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{{short description|Family of azhdarchoid pterosaurs from the Cretaceous period}}
{{short description|Family of azhdarchoid pterosaurs from the Cretaceous period}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
⚫
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous|Early]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|125|85}}
| name = Tapejarids
| image = Tapejaridae skull comparison.png
⚫
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous|Early]] to [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|125|66.5}}
| image_caption = Collection of various tapejarid skulls to scale with one another. From left to right, top to bottom:
| image = Tapejara.jpg
''[[Torukjara bandeirae]]'', ''[[Caiuajara dobruskii]]'', ''[[Tupandactylus imperator]]'', ''[[Tapejara wellnhoferi]]'', ''[[Huaxiadraco|Huaxiadraco corollatus]]'', and ''[[Sinopterus dongi]]''
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton of ''[[Tapejara wellnhoferi]]''
| taxon = Tapejaridae
| taxon = Tapejaridae
| authority = Kellner, 1989
| authority = Kellner, 1989
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| type_species_authority = Kellner, 1989
| type_species_authority = Kellner, 1989
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = * {{extinct}}''[[Afrotapejara]]''
| subdivision =
* {{extinct}}'''Caupedactylia'''?
⚫
* {{extinct}}[[Thalassodrominae]]?
⚫
* {{extinct}}'''Sinopterinae'''
⚫
** {{extinct}}''[[Bakonydraco]]''?
⚫
** {{extinct}}''[[Eopteranodon]]''?
⚫
** {{extinct}}''[[Huaxiapterus]]''?
⚫
** {{extinct}}''[[Sinopterus]]''
⚫
** {{extinct}}''[[Wightia declivirostris|Wightia]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=David M. Martill |author2=Mick Green |author3=Roy Smith |author4=Megan Jacobs |author5=John Winch |year=2020 |title=First tapejarid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group: Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the United Kingdom |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=113 |pages=Article 104487 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104487 |s2cid=219099220 |url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/first-tapejarid-pterosaur-from-the-wessex-formation-wealden-group-lower-cretaceous-barremian-of-the-united-kingdom(0c4f61db-81ab-468b-b075-905c358dac8c).html }}</ref>
⚫
* {{extinct}}'''Tapejarinae'''
⚫
** {{extinct}}''[[Aymberedactylus]]''
** {{extinct}}''[[Caupedactylus]]''
** {{extinct}}''[[Caupedactylus]]''
** {{extinct}}''[[Eopteranodon]]''?
** {{extinct}}''[[Aymberedactylus]]''
** {{extinct}}''[[Huaxiapterus]]''?
*{{extinct}}'''Eutapejaria'''
** {{extinct}}''[[Sinopterus]]''?
** {{extinct}}'''Sinopterinae'''
** {{extinct}}'''Tapejarini'''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Afrotapejara]]''?
*** {{extinct}}''[[Bakonydraco]]''?
*** {{extinct}}''[[Bakonydraco]]''?
*** {{extinct}}''[[Caiuajara]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Eopteranodon]]''?
*** {{extinct}}''[[Europejara]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Huaxiadraco]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Tapejara (pterosaur)|Tapejara]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Nemicolopterus]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Tupandactylus]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Sinopterus]]''
⚫
*** {{extinct}}''[[Wightia declivirostris|Wightia]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=David M. Martill |author2=Mick Green |author3=Roy Smith |author4=Megan Jacobs |author5=John Winch |year=2020 |title=First tapejarid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group: Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the United Kingdom |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=113 |pages=Article 104487 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104487 |s2cid=219099220 |url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/first-tapejarid-pterosaur-from-the-wessex-formation-wealden-group-lower-cretaceous-barremian-of-the-united-kingdom(0c4f61db-81ab-468b-b075-905c358dac8c).html }}</ref>
⚫
** {{extinct}}'''Tapejarinae'''
⚫
*** {{extinct}}''[[Eopteranodon]]''?
⚫
*** {{extinct}}'''Tapejarini'''
⚫
**** {{extinct}}''[[Bakonydraco]]''?
⚫
**** {{extinct}}''[[Europejara]]''
**** {{extinct}}''[[Tapejara (pterosaur)|Tapejara]]''
⚫
**** {{extinct}}''[[Tupandactylus]]''
⚫
**** {{extinct}}''[[Vectidraco]]''
**** {{extinct}}'''Caiuajarina'''<ref name="Caiuajarina">{{Cite journal |last1=Pêgas |first1=Rodrigo V. |date=2024-06-10 |title=A taxonomic note on the tapejarid pterosaurs from the Pterosaur Graveyard site (Caiuá Group, ?Early Cretaceous of Southern Brazil): evidence for the presence of two species |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |language=en |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2355664 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
⚫
***** {{extinct}}''[[Caiuajara]]''
***** {{extinct}}''[[Torukjara]]''
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
* '''Eutapejaria'''?<br />{{small|(Pêgas et al., 2023)}}
}}
}}


'''Tapejaridae''' (from a [[Tupi language|Tupi]] word meaning "the old being"; the "J" is pronounced the same as in English) are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[pterodactyloid]] [[pterosaurs]] from the [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. Members are currently known from [[Brazil]], [[England]], [[Hungary]], [[Morocco]],<ref name=PZ1999>{{cite journal | author = Peter Wellnhofer, Eric Buffetaut | year = 1999 | title = Pterosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Morocco | doi = 10.1007/BF02987987 | journal = Paläontologische Zeitschrift | volume = 73 | issue=1–2 | pages = 133–142 | s2cid = 129032233 }}</ref> [[Spain]],<ref name=Vullo2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Vullo | first1 = R. | last2 = Marugán-Lobón | first2 = J. S. | last3 = Kellner | first3 = A. W. A. | last4 = Buscalioni | first4 = A. D. | last5 = Gomez | first5 = B. | last6 = De La Fuente | first6 = M. | last7 = Moratalla | first7 = J. J. | editor1-last = Claessens | editor1-first = Leon | title = A New Crested Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain: The First European Tapejarid (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea) | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0038900 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = e38900 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22802931| pmc = 3389002| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...738900V | doi-access = free }}</ref> the [[United States]],<ref name="Campos">{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00841-7|title=A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation of Texas|first=Hebert Bruno Nascimento|last=Campos|date=July 31, 2021|journal=Biologia|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/s11756-021-00841-7}}</ref> and [[China]]. The most primitive genera were found in China, indicating that the family has an Asian origin.<ref name=LJUZAJ06>{{cite journal | last1 = Lü | first1 = J. | last2 = Jin | first2 = X. | last3 = Unwin | first3 = D.M. | last4 = Zhao | first4 = L. | last5 = Azuma | first5 = Y. | last6 = Ji | first6 = Q. | year = 2006 | title = A new species of ''Huaxiapterus'' (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China with comments on the systematics of tapejarid pterosaurs | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00251.x | journal = Acta Geologica Sinica | volume = 80 | issue = 3| pages = 315–326 }}</ref>
'''Tapejaridae''' (from a [[Tupi language|Tupi]] word meaning "the lord of the ways") are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[pterodactyloid]] [[pterosaurs]] from the [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. Members are currently known from [[Brazil]], [[England]], [[Hungary]], [[Morocco]],<ref name=PZ1999>{{cite journal | author = Peter Wellnhofer, Eric Buffetaut | year = 1999 | title = Pterosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Morocco | doi = 10.1007/BF02987987 | journal = Paläontologische Zeitschrift | volume = 73 | issue=1–2 | pages = 133–142 | s2cid = 129032233 }}</ref> [[Spain]],<ref name=Vullo2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Vullo | first1 = R. | last2 = Marugán-Lobón | first2 = J. S. | last3 = Kellner | first3 = A. W. A. | last4 = Buscalioni | first4 = A. D. | last5 = Gomez | first5 = B. | last6 = De La Fuente | first6 = M. | last7 = Moratalla | first7 = J. J. | editor1-last = Claessens | editor1-first = Leon | title = A New Crested Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain: The First European Tapejarid (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea) | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0038900 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = e38900 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22802931| pmc = 3389002| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...738900V | doi-access = free }}</ref> the [[United States]],<ref name=Mull2023>{{cite journal|last1=Mull|first1=Olivia K.|last2=Bennett|first2=S. Christopher|date=2023-07-31|title=Tapejarine pterosaur from the late Albian Paw Paw Formation of Texas, USA, with extensive feeding traces of multiple scavengers|journal=Historical Biology|doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2241044|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2241044}}</ref> and [[China]]. The most primitive genera were found in China, indicating that the family has an Asian origin.<ref name=LJUZAJ06>{{cite journal | last1 = Lü | first1 = J. | last2 = Jin | first2 = X. | last3 = Unwin | first3 = D.M. | last4 = Zhao | first4 = L. | last5 = Azuma | first5 = Y. | last6 = Ji | first6 = Q. | year = 2006 | title = A new species of ''Huaxiapterus'' (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China with comments on the systematics of tapejarid pterosaurs | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00251.x | journal = Acta Geologica Sinica | volume = 80 | issue = 3| pages = 315–326 | s2cid = 129851866 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Tapejarines mmartyniuk.png|thumb|left| Reconstructed profiles of three Brazilian species; from top to bottom, ''[[Tapejara wellnhoferi]]'' (A), ''[[Tupandactylus navigans]]'' (B), and ''[[Tupandactylus imperator]]'' (C)]]
[[File:Tapejarines mmartyniuk.png|thumb|left| Reconstructed profiles of three Brazilian species; from top to bottom, ''[[Tapejara wellnhoferi]]'' (A), ''[[Tupandactylus navigans]]'' (B), and ''[[Tupandactylus imperator]]'' (C)]]
Tapejarids were small to medium-sized pterosaurs with several unique, shared characteristics, mainly relating to the skull. Most tapejarids possessed a bony crest arising from the snout (formed mostly by the premaxillary bones of the upper jaw tip). In some species, this bony crest is known to have supported an even larger crest of softer, fibrous tissue that extends back along the skull. Tapejarids are also characterized by their large nasoantorbital fenestra, the main opening in the skull in front of the eyes, which spans at least half the length of the entire skull in this family. Their eye sockets were small and pear-shaped.<ref name=pinheiroetal2011/> Studies of tapejarid brain cases show that they had extremely good vision, more so than in other pterosaur groups, and probably relied nearly exclusively on vision when hunting or interacting with other members of their species.<ref name=ecketal2011>{{cite journal | last1 = Eck | first1 = K. | last2 = Elgin | first2 = R.A. | last3 = Frey | first3 = E. | year = 2011 | title = On the osteology of ''Tapejara wellnhoferi'' KELLNER 1989 and the first occurrence of a multiple specimen assemblage from the Santana Formation, Araripe Basin, NE-Brazil | journal = Swiss Journal of Palaeontology | volume = 130 | issue = 2| pages = 277–296 | doi = 10.1007/s13358-011-0024-5 | s2cid = 84883165 }}</ref> Tapejarids had unusually reduced shoulder girdles that would have been slung low on the torso, resulting in wings that protruded from near the belly rather than near the back, a "bottom decker" arrangement reminiscent of some planes.<ref name=ecketal2011/>
Tapejarids were small to medium-sized pterosaurs with several unique, shared characteristics, mainly relating to the skull. Most tapejarids possessed a bony crest arising from the snout (formed mostly by the premaxillary bones of the upper jaw tip). In some species, this bony crest is known to have supported an even larger crest of softer, fibrous tissue that extends back along the skull. Tapejarids are also characterized by their large nasoantorbital fenestra, the main opening in the skull in front of the eyes, which spans at least half the length of the entire skull in this family. Their eye sockets were small and pear-shaped.<ref name=pinheiroetal2011/> Studies of tapejarid brain cases show that they had extremely good vision, more so than in other pterosaur groups, and probably relied nearly exclusively on vision when hunting or interacting with other members of their species.<ref name=ecketal2011>{{cite journal | last1 = Eck | first1 = K. | last2 = Elgin | first2 = R.A. | last3 = Frey | first3 = E. | year = 2011 | title = On the osteology of ''Tapejara wellnhoferi'' KELLNER 1989 and the first occurrence of a multiple specimen assemblage from the Santana Formation, Araripe Basin, NE-Brazil | journal = [[Swiss Journal of Palaeontology]] | volume = 130 | issue = 2| pages = 277–296 | doi = 10.1007/s13358-011-0024-5 | s2cid = 84883165 }}</ref> Tapejarids had unusually reduced shoulder girdles that would have been slung low on the torso, resulting in wings that protruded from near the belly rather than near the back, a "bottom decker" arrangement reminiscent of some planes.<ref name=ecketal2011/>


==Biology==
==Biology==
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Some studies, such as one by Lü and colleagues in 2008, have found that the thalassodromines are more closely related to the [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchids]] proper than to the tapejarids,<ref name=luetal2008>Lü, J., Unwin, D.M., Xu, L., and Zhang, X. (2008). "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China and its implications for pterosaur phylogeny and evolution." ''Naturwissenschaften'',</ref> and have placed them in their own family (which has sometimes been referred to as Tupuxuaridae,<ref name="martilletal2007">Martill, D.M., Bechly, G., and Heads, S.W. (2007). "Appendix: species list for the Crato Formation." In: Martill, D.M., Bechly, G., and Loveridge, R.F. (eds.), 2007. ''The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 582–607.</ref> though Thalassodrominae was named first<ref name=KC07/>). At least one study has also found that the [[Chaoyangopteridae]], often found to be closer to azhdarchids, represent a lineage within the Tapejaridae, more closely related to the tapejarines than to the thalassodromines. Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues (2011) reclassified the group as a subfamily of Tapejaridae, [[Chaoyangopterinae]], for this reason.<ref name=pinheiroetal2011>{{cite journal | last1 = Pinheiro | first1 = F.L. | last2 = Fortier | first2 = D.C. | last3 = Schultz | first3 = C.L. | last4 = De Andrade | first4 = J.A.F.G. | last5 = Bantim | first5 = R.A.M. | year = 2011| title = New information on ''Tupandactylus imperator'', with comments on the relationships of Tapejaridae (Pterosauria) | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 56| pages = 567–580| doi = 10.4202/app.2010.0057 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Some studies, such as one by Lü and colleagues in 2008, have found that the thalassodromines are more closely related to the [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchids]] proper than to the tapejarids,<ref name=luetal2008>Lü, J., Unwin, D.M., Xu, L., and Zhang, X. (2008). "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China and its implications for pterosaur phylogeny and evolution." ''Naturwissenschaften'',</ref> and have placed them in their own family (which has sometimes been referred to as Tupuxuaridae,<ref name="martilletal2007">Martill, D.M., Bechly, G., and Heads, S.W. (2007). "Appendix: species list for the Crato Formation." In: Martill, D.M., Bechly, G., and Loveridge, R.F. (eds.), 2007. ''The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 582–607.</ref> though Thalassodrominae was named first<ref name=KC07/>). At least one study has also found that the [[Chaoyangopteridae]], often found to be closer to azhdarchids, represent a lineage within the Tapejaridae, more closely related to the tapejarines than to the thalassodromines. Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues (2011) reclassified the group as a subfamily of Tapejaridae, [[Chaoyangopterinae]], for this reason.<ref name=pinheiroetal2011>{{cite journal | last1 = Pinheiro | first1 = F.L. | last2 = Fortier | first2 = D.C. | last3 = Schultz | first3 = C.L. | last4 = De Andrade | first4 = J.A.F.G. | last5 = Bantim | first5 = R.A.M. | year = 2011| title = New information on ''Tupandactylus imperator'', with comments on the relationships of Tapejaridae (Pterosauria) | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 56| pages = 567–580| doi = 10.4202/app.2010.0057 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


The exact relationships of tapejarids to one another and to other [[azhdarchoidea|azhdarchoid]] pterosaurs has historically been unclear, with different studies producing significantly different [[cladogram]]s (family trees). It is also unclear exactly which pterosaurs belong to the Tapejaridae; some researchers have found the thalassodromines and chaoyangopterines to be members of this family,<ref name=pinheiroetal2011/><ref name=KC07/> while other studies have found them to be more closely related to the [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchids]] (in the clade [[Neoazhdarchia]]).<ref name="martill&naish2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Martill | first1 = D.M. | last2 = Naish | first2 = D. | year = 2006 | title = Cranial crest development in the azhdarchoid pterosaur ''Tupuxuara'', with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 925–941 | doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00575.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> Several studies have shown that the "tapejarids" as traditionally thought of (that is, including the classic examples of both ''Tapejara'' and ''Tupuxuara'') are [[paraphyletic]], and do not form a natural group, but instead represent sequential branches of the tree leading. In light of this discovery, several of the traditional names associated with the group have been re-defined. Martill and Naish proposed a revised definition for Tapejaridae, as all species more closely related to ''Tapejara'' than to ''[[Quetzalcoatlus]]''.<ref name="martill&naish2006"/> Andres and colleagues did not follow this proposal, instead formally defining Tapejaridae as the clade ''Tapejara'' + ''Sinopterus''. They also re-defined the Tapejarinae as all species closer to ''Tapejara'' than to ''Sinopterus'', and added a new clade, '''Tapejarini''', to include all descendants of the last common ancestor of ''Tapejara'' and ''Tupandactylus''.<ref name=kryptodrakon/>
The exact relationships of tapejarids to one another and to other [[azhdarchoidea|azhdarchoid]] pterosaurs has historically been unclear, with different studies producing significantly different [[cladogram]]s (family trees). It is also unclear exactly which pterosaurs belong to the Tapejaridae; some researchers have found the thalassodromines and chaoyangopterines to be members of this family,<ref name=pinheiroetal2011/><ref name=KC07/> while other studies have found them to be more closely related to the [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchids]] (in the clade [[Neoazhdarchia]]).<ref name="martill&naish2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Martill | first1 = D.M. | last2 = Naish | first2 = D. | year = 2006 | title = Cranial crest development in the azhdarchoid pterosaur ''Tupuxuara'', with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 925–941 | doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00575.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> Several studies have shown that the "tapejarids" as traditionally thought of (that is, including the classic examples of both ''Tapejara'' and ''Tupuxuara'') are [[paraphyletic]], and do not form a natural group, but instead represent sequential branches of the tree leading. In light of this discovery, several of the traditional names associated with the group have been re-defined. Martill and Naish proposed a revised definition for Tapejaridae, as all species more closely related to ''Tapejara'' than to ''[[Quetzalcoatlus]]''.<ref name="martill&naish2006"/> Andres and colleagues did not follow this proposal, instead formally defining Tapejaridae as the clade ''Tapejara'' + ''Sinopterus''. They also re-defined the Tapejarinae as all species closer to ''Tapejara'' than to ''Sinopterus'', and added a new clade, '''Tapejarini''', to include all descendants of the last common ancestor of ''Tapejara'' and ''Tupandactylus''.<ref name=kryptodrakon/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beccari|first1=Victor|last2=Pinheiro|first2=Felipe Lima|last3=Nunes|first3=Ivan|last4=Anelli|first4=Luiz Eduardo|last5=Mateus|first5=Octávio|last6=Costa|first6=Fabiana Rodrigues|date=2021-08-25|title=Osteology of an exceptionally well-preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil: Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=8|pages=e0254789|pmid=34432814| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254789|pmc=8386889 |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}</ref>


Below are two alternate cladograms: the first, presented by Andres and colleagues in 2014, found the a grouping of tapejarids at the base of the clade, with thalassodromines more closely related to azhdarchids, chaoyangopterids, and [[Dsungaripteridae|dsungaripterids]], all of them within the group Neoazhdarchia. Their cladogram is shown on the left.<ref name=kryptodrakon>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030| title = The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group| journal = Current Biology| year = 2014| last1 = Andres | first1 = B. | last2 = Clark | first2 = J. | last3 = Xu | first3 = X. | pmid=24768054 | volume=24 | issue = 9| pages=1011–6| doi-access = free }}</ref> Later however, a number of studies had begun to favor Kellner's defition of the group, meaning that the members of the Thalassodrominae were reclassified within this group.<ref name="Holgado2019">Borja Holgado, Rodrigo V. Pêgas, José Ignacio Canudo, Josep Fortuny, Taissa Rodrigues, Julio Company & Alexander W.A. Kellner, 2019, "On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria", ''Scientific Reports'' '''9''': 4940 {{DOI|10.1038/s41598-019-41280-4}}</ref><ref name="Mimodactylus">{{cite journal |last1=Kellner |first1=Alexander W. A. |last2=Caldwell |first2=Michael W. |last3=Holgado |first3=Borja |last4=Vecchia |first4=Fabio M. Dalla |last5=Nohra |first5=Roy |last6=Sayão |first6=Juliana M. |last7=Currie |first7=Philip J. |title=First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=17875 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z|pmid=31784545 |pmc=6884559 |bibcode=2019NatSR...917875K |doi-access=free }}</ref> An example of one of these studies is the one by Kellner and colleagues in 2019. The cladogram on the right shows their [[phylogenetic analysis]].<ref name="Kellner2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Kellner|first1=Alexander W. A.|last2=Weinschütz|first2=Luiz C.|last3=Holgado|first3=Borja|last4=Bantim|first4=Renan A. M.|last5=Sayão|first5=Juliana M.|date=19 August 2019|title=A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert|journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências|language=en|volume=91|issue=suppl 2|pages=e20190768|doi=10.1590/0001-3765201920190768|pmid=31432888|issn=0001-3765|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Below are two alternate cladograms: the first, presented by Andres and colleagues in 2014, found the a grouping of tapejarids at the base of the clade, with thalassodromines more closely related to azhdarchids, chaoyangopterids, and [[Dsungaripteridae|dsungaripterids]], all of them within the group Neoazhdarchia. Their cladogram is shown on the left.<ref name=kryptodrakon>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030| title = The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group| journal = Current Biology| year = 2014| last1 = Andres | first1 = B. | last2 = Clark | first2 = J. | last3 = Xu | first3 = X. | pmid=24768054 | volume=24 | issue = 9| pages=1011–6| doi-access = free }}</ref> Later however, a number of studies had begun to favor Kellner's defition of the group, meaning that the members of the Thalassodrominae were reclassified within this group.<ref name="Holgado2019">Borja Holgado, Rodrigo V. Pêgas, José Ignacio Canudo, Josep Fortuny, Taissa Rodrigues, Julio Company & Alexander W.A. Kellner, 2019, "On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria", ''Scientific Reports'' '''9''': 4940 {{doi|10.1038/s41598-019-41280-4}}</ref><ref name="Mimodactylus">{{cite journal |last1=Kellner |first1=Alexander W. A. |last2=Caldwell |first2=Michael W. |last3=Holgado |first3=Borja |last4=Vecchia |first4=Fabio M. Dalla |last5=Nohra |first5=Roy |last6=Sayão |first6=Juliana M. |last7=Currie |first7=Philip J. |title=First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=17875 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z|pmid=31784545 |pmc=6884559 |bibcode=2019NatSR...917875K |doi-access=free }}</ref> An example of one of these studies is the one by Kellner and colleagues in 2019. The cladogram on the right shows their [[phylogenetic analysis]].<ref name="Kellner2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Kellner|first1=Alexander W. A.|last2=Weinschütz|first2=Luiz C.|last3=Holgado|first3=Borja|last4=Bantim|first4=Renan A. M.|last5=Sayão|first5=Juliana M.|date=19 August 2019|title=A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert|journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências|language=en|volume=91|issue=suppl 2|pages=e20190768|doi=10.1590/0001-3765201920190768|pmid=31432888|issn=0001-3765|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2021 a new study focus on the most complete Tapejaridae, a skeleton ''Tupandactylus navigans'', confirmed the 2019 topology<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beccari|first1=Victor|last2=Pinheiro|first2=Felipe Lima|last3=Nunes|first3=Ivan|last4=Anelli|first4=Luiz Eduardo|last5=Mateus|first5=Octávio|last6=Costa|first6=Fabiana Rodrigues|date=2021-08-25|title=Osteology of an exceptionally well-preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil: Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=8|pages=e0254789|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254789|pmid=34432814 | pmc=8386889 |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}</ref>''.''


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[[Category:Tapejaromorphs]]
[[Category:Tapejaromorphs]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous first appearances]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous first appearances]]
[[Category:Albian taxonomic families]]
[[Category:Cenomanian taxonomic families]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous extinctions]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous extinctions]]
[[Category:Prehistoric reptile families]]
[[Category:Pterosaur families]]

Latest revision as of 12:44, 14 October 2024

Tapejaridae
Temporal range: Early to Late Cretaceous, 125–85 Ma
Collection of various tapejarid skulls to scale with one another. From left to right, top to bottom:

Torukjara bandeirae, Caiuajara dobruskii, Tupandactylus imperator, Tapejara wellnhoferi, Huaxiadraco corollatus, and Sinopterus dongi

Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Pterosauria
Suborder: †Pterodactyloidea
Clade: †Tapejaromorpha
Family: †Tapejaridae
Kellner, 1989
Type species
†Tapejara wellnhoferi
Kellner, 1989
Genera
Synonyms
  • Eutapejaria?
    (Pêgas et al., 2023)

Tapejaridae (from a Tupi word meaning "the lord of the ways") are a family of pterodactyloid pterosaurs from the Cretaceous period. Members are currently known from Brazil, England, Hungary, Morocco,[3] Spain,[4] the United States,[5] and China. The most primitive genera were found in China, indicating that the family has an Asian origin.[6]

Description

[edit]
Reconstructed profiles of three Brazilian species; from top to bottom, Tapejara wellnhoferi (A), Tupandactylus navigans (B), and Tupandactylus imperator (C)

Tapejarids were small to medium-sized pterosaurs with several unique, shared characteristics, mainly relating to the skull. Most tapejarids possessed a bony crest arising from the snout (formed mostly by the premaxillary bones of the upper jaw tip). In some species, this bony crest is known to have supported an even larger crest of softer, fibrous tissue that extends back along the skull. Tapejarids are also characterized by their large nasoantorbital fenestra, the main opening in the skull in front of the eyes, which spans at least half the length of the entire skull in this family. Their eye sockets were small and pear-shaped.[7] Studies of tapejarid brain cases show that they had extremely good vision, more so than in other pterosaur groups, and probably relied nearly exclusively on vision when hunting or interacting with other members of their species.[8] Tapejarids had unusually reduced shoulder girdles that would have been slung low on the torso, resulting in wings that protruded from near the belly rather than near the back, a "bottom decker" arrangement reminiscent of some planes.[8]

Biology

[edit]

Tapejarids appear to have been arboreal, having more curved claws than other azhdarchoid pterosaurs and occurring more commonly in fossil sites with other arboreal flying vertebrates such as early birds. Tapejarids have long been speculated as having been frugivores or omnivores, based on their parrot-like beaks.[9] Direct evidence for plant-eating is known in a specimen of Sinopterus that preserves seeds in the abdominal cavity. The Barremian- Aptian distribution of some tapejarids may even be partially associated with the first radiation phase of the angiosperms, especially of the genus Klitzschophyllites which represents a more basal angiosperm.[10][11]

Assuming thalassodromines are tapejarids, this clade also included raptorial, macropredatory species adapted to hunt proportionally large prey.[12][13]

Classification

[edit]
Life restorations of various members of the Tapejaridae
Hind leg of an indeterminate tapejarid, with preserved foot pads, scales, and claw sheaths

Tapejaridae was defined by Alexander Kellner in 1989 as the clade containing both Tapejara and Tupuxuara, plus all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. As originally conceived, it was composed of two subfamilies: the Tapejarinae, consisting of Tapejara and its close relatives, and the Thalassodrominae, consisting of Thalassodromeus and Tupuxuara.[14]

Some studies, such as one by Lü and colleagues in 2008, have found that the thalassodromines are more closely related to the azhdarchids proper than to the tapejarids,[15] and have placed them in their own family (which has sometimes been referred to as Tupuxuaridae,[16] though Thalassodrominae was named first[14]). At least one study has also found that the Chaoyangopteridae, often found to be closer to azhdarchids, represent a lineage within the Tapejaridae, more closely related to the tapejarines than to the thalassodromines. Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues (2011) reclassified the group as a subfamily of Tapejaridae, Chaoyangopterinae, for this reason.[7]

The exact relationships of tapejarids to one another and to other azhdarchoid pterosaurs has historically been unclear, with different studies producing significantly different cladograms (family trees). It is also unclear exactly which pterosaurs belong to the Tapejaridae; some researchers have found the thalassodromines and chaoyangopterines to be members of this family,[7][14] while other studies have found them to be more closely related to the azhdarchids (in the clade Neoazhdarchia).[17] Several studies have shown that the "tapejarids" as traditionally thought of (that is, including the classic examples of both Tapejara and Tupuxuara) are paraphyletic, and do not form a natural group, but instead represent sequential branches of the tree leading. In light of this discovery, several of the traditional names associated with the group have been re-defined. Martill and Naish proposed a revised definition for Tapejaridae, as all species more closely related to Tapejara than to Quetzalcoatlus.[17] Andres and colleagues did not follow this proposal, instead formally defining Tapejaridae as the clade Tapejara + Sinopterus. They also re-defined the Tapejarinae as all species closer to Tapejara than to Sinopterus, and added a new clade, Tapejarini, to include all descendants of the last common ancestor of Tapejara and Tupandactylus.[18][19]

Below are two alternate cladograms: the first, presented by Andres and colleagues in 2014, found the a grouping of tapejarids at the base of the clade, with thalassodromines more closely related to azhdarchids, chaoyangopterids, and dsungaripterids, all of them within the group Neoazhdarchia. Their cladogram is shown on the left.[18] Later however, a number of studies had begun to favor Kellner's defition of the group, meaning that the members of the Thalassodrominae were reclassified within this group.[20][21] An example of one of these studies is the one by Kellner and colleagues in 2019. The cladogram on the right shows their phylogenetic analysis.[22] In 2021 a new study focus on the most complete Tapejaridae, a skeleton Tupandactylus navigans, confirmed the 2019 topology[23].

References

[edit]
  1. ^ David M. Martill; Mick Green; Roy Smith; Megan Jacobs; John Winch (2020). "First tapejarid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group: Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the United Kingdom". Cretaceous Research. 113: Article 104487. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104487. S2CID 219099220.
  2. ^ Pêgas, Rodrigo V. (2024-06-10). "A taxonomic note on the tapejarid pterosaurs from the Pterosaur Graveyard site (Caiuá Group, ?Early Cretaceous of Southern Brazil): evidence for the presence of two species". Historical Biology: 1–22. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2355664. ISSN 0891-2963.
  3. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, Eric Buffetaut (1999). "Pterosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Morocco". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 73 (1–2): 133–142. doi:10.1007/BF02987987. S2CID 129032233.
  4. ^ Vullo, R.; Marugán-Lobón, J. S.; Kellner, A. W. A.; Buscalioni, A. D.; Gomez, B.; De La Fuente, M.; Moratalla, J. J. (2012). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "A New Crested Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain: The First European Tapejarid (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e38900. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738900V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038900. PMC 3389002. PMID 22802931.
  5. ^ Mull, Olivia K.; Bennett, S. Christopher (2023-07-31). "Tapejarine pterosaur from the late Albian Paw Paw Formation of Texas, USA, with extensive feeding traces of multiple scavengers". Historical Biology. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2241044.
  6. ^ Lü, J.; Jin, X.; Unwin, D.M.; Zhao, L.; Azuma, Y.; Ji, Q. (2006). "A new species of Huaxiapterus (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China with comments on the systematics of tapejarid pterosaurs". Acta Geologica Sinica. 80 (3): 315–326. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00251.x. S2CID 129851866.
  7. ^ a b c Pinheiro, F.L.; Fortier, D.C.; Schultz, C.L.; De Andrade, J.A.F.G.; Bantim, R.A.M. (2011). "New information on Tupandactylus imperator, with comments on the relationships of Tapejaridae (Pterosauria)". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56: 567–580. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0057.
  8. ^ a b Eck, K.; Elgin, R.A.; Frey, E. (2011). "On the osteology of Tapejara wellnhoferi KELLNER 1989 and the first occurrence of a multiple specimen assemblage from the Santana Formation, Araripe Basin, NE-Brazil". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 130 (2): 277–296. doi:10.1007/s13358-011-0024-5. S2CID 84883165.
  9. ^ Wu, Wen-Hao; Zhou, Chang-Fu; Andres, Brian (2017). "The toothless pterosaur Jidapterus edentus (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and its paleoecological implications". PLOS ONE. 12 (9): e0185486. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285486W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185486. PMC 5614613. PMID 28950013.
  10. ^ Meng, X. (2008). "A New Species of Sinopterus from Jehol Biota and Reconstraction of Stratigraphic Sequence of the Jiufotang Formation". Thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
  11. ^ Could Tapejarid Pterosaurs be the dispersers of Klitzschophyllites angiosperm? A preliminary case of study of zoocory Flaviana J. Lima 1*, Renan A. M. Bantim1,2, Antônio A. F. Saraiva1 & Juliana M. Sayão3
  12. ^ Mark P. Witton (2013), Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15061-1
  13. ^ Pêgas, R. V.; Costa, F. R.; Kellner, A. W. A. (2018). "New Information on the osteology and a taxonomic revision of the genus Thalassodromeus (Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae, Thalassodrominae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (2): e1443273. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1443273. S2CID 90477315.
  14. ^ a b c Kellner, A.W.A.; Campos, D.A. (2007). "Short note on the ingroup relationships of the Tapejaridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea". Boletim do Museu Nacional. 75: 1–14.
  15. ^ Lü, J., Unwin, D.M., Xu, L., and Zhang, X. (2008). "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China and its implications for pterosaur phylogeny and evolution." Naturwissenschaften,
  16. ^ Martill, D.M., Bechly, G., and Heads, S.W. (2007). "Appendix: species list for the Crato Formation." In: Martill, D.M., Bechly, G., and Loveridge, R.F. (eds.), 2007. The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 582–607.
  17. ^ a b Martill, D.M.; Naish, D. (2006). "Cranial crest development in the azhdarchoid pterosaur Tupuxuara, with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly". Palaeontology. 49 (4): 925–941. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00575.x.
  18. ^ a b Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014). "The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1011–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030. PMID 24768054.
  19. ^ Beccari, Victor; Pinheiro, Felipe Lima; Nunes, Ivan; Anelli, Luiz Eduardo; Mateus, Octávio; Costa, Fabiana Rodrigues (2021-08-25). "Osteology of an exceptionally well-preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil: Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): e0254789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254789. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8386889. PMID 34432814.
  20. ^ Borja Holgado, Rodrigo V. Pêgas, José Ignacio Canudo, Josep Fortuny, Taissa Rodrigues, Julio Company & Alexander W.A. Kellner, 2019, "On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria", Scientific Reports 9: 4940 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41280-4
  21. ^ Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019). "First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 17875. Bibcode:2019NatSR...917875K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. PMC 6884559. PMID 31784545.
  22. ^ Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Weinschütz, Luiz C.; Holgado, Borja; Bantim, Renan A. M.; Sayão, Juliana M. (19 August 2019). "A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91 (suppl 2): e20190768. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920190768. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 31432888.
  23. ^ Beccari, Victor; Pinheiro, Felipe Lima; Nunes, Ivan; Anelli, Luiz Eduardo; Mateus, Octávio; Costa, Fabiana Rodrigues (2021-08-25). "Osteology of an exceptionally well-preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil: Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): e0254789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254789. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8386889. PMID 34432814.
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