Amygdalodon: Difference between revisions

Amygdalodon; Temporal range: Toarcian; ~180–172 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Holotype specimen (A-H). And lectotype specimen (I-O).
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	†Sauropodomorpha
Clade:	†Sauropoda
Genus:	†Amygdalodon
Species:	†A. patagonicus
Binomial name
	†Amygdalodon patagonicus; Cabrera, 1947

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Amygdalodon (/əmɪɡˈdælədɒn/; "almond tooth" for its almond shaped teeth) was a genus of basal sauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Argentina. The type species is Amygdalodon patagonicus.^[1] Fossils of Amygdalodon have been found in the Toarcian Cerro Carnerero Formation of the Jurassic (about 180-172 million years ago). Very little is known about it, but it is one of the few Jurassic dinosaurs from South America found thus far.

Discovery

The holotype (MLP 46-VIII-21-1) consists of some vertebrae, ribs, four complete and three partial teeth, and a partial pelvis and shoulder-blade, of which was discovered in 1936. The type species, Amygdalodon patagonicus, was described by Cabrera in Argentina in 1947.^[1] Until 1936 sauropod fossils from Argentina were completely unknown then, prompted by Piatnitzky's brief mention of "bones of a saurian of no less than 5-7m long", Dr. Tomás Suero took a trip to Chubut to check out deposits overlying the Liassic of the Pampa de Agnia and discovered the remains of a Jurassic sauropod dinosaur around twice the size of Piatnitzky's estimation (in 1936).^[2]^{[full citation needed]}

Size

Amygdalodon is estimated to have been 12 metres (39 ft) long and 4 metres (13 ft) tall. This quadrupedal dinosaur had an estimated weight of over 5 tonnes (4.9 long tons; 5.5 short tons).^[3]

Classification

Rauhut (2003) placed Amygdalodon as Eusauropoda incertae sedis based on examination of the type material.^[4] Later, a cladistic analysis conducted by Carballido et al. (2010) recovered the genus as a non-eusauropod sauropod.^[5] Holwerda and Pol (2018) concurred, recovering Amygdalodon as sister to Isanosaurus.^[6] A basal sauropod classification for Amygdalodon was supported by Pol and colleagues in 2022, with it showing the first signs of dental modification for bulk feeding that is retained in later sauropods, but it does not have the vertebral features found in more derived sauropods. They found it in a polytomy with the Asian taxon Gongxianosaurus, and possibly related to South American Volkheimeria, though the latter had a very labile position.^[7]

	Ledumahadi

	Ingentia

Gongxianosaurus

	Amygdalodon

	Volkheimeria

	Tazoudasaurus

	Vulcanodon

Volkheimeria

	Archaeodontosaurus

	Volkheimeria

	Volkheimeria

	Eusauropoda

References

^ ^a ^b A. Cabrera. 1947. Un saurópodo nuevo del Jurásico de Patagonia. Instituto del Museo de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Notas del Museo de La Plata, Paleontología 12(95):1–17
^ Piatnitzky, 1936
^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 176
^ Rauhut OWM. Revision of Amygdalodon patagonicus Cabrera, 1947 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe. 2003;6:173–181.
^ José Luis Carballido and Diego Pol (2010) "The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods." Comptes Rendus Palevol 9: 83–93.
^ Femke M. Holwerda & Diego Pol (2018). Phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan basal eusauropods from the Early-Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, Argentina. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 33(2): 289-298. DOI: 10.7203/sjp.33.2.13604 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330520139_Phylogenetic_analysis_of_Gondwanan_basal_eusauropods_from_the_Early Middle_Jurassic_of_Patagonia_Argentina
^ Pol, D.; Gomez, K.; Holwerda, F.H.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Carballido, J.L. (2022). "Sauropods from the Early Jurassic of South America and the Radiation of Eusauropoda". In Otero, A.; Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D. (eds.). South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Record, Diversity and Evolution. Springer. pp. 131–163. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3. ISBN 978-3-030-95958-6. ISSN 2197-9596.

External links

DinoDictionary Archived 18 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine

[Cabrera1947-1] A. Cabrera. 1947. Un saurópodo nuevo del Jurásico de Patagonia. Instituto del Museo de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Notas del Museo de La Plata, Paleontología 12(95):1–17

[2] Piatnitzky, 1936

[3] Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 176

[4] Rauhut OWM. Revision of Amygdalodon patagonicus Cabrera, 1947 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe. 2003;6:173–181.

[5] José Luis Carballido and Diego Pol (2010) "The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods." Comptes Rendus Palevol 9: 83–93.

[6] Femke M. Holwerda & Diego Pol (2018). Phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan basal eusauropods from the Early-Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, Argentina. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 33(2): 289-298. DOI: 10.7203/sjp.33.2.13604 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330520139_Phylogenetic_analysis_of_Gondwanan_basal_eusauropods_from_the_Early Middle_Jurassic_of_Patagonia_Argentina

[pol2022-7] Pol, D.; Gomez, K.; Holwerda, F.H.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Carballido, J.L. (2022). "Sauropods from the Early Jurassic of South America and the Radiation of Eusauropoda". In Otero, A.; Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D. (eds.). South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Record, Diversity and Evolution. Springer. pp. 131–163. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3. ISBN 978-3-030-95958-6. ISSN 2197-9596.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}
-{{italic title}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
-| image =
+| fossil_range = [[Toarcian]]<br />~{{fossil range|180|172}}
-| image_width = 200px
-| name = ''Amygdalodon''
+| image = Type material of Amygdalodon patagonicus Cabrera. 1947.png
+| image_caption = Holotype specimen (A-H). And lectotype specimen (I-O).
-| fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic]]
+| taxon = Amygdalodon patagonicus
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| authority = [[Ángel Cabrera (naturalist)|Cabrera]], 1947
-| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
-| classis = [[Sauropsid]]a
-| ordo = [[Saurischia]]
-| subordo = [[Sauropodomorpha]]
-| infraordo = [[Sauropoda]]
-| familia = [[Eusauropoda]]
-| genus = '''''Amygdalodon'''''
-| species = ''A. patagonicus''
-| binomial = ''Amygdalodon patagonicus''
-| binomial_authority = [[Ángel Cabrera (naturalist)|Cabrera]] [[1947]]
 }}
-'''''Amygdalodon''''' ({{IPAc-en|əm|ɪ|ɡ|ˈ|d|æ|l|ə|d|ɒ|n}}; "[[almond]] tooth" for its almond shaped teeth) was a [[genus]] of [[herbivore|herbivorous]] [[dinosaur]] with a long neck. Fossils of the dinosaur have been found in the [[Toarcian]] to [[Aalenian]] or [[Bajocian]] [[Cerro Carnerero Formation]] of the [[Jurassic]] (about 170 million years ago), and only a few bone fragments and teeth have been discovered.  Very little is known about it, but it is one of the few Jurassic dinosaurs from [[South America]] found thus far.
+'''''Amygdalodon''''' ({{IPAc-en|əm|ɪ|ɡ|ˈ|d|æ|l|ə|d|ɒ|n}}; "[[almond]] tooth" for its almond shaped teeth) was a [[genus]] of basal [[sauropod]] from the Middle Jurassic of Argentina. The type species is '''''Amygdalodon patagonicus'''''.<ref name=Cabrera1947 /> Fossils of ''Amygdalodon'' have been found in the [[Toarcian]] [[Cerro Carnerero Formation]] of the [[Jurassic]] (about 180-172 million years ago).  Very little is known about it, but it is one of the few Jurassic dinosaurs from South America found thus far.
+==Discovery==
-''Amygdalodon'' is estimated to have been {{convert|12|m|ft}} long and {{convert|4|m|ft}} tall. This [[quadruped]]al dinosaur had an estimated weight of over {{convert|5|t}}.<ref>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 176</ref> The [[type species]], ''Amygdalodon patagonicus'', was described by Cabrera in [[Argentina]] in 1947.<ref>A. Cabrera. 1947. Un saurópodo nuevo del Jurásico de Patagonia. Instituto del Museo de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, ''Notas del Mueso de La Plata, Paleontología'' '''12'''(95):1-17</ref>
+[[File:Type material of Amygdalodon patagonicus MLP 46-VII1-21-1 19.png|200px|thumb|left|Type material of ''Amygdalodon'', right pubis (A, B), and shoulder-blade (C, D).]]
+The holotype (MLP 46-VIII-21-1) consists of some vertebrae, ribs, four complete and three partial teeth, and a partial pelvis and shoulder-blade, of which was discovered in 1936. The [[type species]], ''Amygdalodon patagonicus'', was described by Cabrera in [[Argentina]] in 1947.<ref name=Cabrera1947>A. Cabrera. 1947. Un saurópodo nuevo del Jurásico de Patagonia. Instituto del Museo de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, ''Notas del Museo de La Plata, Paleontología'' '''12'''(95):1–17</ref> Until 1936 sauropod fossils from Argentina were completely unknown then, prompted by Piatnitzky's brief mention of "bones of a saurian of no less than 5-7m long", Dr. Tomás Suero took a trip to [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] to check out deposits overlying the Liassic of the Pampa de Agnia and discovered the remains of a Jurassic sauropod dinosaur around twice the size of Piatnitzky's estimation (in 1936).<ref>Piatnitzky, 1936</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2021}}
+==Size==
+''Amygdalodon'' is estimated to have been {{convert|12|m|ft}} long and {{convert|4|m|ft}} tall. This [[quadruped]]al dinosaur had an estimated weight of over {{convert|5|t}}.<ref>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 176</ref>
+==Classification==
+[[File:Material referred to Amygdalodon patagonicus Cabrera. 1947, by Casamiquela (1963).png|200px|thumb|right|Material referred to ''Amygdalodon'' by Casamiquela (1963). Posterior dorsal vertebra with attached proximal fragment of a dorsal rib (A), First sacral vertebra (B, C), Distal end of right tibia, (D, E, F).]]
+Rauhut (2003) placed ''Amygdalodon'' as Eusauropoda ''incertae sedis'' based on examination of the type material.<ref>Rauhut OWM. Revision of Amygdalodon patagonicus Cabrera, 1947 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe. 2003;6:173–181.</ref> Later, a cladistic analysis conducted by Carballido et al. (2010) recovered the genus as a non-eusauropod sauropod.<ref>José Luis Carballido and Diego Pol (2010) "The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods." Comptes Rendus Palevol 9: 83–93.</ref> Holwerda and Pol (2018) concurred, recovering ''Amygdalodon'' as sister to ''[[Isanosaurus]]''.<ref>Femke M. Holwerda & Diego Pol (2018). Phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan basal eusauropods from the Early-Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, Argentina. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 33(2): 289-298. DOI: 10.7203/sjp.33.2.13604 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330520139_Phylogenetic_analysis_of_Gondwanan_basal_eusauropods_from_the_Early Middle_Jurassic_of_Patagonia_Argentina</ref> A basal sauropod classification for ''Amygdalodon'' was supported by Pol and colleagues in 2022, with it showing the first signs of dental modification for bulk feeding that is retained in later sauropods, but it does not have the vertebral features found in more derived sauropods. They found it in a polytomy with the Asian taxon ''[[Gongxianosaurus]]'', and possibly related to South American ''[[Volkheimeria]]'', though the latter had a very labile position.<ref name="pol2022">{{cite book|last1=Pol|first1=D.|last2=Gomez|first2=K.|last3=Holwerda|first3=F.H.|last4=Rauhut|first4=O.W.M.|last5=Carballido|first5=J.L.|year=2022|chapter=Sauropods from the Early Jurassic of South America and the Radiation of Eusauropoda|pages=131–163|editor-last=Otero|editor-first=A.|editor2-last=Carballido|editor2-first=J.L.|editor3-last=Pol|editor3-first=D.|title=South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Record, Diversity and Evolution|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-95958-6|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3|issn=2197-9596}}</ref>
+{{clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
+|label1=[[Sauropoda]]
+|1={{clade
+ |1=''[[Melanorosaurus]]''
+ |2=''[[Sefapanosaurus]]''
+ |3=''[[Leonerasaurus]]''
+ |4=''[[Aardonyx]]''
+ |5={{clade
+  |label1=[[Lessemsauridae]]
+  |1={{clade
+   |1=''[[Lessemsaurus]]''
+   |2=''[[Antetonitrus]]''
+   |3={{clade
+    |1=''[[Ledumahadi]]''
+    |2=''[[Ingentia]]'' }} }} }}
+ |6={{clade
+  |1=''[[Gongxianosaurus]]''
+  |2={{clade
+   |1='''''Amygdalodon'''''
+   |2=''[[Volkheimeria]]'' |state=dashed }}
+  |3={{clade
+   |1=''[[Pulanesaura]]''
+   |2={{clade
+    |1=''[[Isanosaurus]]''
+    |label2=[[Gravisauria]]
+    |2={{clade
+     |1={{clade
+      |1=''[[Sanpasaurus]]''
+      |2={{clade
+       |1=''[[Tazoudasaurus]]''
+       |2=''[[Vulcanodon]]'' }} }}
+     |2={{clade
+      |1=''[[Volkheimeria]]'' |state=dashed
+      |2={{clade
+       |1={{clade
+        |1=''[[Archaeodontosaurus]]''
+        |2=''[[Volkheimeria]]'' |state=dashed }}
+       |2={{clade
+        |1=''[[Volkheimeria]]'' |state=dashed
+        |2=[[Eusauropoda]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
 == References ==
-{{Portal|Argentina|Dinosaurs|Jurassic|Paleontology}}
+{{Portal|Argentina|Dinosaurs|Paleontology}}
 {{Reflist}}
 == External links ==
-* [http://www.dinodictionary.com/dinos_apg2.asp DinoDictionary]
+* [http://www.dinodictionary.com/dinos_apg2.asp DinoDictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818054939/http://www.dinodictionary.com/dinos_apg2.asp |date=18 August 2012 }}
-* José Luis Carballido and Diego Pol (2010) "The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods."
+{{Sauropodomorpha|B.}}
-{{Sauropoda}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q133524}}
 [[Category:Sauropods]]
 [[Category:Dinosaur genera]]
+[[Category:Toarcian life]]
 [[Category:Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of South America]]
 [[Category:Jurassic Argentina]]
 [[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
+[[Category:Golfo San Jorge Basin]]
 [[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1947]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Ángel Cabrera]]
+[[Category:Monotypic sauropod genera]]