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The '''Concerto for Violin and Orchestra''' by [[György Ligeti]] is a [[violin concerto]] written for and dedicated to the violinist [[Saschko Gawriloff]]. A performance of the work lasts about 28 minutes.
{{Infobox musical composition|name=Violin Concerto|composer=[[György Ligeti]]|image=Componist Gyorgy Ligeti , kop, Bestanddeelnr 932-8516.jpg|image_caption=György Ligeti in 1984|form=[[Violin concerto]]|composed=1989–1993|dedication=[[Saschko Gawriloff]]|duration=about 28 minutes|movements=Five}}The '''Concerto for Violin and Orchestra''' by [[György Ligeti]] is a [[violin concerto]] written for and dedicated to the violinist [[Saschko Gawriloff]]. A performance of the work lasts about 28 minutes.


==History==
==History==
The first version of the concerto consisted of three movements. This version was performed on 3 November 1990 in [[Cologne]]. In 1992, Ligeti revised the score by replacing the first movement and adding two new movements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Steinitz|first=Richard|title=György Ligeti: Music of the Imagination|year=2003|publisher=Northeastern University Press|location=Boston|page=333|isbn=1-55553-551-8}}</ref> This new version was premiered on 8 October 1992 in Cologne.<ref name="Score">Ligeti, György. Konzert für Violine und Orchester (1990/92). Germany: Schott Music, 2002. Study Score.</ref> Finally, he reorchestrated the third and fourth movements, and the final version was performed on 9 June 1993 by Gawriloff with the [[Ensemble InterContemporain]] conducted by [[Pierre Boulez]].<ref>Steinitz, p. 334</ref>
The first version of the concerto consisted of three movements. This version was performed on 3 November 1990 in [[Cologne]]. In 1992, Ligeti revised the score by replacing the first movement and adding two new movements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Steinitz|first=Richard|title=György Ligeti: Music of the Imagination|year=2003|publisher=Northeastern University Press|location=Boston|page=333|isbn=1-55553-551-8}}</ref> This new version was premiered on 8 October 1992 in Cologne.<ref name="Score">Ligeti, György. Konzert für Violine und Orchester (1990/92). Germany: Schott Music, 2002. Study Score.</ref> Finally, he reorchestrated the third and fourth movements, and the final version was first performed on 9 June 1993 by Gawriloff with the [[Ensemble InterContemporain]] conducted by [[Pierre Boulez]].<ref>Steinitz, p. 334</ref>


==Music==
==Music==
[[File:OFCM con Irvine Arditti en Bellas Artes (14401284806).jpg|thumb|Violinist [[Irvine Arditti]] performing the concerto with the [[Mexico City Philharmonic Orchestra]] under conductor José Areán, 14 June 2014]]
The concerto consists of five movements:
The concerto consists of five movements:


{{Ordered list|type=upper-roman
#Praeludium: Vivacissimo luminoso – attacca:
#[[Aria]], [[Hoquetus]], Choral: Andante con moto – attacca
|Praeludium: Vivacissimo luminoso – attacca:|[[Aria]], [[Hoquetus]], Choral: Andante con moto – attacca
#Intermezzo: Presto fluido
|Intermezzo: Presto fluido
#[[Passacaglia]]: Lento intenso
|[[Passacaglia]]: Lento intenso
#Appassionato: Agitato molto
|Appassionato: Agitato molto
}}


While composing the concerto, Ligeti originally planned an eight-movement work. Parts of the music for the unfinished movements were used by Gawriloff for the cadenza in the final movement,<ref>Brodsky, Seth. [{{Allmusic|class=work|id=c233695|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic.com: ''Violin Concerto''], Accessed on 17 February 2010</ref> which Ligeti asks the performer to devise. Composer [[John Zorn]] has also written a cadenza for this concerto.<ref>Reel, James. [http://www.stringsmagazine.com/article/148/148,3936,Feature-1.asp "Heart Full of Soul"]. ''Strings Magazine'', Apr. 2007 No. 148. Accessed on 17 February 2010. "But [Jennifer Koh's] orchestral appearances this season also involve Leonard Bernstein’s ''Serenade'', Kaija Saariaho’s ''Graal Theatre'', György Ligeti’s Violin Concerto with a cadenza she commissioned from John Zorn..."</ref><ref name="Kozinn">{{cite news |title=The Prankster as Omnivore |first=Kozinn |last=Allan |authorlink=Allan Kozinn| newspaper=New York Times |date=14 November 2005 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/14/arts/music/14lige.html}}</ref>
Ligeti originally planned an eight-movement work when composing the concerto. Parts of the unfinished movements were used by Gawriloff and Ligeti for the cadenza in the final movement,<ref>Brodsky, Seth. [{{AllMusic|class=work|id=c233695|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic.com: ''Violin Concerto''], Accessed on 17 February 2010</ref> which Ligeti asks the performer to devise as an alternative to the already existing cadenza. Composers who have composed cadenzas for the concerto include [[John Zorn]],<ref>Reel, James. [http://www.stringsmagazine.com/article/148/148,3936,Feature-1.asp "Heart Full of Soul"]. ''Strings Magazine'', Apr. 2007 No. 148. Accessed on 17 February 2010. "But [Jennifer Koh's] orchestral appearances this season also involve Leonard Bernstein’s ''Serenade'', Kaija Saariaho’s ''Graal Theatre'', György Ligeti’s Violin Concerto with a cadenza she commissioned from John Zorn..."</ref><ref name="Kozinn">{{cite news |title=The Prankster as Omnivore |first=Kozinn |last=Allan |author-link=Allan Kozinn| newspaper=New York Times |date=14 November 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/14/arts/music/14lige.html}}</ref> [[Thomas Adès]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cadenza |first=Thomas |last=Adès |author-link=Thomas Adès| website=en.schott-music.com |url=https://en.schott-music.com/shop/cadenza-14.html}}</ref> and [[Patricia Kopatchinskaja]].


The concerto well represents his late style: a synthesis of avant-garde explorations and traditional melodic and formal conventions. The [[BBC]]'s Stephen Johnson calls the concerto as "a kind of cornucopia of effects and techniques, a wild collage of atmospheres and colors."<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Ligeti Violin Concerto |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/pip/8bmnt/ |series=Discovering Music |credits=Stephen Johnson |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC Radio 3]] |airdate=9 December 2007 |time=17:00-18:30 (3:22 minutes in)}}</ref> Among other effects, it uses "[[microtonality]], rapidly changing [[texture (music)|textures]], comic juxtapositions... [[Hungarian folk music|Hungarian folk melodies]], [[Bulgarian dances|Bulgarian dance rhythms]], references to [[medieval music|medieval]] and [[Renaissance music]] and solo violin writing that ranges from the slow-paced and sweet-toned to the angular and fiery."<ref name="Kozinn"/> During this time, Ligeti was interested in alternate tuning systems and [[harmonic]]s. Thus, one violin and one viola in the orchestra [[scordatura|tune]] their strings to the [[Harmonic#Harmonics on stringed instruments|natural harmonics]] of the bass player.
The concerto well represents his late style: a synthesis of avant-garde explorations and traditional melodic and formal conventions. The [[BBC]]'s Stephen Johnson calls the concerto "a kind of cornucopia of effects and techniques, a wild collage of atmospheres and colors."<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Ligeti Violin Concerto |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/pip/8bmnt/ |series=Discovering Music |credits=Stephen Johnson |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC Radio 3]] |airdate=9 December 2007 |time=17:00-18:30 (3:22 minutes in)}}</ref> Among other effects, it uses "[[microtonality]], rapidly changing [[texture (music)|textures]], comic juxtapositions... [[Hungarian folk music|Hungarian folk melodies]], [[Bulgarian dances|Bulgarian dance rhythms]], references to [[medieval music|medieval]] and [[Renaissance music]] and solo violin writing that ranges from the slow-paced and sweet-toned to the angular and fiery."<ref name="Kozinn"/> During this time, Ligeti was interested in alternate tuning systems and [[harmonic]]s. Thus, one violin and one viola in the orchestra [[scordatura|tune]] their strings to the [[Harmonic#Harmonics on stringed instruments|natural harmonics]] of the bass player.


The second movement can be loosely described as a set of [[variation (music)|variations]] adapted from the third of his Six Bagatelles for Wind Quintet (an arrangement of the seventh piece from ''[[Musica ricercata]]'') but slowed down and nearly two octaves lower.<ref>Steinitz, p. 336</ref> The melody also appears in the second movement of his [[Trio for Violin, Horn and Piano (Ligeti)|Horn Trio]].
The second movement can be loosely described as a set of [[variation (music)|variations]] adapted from the third of his Six Bagatelles for Wind Quintet (an arrangement of the seventh piece from ''[[Musica ricercata]]'') but slowed down and nearly two octaves lower.<ref>Steinitz, p. 336</ref>


==Instrumentation==
==Instrumentation==
Line 24: Line 26:


;[[Woodwind]]s:
;[[Woodwind]]s:
:2 [[flute]]s (1st doubling [[alto flute]] and [[Recorder (musical instrument)|treble recorder]], 2nd doubling [[piccolo]] and descant recorder)
:{{Hanging indent |2 [[flute]]s (1st doubling [[alto flute]] and [[Recorder (musical instrument)|treble recorder]], 2nd doubling [[piccolo]] and descant recorder)}}
:1 [[oboe]] (doubling [[Ocarina|soprano ocarina]] in C)
:{{Hanging indent |1 [[oboe]] (doubling [[Ocarina|soprano ocarina]] in C)}}
:2 [[clarinets]] in B{{Music|flat}} (1st doubling E{{Music|flat}} clarinet and sopranino ocarina in high F, 2nd doubling [[bass clarinet]] in B{{Music|flat}} and alto ocarina in low G)
:{{Hanging indent |2 [[clarinets]] in B{{Music|flat}} (1st doubling E{{Music|flat}} clarinet and sopranino ocarina in high F, 2nd doubling [[bass clarinet]] in B{{Music|flat}} and alto ocarina in low G)}}
:1 [[bassoon]] (doubling soprano ocarina in C)
:{{Hanging indent |1 [[bassoon]] (doubling soprano ocarina in C)}}


;[[Brass instrument|Brass]]:
;[[Brass instrument|Brass]]:
Line 36: Line 38:
;[[Percussion]]:
;[[Percussion]]:
:3 [[timpani]]
:3 [[timpani]]
:Percussion (2 players): 2 [[suspended cymbal]]s (m./l.), [[crotales]], [[tubular bell]]s, [[gong]], [[tamtam]], 2 [[woodblocks]] (very h./l.), [[tambourine]], [[snare drum]], [[bass drum]], [[Whip (instrument)|whip]], 2 [[Slide whistle|swanee whistles]], [[glockenspiel]], [[xylophone]], [[vibraphone]], [[marimbaphone]]
:{{Hanging indent |Percussion (2 players): 2 [[suspended cymbal]]s (m./l.), [[crotales]], [[tubular bell]]s, [[gong]], [[tamtam]], 2 [[Woodblock (instrument)|woodblocks]] (very h./l.), [[tambourine]], [[snare drum]], [[bass drum]], [[Whip (instrument)|whip]], 2 [[Slide whistle|swanee whistles]], [[glockenspiel]], [[xylophone]], [[vibraphone]], [[marimbaphone]]}}


[[File:Ligeti scordatura.png|thumb|The scordatura used for the violin and viola in the orchestra, tuned with the help of the contrabass]]
;[[String section|Strings]]:
;[[String section|Strings]]:
:1 [[violin]] with [[scordatura]] (all strings 69 [[cent (music)|cents]] higher than normal, wherein the violin's string I tuned to the 7th harmonic partial of the contrabass's string I)
:{{Hanging indent |1 [[violin]] with [[scordatura]] (all strings 69~ [[cent (music)|cents]] higher than normal, wherein the violin's string I tuned to the 7th harmonic partial of the contrabass's string I){{efn|Though the preface to the first publication mentions that the 7th partial of the contrabass's string is 45 cents lower, it is commonly agreed to be 31 cents lower.}}}}
:4 violins
:4 violins
:1 [[viola]] with scordatura (all strings 114 cents lower than normal, wherein the viola's string II tuned to the 5th harmonic partial of the contrabass's string III)
:{{Hanging indent |1 [[viola]] with scordatura (all strings 114~ cents lower than normal, wherein the viola's string II tuned to the 5th harmonic partial of the contrabass's string III)}}
:2 violas
:2 violas
:2 [[violoncellos]]
:2 [[violoncellos]]
:1 [[double bass]]
:1 [[double bass]]
{{clear}}

== Selected recordings ==
* [[Augustin Hadelich]]: ''Brahms, Ligeti - Violin Concertos'' - with the [[Norwegian Radio Orchestra]], conducted by [[Miguel Harth-Bedoya]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Discography |url=https://augustinhadelich.com/en/discography |website=Augustin Hadelich Violinist |publisher=Pilvax |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}


===Notes===
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{cite web |url=http://www.sfsymphony.org/music/ProgramNotes.aspx?id=55152 |title=Program Notes: Ligeti: Violin Concerto |last1= Keller|first1=James M. |work=[http://www.sfsymphony.org/ San Francisco Symphony Website] |publisher= |accessdate=23 April 2012}}
*{{cite web | url=http://www.sfsymphony.org/Watch-Listen-Learn/Read-Program-Notes/Program-Notes/LIGETI-Concert-Romanesc-(Romanian-Concerto).aspx | title=Program Notes: Ligeti: Violin Concerto | last1=Keller | first1=James M. | work=San Francisco Symphony Website | access-date=23 April 2012}}


{{György Ligeti}}
{{György Ligeti}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1990 compositions]]
[[Category:1990 compositions]]
[[Category:Compositions by György Ligeti]]
[[Category:Concertos by György Ligeti]]
[[Category:Music dedicated to ensembles or performers]]
[[Category:Violin concertos|Ligeti]]
[[Category:Violin concertos|Ligeti]]
[[Category:Compositions that use extended techniques]]

Latest revision as of 23:17, 13 October 2024

Violin Concerto
by György Ligeti
György Ligeti in 1984
FormViolin concerto
Composed1989–1993
DedicationSaschko Gawriloff
Durationabout 28 minutes
MovementsFive

The Concerto for Violin and Orchestra by György Ligeti is a violin concerto written for and dedicated to the violinist Saschko Gawriloff. A performance of the work lasts about 28 minutes.

History

[edit]

The first version of the concerto consisted of three movements. This version was performed on 3 November 1990 in Cologne. In 1992, Ligeti revised the score by replacing the first movement and adding two new movements.[1] This new version was premiered on 8 October 1992 in Cologne.[2] Finally, he reorchestrated the third and fourth movements, and the final version was first performed on 9 June 1993 by Gawriloff with the Ensemble InterContemporain conducted by Pierre Boulez.[3]

Music

[edit]
Violinist Irvine Arditti performing the concerto with the Mexico City Philharmonic Orchestra under conductor José Areán, 14 June 2014

The concerto consists of five movements:

  1. Praeludium: Vivacissimo luminoso – attacca:
  2. Aria, Hoquetus, Choral: Andante con moto – attacca
  3. Intermezzo: Presto fluido
  4. Passacaglia: Lento intenso
  5. Appassionato: Agitato molto

Ligeti originally planned an eight-movement work when composing the concerto. Parts of the unfinished movements were used by Gawriloff and Ligeti for the cadenza in the final movement,[4] which Ligeti asks the performer to devise as an alternative to the already existing cadenza. Composers who have composed cadenzas for the concerto include John Zorn,[5][6] Thomas Adès,[7] and Patricia Kopatchinskaja.

The concerto well represents his late style: a synthesis of avant-garde explorations and traditional melodic and formal conventions. The BBC's Stephen Johnson calls the concerto "a kind of cornucopia of effects and techniques, a wild collage of atmospheres and colors."[8] Among other effects, it uses "microtonality, rapidly changing textures, comic juxtapositions... Hungarian folk melodies, Bulgarian dance rhythms, references to medieval and Renaissance music and solo violin writing that ranges from the slow-paced and sweet-toned to the angular and fiery."[6] During this time, Ligeti was interested in alternate tuning systems and harmonics. Thus, one violin and one viola in the orchestra tune their strings to the natural harmonics of the bass player.

The second movement can be loosely described as a set of variations adapted from the third of his Six Bagatelles for Wind Quintet (an arrangement of the seventh piece from Musica ricercata) but slowed down and nearly two octaves lower.[9]

Instrumentation

[edit]

The concerto is scored for a solo violin accompanied by an orchestra with the following instrumentation.[2]

Woodwinds
2 flutes (1st doubling alto flute and treble recorder, 2nd doubling piccolo and descant recorder)
1 oboe (doubling soprano ocarina in C)
2 clarinets in B♭ (1st doubling E♭ clarinet and sopranino ocarina in high F, 2nd doubling bass clarinet in B♭ and alto ocarina in low G)
1 bassoon (doubling soprano ocarina in C)
Brass
2 horns in F
1 trumpet in C
1 tenor trombone
Percussion
3 timpani
The scordatura used for the violin and viola in the orchestra, tuned with the help of the contrabass
Strings
1 violin with scordatura (all strings 69~ cents higher than normal, wherein the violin's string I tuned to the 7th harmonic partial of the contrabass's string I)[a]
4 violins
1 viola with scordatura (all strings 114~ cents lower than normal, wherein the viola's string II tuned to the 5th harmonic partial of the contrabass's string III)
2 violas
2 violoncellos
1 double bass

Selected recordings

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Steinitz, Richard (2003). György Ligeti: Music of the Imagination. Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. 333. ISBN 1-55553-551-8.
  2. ^ a b Ligeti, György. Konzert für Violine und Orchester (1990/92). Germany: Schott Music, 2002. Study Score.
  3. ^ Steinitz, p. 334
  4. ^ Brodsky, Seth. Allmusic.com: Violin Concerto, Accessed on 17 February 2010
  5. ^ Reel, James. "Heart Full of Soul". Strings Magazine, Apr. 2007 No. 148. Accessed on 17 February 2010. "But [Jennifer Koh's] orchestral appearances this season also involve Leonard Bernstein’s Serenade, Kaija Saariaho’s Graal Theatre, György Ligeti’s Violin Concerto with a cadenza she commissioned from John Zorn..."
  6. ^ a b Allan, Kozinn (14 November 2005). "The Prankster as Omnivore". New York Times.
  7. ^ Adès, Thomas. "Cadenza". en.schott-music.com.
  8. ^ Stephen Johnson (9 December 2007). "Ligeti Violin Concerto". Discovering Music. Event occurs at 17:00-18:30 (3:22 minutes in). BBC. BBC Radio 3.
  9. ^ Steinitz, p. 336
  10. ^ "Discography". Augustin Hadelich Violinist. Pilvax. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Though the preface to the first publication mentions that the 7th partial of the contrabass's string is 45 cents lower, it is commonly agreed to be 31 cents lower.
[edit]
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