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{{short description|Genus of beetles}}
: ''This article is about the [[genus]] of [[firefly]] [[beetle]]s. For the [[novel]] by [[José de Alencar]], see ''[[Lucíola]]''. For the ''[[Last Exile]]'' [[anime]] character, see [[Luciola (character)]].''
{{about|the genus of firefly beetles|the novel by [[José de Alencar]]|Lucíola|the ''[[Last Exile]]'' anime character|Luciola (character)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Luciola lusitanica ♂.jpg
| image_caption = ''Luciola lusitanica''
| taxon = Luciola
| authority = [[Francis de Laporte de Castelnau|Laporte]], 1833
| subdivision = Many, but see [[#Systematics|text]]
| synonyms = {{Genus list
| Bourgeoisia | E.Olivier, 1908
| Erota | Gistal, 1834
| Hotaria | Yuasa, 1937
}}


{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_width =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Hexapoda]]<!-- outcomment unnecessary taxa instead of deleting them. They may eventually be included again when the article grows longer. -->
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
| superordo = [[Endopterygota]]
| ordo = [[beetle|Coleoptera]]
| subordo = [[Polyphaga]]
| infraordo = [[Elateriformia]]
| superfamilia = [[Elateroidea]]
| familia = [[Lampyridae]]
| subfamilia = [[Luciolinae]]
| genus = '''''Luciola'''''
| genus_authority = [[François Louis Nompar de Caumont de Laporte|Laporte]], [[1833]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
Many, but see [[#Systematics|text]]
| synonyms =
See text.
}}
}}


'''''Luciola''''' is a [[genus]] of "flashing" [[firefly|fireflies]]<ref>Stanger-Hall ''et al.'' (2007)</ref> ([[family (biology)|family]] Lampyridae), especially well-known from [[Japan]]. They are often called '''"Japanese fireflies"''', but their members range farther into [[Asia]] and barely reach southern [[Europe]] and [[Africa]]. This genus is traditionally held to extend to [[Australia]], but these [[species]] do not seem to belong herein (see below for details).
'''''Luciola''''' is a [[genus]] of flashing [[firefly|fireflies]]<ref>Stanger-Hall ''et al.'' (2007)</ref> in the [[family (biology)|family]] Lampyridae. They are especially well known from Japan and are often called '''Japanese fireflies''', but their members range farther into Asia and reach southern Europe (Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, among other countries) and Africa. This genus is traditionally held to extend to Australia, but these [[species]] do not seem to belong herein (see below for details).


==Biological description==
==Biological description==
[[File:Japanese Firefly ヘイケボタル Luciola lateralis.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bioluminescence]] of ''[[Luciola lateralis]]''.]]
Unlike some other fireflies, the females of ''Luciola'' are fully winged. [[Ecological]]ly, the genus is remarkable in that the [[larva]]e of several species are [[Aquatic insects|aquatic]]. The adults of the typical ''Luciola'' are similar to those of ''[[Atyphella]]'' which was formerly included in this genus. They can be easily distinguished by the males' [[aedagus]] however, which in ''Luciola'' proper has large [[Anatomical terms of location#Directional terms|lateral]] lobes that do not taper and have elongated, slender and flattened smaller lobes along their [[ventral]] margin. The middle lobe of the males' aedagus is very slim and has a point before the tip. By contrast, the [[Australia]]n group resembles ''[[Pyrophanes]]'' in its lateral lobes of the aedagus being small and not visible from beneath. But unlike in ''Pyrophanes'', the sheath of the aedagus lacks [[paraproct]]s, and the seventh [[ventrite]] of the [[abdomen]] lacks the hairy lobes and points at its hind margin.<ref name = f+b2008>Fu & Ballantyne (2008)</ref>


Unlike some other fireflies, the females of ''Luciola'' are fully winged. [[Ecological]]ly, the genus is remarkable in that the [[larva]]e of several species are [[Aquatic insects|aquatic]]. The adults of the typical ''Luciola'' are similar to those of ''[[Atyphella]]'' which was formerly included in this genus. They can be easily distinguished by the males' [[aedeagus]] however, which in ''Luciola'' proper has large [[Anatomical terms of location#Directional terms|lateral]] lobes that do not taper and have elongated, slender and flattened smaller lobes along their [[ventral]] margin. The middle lobe of the males' aedeagus is very slim and has a point before the tip. By contrast, the [[Australia]]n group resembles ''[[Pyrophanes]]'' in its lateral lobes of the aedeagus being small and not visible from beneath. But unlike in ''Pyrophanes'', the sheath of the aedeagus lacks [[paraproct]]s, and the seventh [[ventrite]] of the [[abdomen]] lacks the hairy lobes and points at its hind margin.<ref name = "f+b2008">Fu & Ballantyne (2008)</ref>
Two Japanese species of ''Luciola'', collectively known as ''[[hotaru]]'' (蛍), are significant in [[Japanese culture]] and [[Japanese folklore|folklore]]. They are symbols of the ''[[hitodama]]'' (人魂 or 人玉), the [[soul]]s of the newly-dead. See also the [[Grave of the Fireflies#About the title|explanations]] at the article on the movie ''[[Hotaru no Haka]]'' ("Grave of the Fireflies") for a discussion of the cultural significance of the ''hotaru''.

Two Japanese species of ''Luciola'', collectively known as ''hotaru'' (蛍), are significant in [[Japanese culture]] and [[Japanese folklore|folklore]]. They are symbols of the ''[[hitodama]]'' (人魂 or 人玉), the [[soul]]s of the newly-dead. See also the [[Grave of the Fireflies#About the title|explanations]] at the article on the movie ''[[Hotaru no Haka]]'' ("Grave of the Fireflies") for a discussion of the cultural significance of the ''hotaru''.


== Systematics ==
== Systematics ==
Line 40: Line 30:
The internal [[systematics]] of ''Luciola'' are somewhat in need of revision, and it is not certain whether these species are all correctly assigned to this genus. For example, the [[Australia]]n species appear to be separate and not very closely related to the other members of this genus, but rather to ''[[Colophotia]]'', ''[[Pteroptyx]]'' and ''[[Pyrophanes]]''. Whether the [[larva]]e of these can be recognized by the share soft [[Tergum|terga]] lacking paranota, or whether this is a [[plesiomorph]]ic trait also present in other Luciolinae, remains to be determined.<ref>Ballantyne & Menayah (2002), Ballantyne & Lambkin (2006)</ref>
The internal [[systematics]] of ''Luciola'' are somewhat in need of revision, and it is not certain whether these species are all correctly assigned to this genus. For example, the [[Australia]]n species appear to be separate and not very closely related to the other members of this genus, but rather to ''[[Colophotia]]'', ''[[Pteroptyx]]'' and ''[[Pyrophanes]]''. Whether the [[larva]]e of these can be recognized by the share soft [[Tergum|terga]] lacking paranota, or whether this is a [[plesiomorph]]ic trait also present in other Luciolinae, remains to be determined.<ref>Ballantyne & Menayah (2002), Ballantyne & Lambkin (2006)</ref>


''L. deplanata'' might be worthy of separation in a [[monotypic]] genus ''[[Photuroluciola]]''.<ref name = f+b2008 />
''L. deplanata'' might be worthy of separation in a [[monotypic]] genus ''[[Photuroluciola]]''.<ref name = "f+b2008" />


But considering the fact that many species remain essentially unstudied, a recent review of the genus concluded that:
But considering the fact that many species remain essentially unstudied, a 2008 review of the genus concluded that:
<blockquote>"A phylogenetic analysis [...] may give indications for subdivisions within ''Luciola''. However, there are elements of the cart and the horse here &ndash; which should come first? Break up ''Luciola'' based on narrow analyses, or wait until more analyses are available? It is our contention that those Luciolinae species which do not fit elsewhere should either be described as ''Luciola'' sp. or remain undescribed until such time as phylogenetic analyses indicate a repeatable pattern of subdivisions with ''Luciola''. Any other action would be, in our opinion, premature."<ref name = f+b2008 /></blockquote>
<blockquote>"A phylogenetic analysis [...] may give indications for subdivisions within ''Luciola''. However, there are elements of the cart and the horse here &ndash; which should come first? Break up ''Luciola'' based on narrow analyses, or wait until more analyses are available? It is our contention that those Luciolinae species which do not fit elsewhere should either be described as ''Luciola'' sp. or remain undescribed until such time as phylogenetic analyses indicate a repeatable pattern of subdivisions with ''Luciola''. Any other action would be, in our opinion, premature."<ref name = "f+b2008" /></blockquote>


In 2010, ''leii'', ''ficta'', ''hydrophila'' and ''lateralis'' were transferred to the genus ''[[Aquatica (beetle)|Aquatica]]''.<ref>Fu, Ballantyne & Lambkin (2010)</ref>
==Selected species==

<div float="left">
{{col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-1-of-2}}

* ''[[Luciola anceyi]]'' &ndash; (大端黑螢)
* ''[[Luciola bourgeoisi]]''
* ''[[Luciola cerata]]'' <small>Olivier, 1911 (黑翅螢)</small>
* ''[[Luciola chinensis]]''<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
* ''[[Luciola cowleyi]]''
* ''[[Luciola cruciata]]'' &ndash; ''genjibotaru'' (源氏蛍)<ref>Literally, "[[Genji clan|Genji]] firefly". The common name references the ''[[Genji monogatari]]''. For ''hotaru'' vs. ''-botaru'', see ''[[rendaku]]''.</ref>, includes ''L. vitticollis''.<!-- MolPhylEvol45:22. RafflesBullZool50:101. -->
* ''[[Luciola curtithorax]]''<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
* ''[[Luciola davidis]]'' <small>Olivier, 1895</small> (''Pygoluciola''?)<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
* ''[[Luciola dejeani]]''
* ''[[Luciola deplanata]]'' (''Photuroluciola''?)<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
* ''[[Luciola discicollis]]''<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101. Zootaxa 1733:1. -->
* ''[[Luciola dubia]]''<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
* ''[[Luciola ficta]]''
* ''[[Luciola filiformis]]''<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
** ''Luciola (filiformis) yayeyamana''<!-- MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
* ''[[Luciola fissicollis]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- = discicollis, vitticollis? -->
* ''[[Luciola flava]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- Lapsus for flavida? -->
* ''[[Luciola flavida]]''
* ''[[Luciola fletcheri]]''
* ''[[Luciola fukienensis]]''
* ''[[Luciola gorhami]]''<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
* ''[[Luciola hydrophila]]''
* ''[[Luciola impedita]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- Wikispecies error? -->
* ''[[Luciola italica]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1767)</small> (including ''L. pedemontana'')
* ''[[Luciola japonica]]''
* ''[[Luciola judaica]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- Wikispecies error? -->

{{col-2-of-2}}

* ''[[Luciola kagiana]]''
* ''[[Luciola kervillei]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- Wikispecies error? -->
* ''[[Luciola klapperichi]]''
* ''[[Luciola kuroiwae]]'' (''Pygoluciola''?)<!-- MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
* ''[[Luciola lateralis]]'' &ndash; ''heikebotaru'' (平家蛍)<ref>Literally, "[[Heike clan|Heike]] firefly". The common name references the ''[[Heike monogatari]]''. For ''hotaru'' vs. ''-botaru'', see ''[[rendaku]]''.</ref><!-- MolPhylEvol45:22. RafflesBullZool50:101. -->
* ''[[Luciola laticollis]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}
* ''[[Luciola limbalis]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- lapsus for limbata? - -->
* ''[[Luciola lusitanica]]'' <small>(Charpentier, 1825)</small>
* ''[[Luciola mongolica]]''
* ''[[Luciola nitescens]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- Wikispecies error? -->
* ''[[Luciola novaki]]'' <small>Müller, 1946</small>
* ''[[Luciola ovalis]]''
* ''[[Luciola owadai]]''<!-- MolPhylEvol45:22. RafflesBullZool50:101. -->


==Species==
These species belong to the genus ''Luciola'':<ref name=catlife/>
{{Div col|colwidth=28em}}
* ''[[Luciola affinis]]'' <small>Ritsema, 1875</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola amplipennis]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1880</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola angusticollis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1886</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola antennalis]]'' <small>Bourgeois, 1905</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola antica]]'' <small>Boisduval, 1835</small> (Oceania)
* ''[[Luciola antipodum]]'' <small>Bourgeois, 1884</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola apicalis]]'' <small>(Eschscholtz, 1822)</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola aquilaclara]]'' <small>Ballantyne, 2013</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola atriceps]]'' <small>Pic, 1916</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola atrimembris]]'' <small>Pic, 1933</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola atripes]]'' <small>Pic, 1929</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola atritarsis]]'' <small>Pic, 1916</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola atriventris]]'' <small>Pic, 1925</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola aurantiaca]]'' <small>Pic, 1927</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola auritula]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1910</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola basipennis]]'' <small>Pic, 1958</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola bicoloriceps]]'' <small>Pic, 1924</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola bimaculata]]'' <small>Klug, 1855</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola bimaculicollis]]'' <small>(Boheman, 1851)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola binhana]]'' <small>Pic, 1927</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola binotata]]'' <small>Pic, 1951</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola biscutellata]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1896</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola bomansi]]'' <small>Pic, 1956</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola bourgeoisi]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1895</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola burgeoni]]'' <small>Pic, 1931</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola caffra]]'' <small>(Boheman, 1851)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola candezei]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1902</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola capensis]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1775)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola carinaticollis]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola cavifrons]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1900</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola chapaensis]]'' <small>Pic, 1923</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola christyi]]'' <small>Pic, 1931</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola cincta]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1787)</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola cincticollis]]'' <small>Klug, 1855</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola cingulata]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1885</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola cisteloides]]'' <small>Klug, 1855</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola clara]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1907</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola collarti]]'' <small>Pic, 1931</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola complanata]]'' <small>Gorham, 1895</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola completelimbata]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola concreta]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1907</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola congoana]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1895</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola consobrina]]'' <small>Hicker, 1942</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola costulata]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1886</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola coxalis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1883</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola cruciata]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1854</small> genji-botaru (大端黑螢) (Europe & Asia)<ref name=Ballantyne2022/><ref>Literally, "[[Genji clan|Genji]] firefly". The common name references the ''[[Genji monogatari]]''. For ''hotaru'' vs. ''-botaru'', see ''[[rendaku]]''.</ref><!-- "Luciola vitticollis presently stands under the genus Aquatica as Aquatica lateralis." (Ballantyne 2022). -->
* ''[[Luciola curticollis]]'' <small>Pic, 1927</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola curtithorax]]'' <small>Pic, 1928</small> (Southern Asia)<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
* ''[[Luciola davidis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1895</small> (Southern Asia)<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
* ''[[Luciola delauneyi]]'' <small>Bourgeois, 1890</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola deleta]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1896</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola deplanata]]'' <small>Pic, 1929</small> (Southern Asia)<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
* ''[[Luciola dilatata]]'' <small>Pic, 1929</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola dilecta]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1908</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola discicollis]]'' <small>Laporte, 1833</small> (Africa)<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101. Zootaxa 1733:1. -->
* ''[[Luciola discobrunnescens]]'' <small>Pic, 1951</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola discoidalis]]'' <small>Pic, 1931</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola dregei]]'' <small>(Motschulsky, 1853)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola errans]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1902</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola exigua]]'' <small>(Gyllenhal, 1817)</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola exoleta]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1854</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola exstincta]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1886</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola extricans]]'' <small>(Walker, 1858)</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola falsa]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1907</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola fasciiventris]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1898</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola filiformis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1913</small> (Southern Asia)<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
* ''[[Luciola fissicollis]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1891</small> (Southern Asia)<!-- "Luciola vitticollis presently stands under the genus Aquatica as Aquatica lateralis." (Ballantyne 2022). -->
* ''[[Luciola flava]]'' <small>Pic, 1929</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola flavescens]]'' <small>(Boisduval, 1835)</small> (Oceania)
* ''[[Luciola flebilis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1909</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola fukiensis]]'' <small>Pic, 1955</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola fusca]]'' <small>(Motschulsky, 1854)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola fuscula]]'' <small>(Boheman, 1851)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola gaiffei]]'' <small>Alluaud, 1899</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola galactopyga]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1884</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola gaudens]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1910</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola gemina]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1905</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola geniculata]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1902</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola ghesquierei]]'' <small>Pic, 1934</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola gigantea]]'' <small>Pic, 1916</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola gigas]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1888</small> (Africa and Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola gowdeyi]]'' <small>Pic, 1933</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola grandjeani]]'' <small>Pic, 1931</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola guerini]]'' <small>Laporte, 1833</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola hirticeps]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1888</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola horni]]'' <small>Bourgeois, 1905</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola hypocrita]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1888</small> (Australia and Oceania)
* ''[[Luciola ibukiyamana]]'' <small>Nawa, 1921</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola imbellis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1908</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola imerinae]]'' <small>Bourgeois, 1899</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola immarginata]]'' <small>Bourgeois, 1890</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola impedita]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1902</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola incerta]]'' <small>(Boisduval, 1835)</small> (Oceania)
* ''[[Luciola infuscata]]'' <small>(Erichson, 1834)</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola inlateralis]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola innotatipennis]]'' <small>Pic, 1916</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola insignis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1883</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola intermedia]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1896</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola intricata]]'' <small>(Walker, 1858)</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola italica]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1767)</small> (Europe & Northern Asia)<!--Synonym of Luciola italica (Linnaeus, 1767) (gbif)-->
* ''[[Luciola japonica]]'' <small>(Thunberg, 1784)</small> (Africa and Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola jeanvoinei]]'' <small>Pic, 1927</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola jengai]]'' <small>Nada, 2019</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola judaica]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1884</small> (Europe & Northern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola kagiana]]'' <small>Matsumura, 1928</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola kervillei]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1909</small> (Europe & Northern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola klapperichi]]'' <small>Pic, 1955</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola krugeri]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1905</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola kuroiwae]]'' <small>Matsumura, 1918</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola laeta]]'' <small>Gerstaecker, 1871</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola lambkinae]]'' <small>Keller & Ballantyne, 2021</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola latediscoidalis]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola latelimbata]]'' <small>Pic, 1956</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola laticollis]]'' <small>Gorham, 1883</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola leroyi]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola limbalis]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1889</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola limbatipennis]]'' <small>Pic, 1923</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola longula]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1914</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola lucernula]]'' <small>Reiche, 1850</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola lusitanica]]'' <small>(Charpentier, 1825)</small> (Europe & Northern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola maculiscuta]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1884</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola madagascariensis]]'' <small>(Guérin-Méneville, 1831)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola magambae]]'' <small>McDermott, 1963</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola maindroni]]'' <small>Pic, 1927</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola major]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola mareei]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola mediodivisa]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola mediojuncta]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola melancholica]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1913</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola melanura]]'' <small>Laporte, 1833</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola mendax]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1905</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola mocquerysi]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1902</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola mongolica]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1860</small> (Europe & Northern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola multicostulata]]'' <small>Pic, 1927</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola mutata]]'' <small>Pic, 1939</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola niah]]'' <small>Jusoh, 2019</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola nicolleri]]'' <small>Bugnion, 1922</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola nigripes]]'' <small>Gorham, 1903</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola nigritarsis]]'' <small>Pic, 1927</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola nitidicollis]]'' <small>Pic, 1916</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola nitidula]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1781)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola noctivaga]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1907</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola notaticollis]]'' <small>Pic, 1914</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola novaki]]'' <small>Müller, 1946</small> (Europe & Northern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola obscura]]'' <small>Pic, 1928</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola obscuripennis]]'' <small>Klug, 1855</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola ochracea]]'' <small>Gorham, 1895</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola oculofissa]]'' <small>Ballantyne, 2013</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola olivieri]]'' <small>Bourgeois, 1908</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola overlaeti]]'' <small>Pic, 1931</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola owadai]]'' <small>Satô & Kimura, 1994</small> - Kumejima-botaru - (Southern Asia)<ref name=Ballantyne2022/><!-- MolPhylEvol45:22. RafflesBullZool50:101. -->
<!-- * ''[[Luciola papariensis]]'' this is Hotaria. MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
<!-- * ''[[Luciola papariensis]]'' this is Hotaria. MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
<!-- * ''[[Luciola parvula]]'' this is Hotaria; common name: himebotaru "small/delicate firefly". MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
<!-- * ''[[Luciola parvula]]'' this is Hotaria; common name: himebotaru "small/delicate firefly". MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
* ''[[Luciola pallida]]'' <small>Kolbe, 1883</small> (Africa)

* ''[[Luciola picea]]''<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
* ''[[Luciola pallidipes]]'' <small>Pic, 1928</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola picticollis]]''
* ''[[Luciola papariensis]]'' <small>Doi, 1932</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola pieli]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- Wikispecies error? -->
* ''[[Luciola parvula]]'' <small>Kiesenwetter, 1874</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola praeusta]]''
* ''[[Luciola pattersoni]]'' <small>Pic, 1935</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola roseicollis]]''
* ''[[Luciola perpetiuscula]]'' <small>Kolbe, 1887</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola satoi]]''
* ''[[Luciola perspicua]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1907</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola stigmaticollis]]''{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- Wikispecies error? -->
* ''[[Luciola picea]]'' <small>Gorham, 1882</small> (Southern Asia)<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
* ''[[Luciola substriata]]''<!-- Zootaxa 1733:1 -->
* ''[[Luciola pici]]'' <small>McDermott, 1966</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola terminalis]]''
* ''[[Luciola picticollis]]'' <small>Kiesenwetter, 1874</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola trilucida]]''
* ''[[Luciola pieli]]'' <small>Pic, 1939</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola trivandrensis]]''<!-- known from larvae only RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
* ''[[Luciola pouilloni]]'' <small>Pic, 1931</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola praestans]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1896</small> (Africa)

* ''[[Luciola praetermissa]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1909</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola pumila]]'' <small>(Boheman, 1851)</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola puncticollis]]'' <small>Laporte, 1833</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola quadrimaculata]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola recticollis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1900</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola robusticeps]]'' <small>Pic, 1928</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola roseicolllis]]'' <small>Pic, 1933</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola ruficollis]]'' <small>(Guérin-Méneville, 1830)</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola rugiceps]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1886</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola satoi]]'' <small>Jeng & Yang, 2003</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola scheitzae]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola semiventralis]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1899</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola semivittata]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola septemmaculata]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1888</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola singapura]]'' <small>Jusoh & Ballantyne, 2021</small> (Singapore)<ref>{{cite news|title=New species of firefly found in Singapores last freshwater swamp forest|url=https://news.nus.edu.sg/new-species-of-firefly-found-in-singapores-last-freshwater-swamp-forest/|date=11 March 2021|publisher=University of Singapore}}</ref>
* ''[[Luciola sordida]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1905</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola spectralis]]'' <small>Gorham, 1880</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola spilodera]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1898</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola stanleyi]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1913</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola stigmaticollis]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1887</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola subunicolor]]'' <small>Pic, 1931</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola sudra]]'' <small>Gorham, 1903</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola syriaca]]'' <small>(Costa, 1875)</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola tabida]]'' <small>Gorham, 1880</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola taeniaticollis]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1886</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola tenuicornis]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1885</small> (Australia)
* ''[[Luciola testaceipes]]'' <small>Pic, 1916</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola testaceiventris]]'' <small>Pic, 1916</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola tetrasticta]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1888</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola tincticollis]]'' <small>Gorham, 1895</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola tiomana]]'' <small>Ballantyne, 2019</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola trimaculata]]'' <small>Pic, 1916</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola trivandrensis]]'' <small>Raj, 1947</small> (Southern Asia)<!-- known from larvae only RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
<!-- * ''[[Luciola tsushimana]]'' this is Hotaria. MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
<!-- * ''[[Luciola tsushimana]]'' this is Hotaria. MolPhylEvol45:22. -->
<!-- * ''[[Luciola unmunsana]]'' this is Hotaria -->
<!-- * ''[[Luciola unmunsana]]'' this is Hotaria -->
* ''[[Luciola tsushimana]]'' <small>Nakane, 1970</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola tuberculata]]'' <small>Yiu, 2017</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola turneri]]'' <small>Pic, 1934</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola umbratica]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1907</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola unmunsana]]'' <small>Doi, 1931</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola varia]]'' <small>E. Olivier, 1908</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola vittata]]'' <small>Laporte, 1833</small> (Southern Asia)
* ''[[Luciola vleeschouwersi]]'' <small>Pic, 1952</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola xanthochroa]]'' <small>Fairmaire, 1904</small> (Africa)
* ''[[Luciola xanthura]]'' <small>Gorham, 1880</small> (Southern Asia)
{{Div col end}}


== Footnotes ==
* ''[[Luciola vespertina]]''<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
{{Reflist| refs=
<ref name=catlife>
{{Cite web| title=Catalogue of Life, ''Luciola'' Laporte, 1833
| url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5H69 | access-date=2024-10-14
}}</ref>


<ref name=Ballantyne2022>
{{col-end}}
{{Cite journal| title=A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.
</div>
| last1=Ballantyne| first1=Lesley| last2=Kawashima| first2=Itsuro| last3=Jusoh| first3=Wan F. A.| last4=Suzuki| first4=Hirobumi

|journal=European Journal of Taxonomy| volume=855| doi=10.5852/ejt.2022.855.2023| year=2022
The distinct Australian group includes species such as:
}}</ref>

}}
* ''[[Luciola australis]]''<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
* ''[[Luciola flavicollis]]''<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
* ''[[Luciola nigra]]''<!-- RafflesBullZool50:101 -->
* ''[[Luciola orapallida]]''<!-- The following Australasian species might also belong here, or into Pygoluciola. Check distribution; if from Australia, place in this group with remark "tentative": acerra, abdominalis, aphrogeneia, arcuata, bimaculicollis, caffra, campestris, carinata, cerea, cingulata, circumdata, complicata, costata, costipennis, coxalis, cribellata, decora, exigua, forsteri, humilis, guerini, impolita, inconspicua, laporte, longula, majuscula, melanura, mendax, ochracea, ochracea, olivieri, picticollis, pilosa, plagiata, platygaster, praeusta, pudica, pumila, puncticollis, pupilla, roseicollis, scintillans, scutellaris, similis, sordida, spectralis, tabida, variolosa -->

The species ''undulata'' was recently removed to ''[[Atyphella]]'', and ''guigliae'', ''hamulata'', ''kinabalua'', ''stylifer'' and ''witmeri'' were reestablished as ''[[Pygoluciola]]''.<ref>Ballantyne & Lambkin (2006)</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}


== References ==
== References ==
Line 134: Line 272:
Please do not add the Wikispecies tag to this page. The list there sucks. It is outdated and full of errors as of 2007-09-05
Please do not add the Wikispecies tag to this page. The list there sucks. It is outdated and full of errors as of 2007-09-05
-->
-->
* {{aut|Ballantyne, L.A. & Lambkin, C.}} (2006): A phylogenetic reassessment of the rare S. E. Asian firefly genus ''Pygoluciola'' Wittmer (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' '''53'''(1): 21-48. [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/54/54rbz021-048.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Ballantyne, L.A. & Lambkin, C.}} (2006): A phylogenetic reassessment of the rare S. E. Asian firefly genus ''Pygoluciola'' Wittmer (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' '''53'''(1): 21–48. [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/54/54rbz021-048.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Ballantyne, Lesley A. & Menayah, Rasainthiran}} (2002): A description of larvae and redescription of adults of the firefly ''Pteroptyx valida'' Olivier in Selangor, Malaysia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae), with notes of Luciolinae larvae. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' '''50'''(1): 101-109. [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/50/50rbz101-109.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Ballantyne, Lesley A. & Menayah, Rasainthiran}} (2002): A description of larvae and redescription of adults of the firefly ''Pteroptyx valida'' Olivier in Selangor, Malaysia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae), with notes of Luciolinae larvae. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' '''50'''(1): 101–109. [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/50/50rbz101-109.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Fu, Xin Hua & Ballantyne, Lesley A.}} (2008): Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of ''Pygoluciola'' Wittmer from mainland China and review of ''Luciola'' LaPorte. ''[[Zootaxa]]'' '''1733''': 1–44. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01733p044f.pdf PDF abstract]
* {{aut|Fu, Xin Hua & Ballantyne, Lesley A.}} (2008): Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of ''Pygoluciola'' Wittmer from mainland China and review of ''Luciola'' LaPorte. ''[[Zootaxa]]'' '''1733''': 1–44. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01733p044f.pdf PDF abstract]
* {{aut|Fu, Xin Hua, Ballantyne, Lesley A. & Lambkin, Christine L.}} (2010): ''Aquatica'' gen. nov. from mainland China with a description of ''Aquatica Wuhana'' sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). ''Zootaxa'' '''2530''': 1–18. [http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02530p018f.pdf PDF abstract]
* {{aut|Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Lloyd, James E. & Hillis, David M.}} (2007): Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Implications for the evolution of light signals. ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''45'''(1): 33-49. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Lloyd, James E. & Hillis, David M.}} (2007): Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Implications for the evolution of light signals. ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''45'''(1): 33–49. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013}} {{PMID|17644427}}</small> (HTML abstract)
==External links==
* [http://members.jcom.home.ne.jp/hotaru-net/photo/firefly.html Collections of habits photographs of the Japanese aquatic firefly]
*[http://2010ali-firefly.com.tw/infirefly/page3_2.html 2010 Stepping out with Alishan's Fireflies - Taiwan(2010阿里山與螢共舞)] {{zh icon}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1955947}}
[[Category:Lampyridae]]
{{Authority control}}


[[eo:Luciolo]]
[[Category:Lampyridae]]
[[Category:Lampyridae genera]]
[[fr:Luciola]]
[[Category:Bioluminescent insects]]
[[it:Luciola]]
[[Category:Taxa named by François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau]]
[[ja:ゲンジボタル]]
[[sc:Culilughe]]

Latest revision as of 22:13, 14 October 2024

This article is about the genus of firefly beetles. For the novel by José de Alencar, see Lucíola. For the Last Exile anime character, see Luciola (character).

Luciola
Luciola lusitanica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Lampyridae
Subfamily: Luciolinae
Genus: Luciola
Laporte, 1833
Species

Many, but see text

Synonyms
  • Bourgeoisia E.Olivier, 1908
  • Erota Gistal, 1834
  • Hotaria Yuasa, 1937

Luciola is a genus of flashing fireflies[1] in the family Lampyridae. They are especially well known from Japan and are often called Japanese fireflies, but their members range farther into Asia and reach southern Europe (Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, among other countries) and Africa. This genus is traditionally held to extend to Australia, but these species do not seem to belong herein (see below for details).

Biological description

[edit]
Bioluminescence of Luciola lateralis.

Unlike some other fireflies, the females of Luciola are fully winged. Ecologically, the genus is remarkable in that the larvae of several species are aquatic. The adults of the typical Luciola are similar to those of Atyphella which was formerly included in this genus. They can be easily distinguished by the males' aedeagus however, which in Luciola proper has large lateral lobes that do not taper and have elongated, slender and flattened smaller lobes along their ventral margin. The middle lobe of the males' aedeagus is very slim and has a point before the tip. By contrast, the Australian group resembles Pyrophanes in its lateral lobes of the aedeagus being small and not visible from beneath. But unlike in Pyrophanes, the sheath of the aedeagus lacks paraprocts, and the seventh ventrite of the abdomen lacks the hairy lobes and points at its hind margin.[2]

Two Japanese species of Luciola, collectively known as hotaru (蛍), are significant in Japanese culture and folklore. They are symbols of the hitodama (人魂 or 人玉), the souls of the newly-dead. See also the explanations at the article on the movie Hotaru no Haka ("Grave of the Fireflies") for a discussion of the cultural significance of the hotaru.

Systematics

[edit]

Luciola in the narrow sense appears to be most closely related to a rather basal group of Luciolinae, including Bourgeoisia and Lampyroidea and Hotaria. Their relationships are not well resolved and Hotaria is sometimes merged with Luciola. On the other hand, the genera Atyphella and Pygoluciola, which for some time were included in Luciola, is now again recognized as distinct.[3]

The internal systematics of Luciola are somewhat in need of revision, and it is not certain whether these species are all correctly assigned to this genus. For example, the Australian species appear to be separate and not very closely related to the other members of this genus, but rather to Colophotia, Pteroptyx and Pyrophanes. Whether the larvae of these can be recognized by the share soft terga lacking paranota, or whether this is a plesiomorphic trait also present in other Luciolinae, remains to be determined.[4]

L. deplanata might be worthy of separation in a monotypic genus Photuroluciola.[2]

But considering the fact that many species remain essentially unstudied, a 2008 review of the genus concluded that:

"A phylogenetic analysis [...] may give indications for subdivisions within Luciola. However, there are elements of the cart and the horse here – which should come first? Break up Luciola based on narrow analyses, or wait until more analyses are available? It is our contention that those Luciolinae species which do not fit elsewhere should either be described as Luciola sp. or remain undescribed until such time as phylogenetic analyses indicate a repeatable pattern of subdivisions with Luciola. Any other action would be, in our opinion, premature."[2]

In 2010, leii, ficta, hydrophila and lateralis were transferred to the genus Aquatica.[5]

Species

[edit]

These species belong to the genus Luciola:[6]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Stanger-Hall et al. (2007)
  2. ^ a b c Fu & Ballantyne (2008)
  3. ^ Ballantyne & Lambkin (2006), Fu & Ballantyne (2008)
  4. ^ Ballantyne & Menayah (2002), Ballantyne & Lambkin (2006)
  5. ^ Fu, Ballantyne & Lambkin (2010)
  6. ^ "Catalogue of Life, Luciola Laporte, 1833". Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  7. ^ a b Ballantyne, Lesley; Kawashima, Itsuro; Jusoh, Wan F. A.; Suzuki, Hirobumi (2022). "A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str". European Journal of Taxonomy. 855. doi:10.5852/ejt.2022.855.2023.
  8. ^ Literally, "Genji firefly". The common name references the Genji monogatari. For hotaru vs. -botaru, see rendaku.
  9. ^ "New species of firefly found in Singapores last freshwater swamp forest". University of Singapore. 11 March 2021.

References

[edit]
  • Ballantyne, L.A. & Lambkin, C. (2006): A phylogenetic reassessment of the rare S. E. Asian firefly genus Pygoluciola Wittmer (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53(1): 21–48. PDF fulltext
  • Ballantyne, Lesley A. & Menayah, Rasainthiran (2002): A description of larvae and redescription of adults of the firefly Pteroptyx valida Olivier in Selangor, Malaysia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae), with notes of Luciolinae larvae. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 50(1): 101–109. PDF fulltext
  • Fu, Xin Hua & Ballantyne, Lesley A. (2008): Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte. Zootaxa 1733: 1–44. PDF abstract
  • Fu, Xin Hua, Ballantyne, Lesley A. & Lambkin, Christine L. (2010): Aquatica gen. nov. from mainland China with a description of Aquatica Wuhana sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). Zootaxa 2530: 1–18. PDF abstract
  • Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Lloyd, James E. & Hillis, David M. (2007): Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Implications for the evolution of light signals. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45(1): 33–49. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013 PMID 17644427 (HTML abstract)
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