam+Bimal+Mitra+%28novel%29&pg=PT361 }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
A Hindi [[movie]], ''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]'', released in 1964 was based on this novel. It was directed by [[Kidar Sharma]] and starred [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Pradeep Kumar]] in leading roles. The director has also directed another movie ''[[Chitralekha (1941 film)|Chitralekha]]'' (1941), which was based on the same novel.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema|author=Gulzar |author-link=Gulzar |author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2003|isbn=81-7991-066-0 |page=335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=Sahib+Bibi+Aur+Golam+Bimal+Mitra+%28novel%29&pg=PT361 }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:32, 13 October 2024

Chitralekha
AuthorBhagwati Charan Verma
LanguageHindi
SubjectPhilosophy
GenreNovel
PublisherRajkamal Prakashan
Publication date
1934
Publication placeIndia
Media typeBound
891.433

Chitralekha is a 1934 Hindi novel by the Indian novel writer Bhagwati Charan Verma about the philosophy of life, love, sin and virtue.

It is said to be modelled on Anatole France's 1890 novel Thaïs but set in India.[1] However, the author noted in the book's preface:

"The difference between Chitralekha and Anatole France's Thaïs, is as much as there is in me and Anatole. In Chitralekha, there is a problem, it is my own perspective of seeing the virtue and vice of human life, and it is also the music of my soul."[2]

Synopsis

[edit]

Chitralekha is a slim volume with a narrative that is woven around a love story, and reflects on various aspects of human life.

The story commences with a dialogue between the revered hermit Ratnakar (रत्नाकर) and his disciples, Shwetaank (श्वेतांक) and Vishaldev (विशालदेव), discussing the sins of humanity. They conclude that humans are often victims and slaves of circumstance. Ratnakar posits that sin and virtue are not inherent but products of our circumstances. The author, Bhagwati Charan Varma, explores the notion that sin may be in action. Still, never in thought, anuraag (attachment/passion) is in desire, and viraag (alienation/lack of passion) comes from tripti (gratification). This candid and liberal perspective is a departure from the traditional Hindi literature of pre-independence India.

Chitralekha, the protagonist, embodies the life of a truly empowered woman: beautiful and resilient, driven by her own choices, generous by nature, and unwaveringly honest. She shatters the stereotypes surrounding women, presenting an accurate and humane portrayal. Chitralekha takes charge of her life, refusing to be swayed by societal norms and pressures. Her self-reflection and refusal to let her ego hinder her path to redemption lead her to triumph, as she finds both peace within passion and passion within peace.

This novel is a love story about a young general, Beejgupta (बीजगुप्त) and Chitralekha who was a beautiful dancer and a young widow. Beejgupta lives a luxurious life while serving under the Mauryan Empire ruled by King Chandragupta Maurya (340 BCE – 298 BCE). Kumargiri (कुमारगिरि) a hermit, also falls in love with Chitralekha and becomes a victim of his circumstances. Shwetaank and Vishaldev wish to find the truth about the holy and the unholy of life, as suggested by their guru, Ratnakar, but they too become slaves of circumstances, as does Beejgupta. The other characters are Yashodhara (यशोधरा), the princess; Yashodhara's father, the aged Mritunjay (मृत्युंज्य); and Chanakya (चाणक्य), who has been woven into the novel to make it interesting.

The novel has 22 sections that demonstrate clearly the futility of being judgmental.

Translations

[edit]
Language Translator Publisher Title
Sanskrit Niranjan Mishra Rashtriya Sanskrit Sahitya Kendra Jaipur Chitralekha
Gujarati Kamal Sindha Gurjar Sahitya Prakashan Chitralekha
Telugu Lanka Narayana Rao Classic Books Chitralekha
Marathi Hemant Godse Rajhans Prakashan Chitralekha
Marathi Malati Cholkar Chitralekha
English Pratibha Vinod Kumar and AK Kulshresth Cernunos Books The dancer, her lover and the yogi

Adaptations

[edit]

A Hindi movie, Chitralekha, released in 1964 was based on this novel. It was directed by Kidar Sharma and starred Ashok Kumar, Meena Kumari and Pradeep Kumar in leading roles. The director has also directed another movie Chitralekha (1941), which was based on the same novel.[3][citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mahendra Nath Bakshi (1954). Prefaces to Hindi Letters (from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Bakshi Brothers. p. 212.
  2. ^ "Chitra Lekha Bhagavati Charan Verma".
  3. ^ Gulzar; Govind Nihalani; Saibal Chatterjee (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema. Popular Prakashan. p. 335. ISBN 81-7991-066-0.
[edit]
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