Battle of Turubah (1813): Difference between revisions

Battle of Turuba (1813)
	Part of The Ottoman-Saudi War
Date	Late October or early November 1813
Location	Turubah, Saudi Arabia
Result	Saudi victory
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire	Emirate of Diriyah
Commanders and leaders
Tusun Pasha	Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah
Strength
2,000 men	Unknown
Casualties and losses
+700 killed	Unknown

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The Battle of Turuba took place in 1813 when Ottoman forces besieged Turubah. The garrison was led by Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah who successfully routed the Ottoman army.

Background

The town of Turubah was located southeast of Mecca and was the home of the Al-Bugum tribes, who worked as shepherds and cultivators. They were led by a widow named Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah whose husband was one of the chiefs of Turuba and possessed great wealth. She distributed her wealth to the poor who were ready to fight the Ottomans and she usually held councils with other Saudi chiefs in her house.^[1] In the month of Sha'ban (August), she led the Saudi troops against Mustafa Bey, who attacked Turuba, and successfully defeated the first Ottoman attack.^[2]^[3]^{[clarification needed]}

The Ottoman army's fears soon inspired stories against her. They regarded her as chief of the Wahhabis and circulated stories about her being a sorceress. Such reports generally discouraged the Ottomans and improved the confidence and morale of the Saudis.^[4] After the first failed attack on the city, Saud Bin Abdulaziz began fortifying it and ordered the Arab tribes of the Hejaz to reinforce the garrison.^[5]

Battle

Muhammad Ali Pasha was determined to launch a second attack, so he dispatched his son Tusun Pasha with a force of two thousand men, who left Taif in late October or early November. During the march between Taif and Turuba, they encountered the hostile tribes of Otaibah, Nasira and Banu Sa'd, who were originally neutral but began attacking the Ottomans after the capture and exile of Ghalib ibn Musa'id. Tusun engaged with these tribes, which wasted his supplies and provisions. He chased them into the mountains and reduced half of them to subjugation. By the time he arrived in Turuba, he only had enough supplies and provisions for three days.^[4]

The Ottomans immediately attacked the town, but the Saudis held firm and repulsed the attack, being animated by the speeches and exhortations of Ghaliyya, while the Ottomans were already exhausted by previous combat with the hostile tribes. Tusun ordered a second attack on the next day but the Ottoman soldiers openly refused his orders. His officers reported that the troops were exhausted and urged a retreat towards Taif. The Saudis, aware of what was happening, began chasing them as soon as they retreated and attacked them during their march, killing many of them and forcing them to abandon their baggage and guns.^[4]

The Ottomans lost seven hundred men during the retreat and many more died from lack of water and supplies. The army was saved from destruction by a hundred cavalry. The Saudis were unable to withstand the cavalry charge and retreated back to Turuba.^[4] The battle had lasted four days.^[4]^[5]^{[verification needed]}

Aftermath

The Saudis returned again to harassing the Pasha's caravans and began cutting the lines of communication between Mecca and Medina, weakening the Ottoman position and gaining advantage for the Saudis.^[6]

References

^ John Lewis Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys, p. 371
^ Othman bin Bishr, Glory in the History of Najd, p. 334
^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, p. 325
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e John Lewis Burckhardt, 372
^ ^a ^b Othman bin Bishr, p. 339
^ Abd al Rahman al Rafai, The era of Muhammad Ali, p. 131 [1]

[1] John Lewis Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys, p. 371

[2] Othman bin Bishr, Glory in the History of Najd, p. 334

[3] Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, p. 325

[auto-4] John Lewis Burckhardt, 372

[auto1-5] Othman bin Bishr, p. 339

[6] Abd al Rahman al Rafai, The era of Muhammad Ali, p. 131 [1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Riyadh (1902-1913).svg}} [[Emirate of Diriyah]]
 | commander1        = [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|23px]] [[Tusun Pasha]]
 | commander2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Riyadh (1902-1913).svg}} [[Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah]]
 | strength1         = 2,000 men
 | strength2         = Unknown
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 {{Ottoman-Saudi-war}}
 The '''Battle of Turuba''' took place in 1813 when Ottoman forces besieged [[Turubah]]. The garrison was led by [[Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah]] who successfully routed the Ottoman army.
 ==Background==
-The town of [[Turubah]] was located southeast of [[Mecca]] and was the home of the Al-Bugum tribes, who worked as shepherds and cultivators. They were led by a widow named [[Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah]] whose husband was one of the chiefs of Turuba and possessed great wealth. She distributed her wealth to the poor who were ready to fight the Ottomans and sh eusually held councils with other Saudi chiefs in her house.<ref>John Lewis Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys, p. 371[https://books.google.com/books?id=sDZAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Medinah+1812&pg=PA353]</ref> In the month of [[Sha'ban]] (August), she led the Saudi troops against Mustafa Bey, who attacked Turuba, and successfully defeated the first Ottoman attack.<ref>Othman bin Bishr, Glory in the History of Najd, p. 334[https://ia800205.us.archive.org/7/items/omftn/omftn1.pdf]</ref><ref>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, p. 325[https://books.google.com/books?id=aB22AAAAIAAJ&dq=Battle+of+Jeddah+(1813)&pg=PA325]</ref>{{Clarify|reason=This sentence has been copy edited, but the original sentence was unclear. Please verify that the revised text is still in line with the cited sources. For reference, the sentence was originally written as: "In the month of Sha'ban (August), she led the Saudi troops against Mustafa Bey who attacked Turuba and successfully defeated the Ottoman first attack." Mustafa Bey is presumably the Ottoman commander.|date=October 2023}}
+The town of [[Turubah]] was located southeast of [[Mecca]] and was the home of the Al-Bugum tribes, who worked as shepherds and cultivators. They were led by a widow named [[Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah]] whose husband was one of the chiefs of Turuba and possessed great wealth. She distributed her wealth to the poor who were ready to fight the Ottomans and she usually held councils with other Saudi chiefs in her house.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sDZAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Medinah+1812&pg=PA353 John Lewis Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys, p. 371]</ref> In the month of [[Sha'ban]] (August), she led the Saudi troops against Mustafa Bey, who attacked Turuba, and successfully defeated the first Ottoman attack.<ref>[https://ia800205.us.archive.org/7/items/omftn/omftn1.pdf Othman bin Bishr, Glory in the History of Najd, p. 334]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aB22AAAAIAAJ&dq=Battle+of+Jeddah+(1813)&pg=PA325 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, p. 325]</ref>{{Clarify|reason=This sentence has been copy edited, but the original sentence was unclear. Please verify that the revised text is still in line with the cited sources. For reference, the sentence was originally written as: "In the month of Sha'ban (August), she led the Saudi troops against Mustafa Bey who attacked Turuba and successfully defeated the Ottoman first attack." Mustafa Bey is presumably the Ottoman commander.|date=October 2023}}
 The Ottoman army's fears soon inspired stories against her. They regarded her as chief of the Wahhabis and circulated stories about her being a sorceress. Such reports generally discouraged the Ottomans and improved the confidence and morale of the Saudis.<ref name="auto">John Lewis Burckhardt, 372</ref> After the first failed attack on the city, [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)|Saud Bin Abdulaziz]] began fortifying it and ordered the Arab tribes of the [[Hejaz]] to reinforce the garrison.<ref name="auto1">Othman bin Bishr, p. 339</ref>
 ==Battle==
-[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] was determined to launch a second attack, so he dispatched his son [[Tusun Pasha]] with a force of two thousand men, who left [[Taif]] in late October or early November. During the march between Taif and Turuba, they encountered the hostile tribes of [[Otaibah]], Nasira and [[Banu Sa'd]], who were originally neutral but began attacking the Ottomans after the capture and exile of [[Ghalib ibn Musa'id]]. Tusun engaged with these tribes , which wasted his supplies and provisions. He chased them into the mountains and reduced half of them to subjugation. By the time he arrived in Turuba, he only had enough supplies and provisions for three days.<ref name="auto"/>
+[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] was determined to launch a second attack, so he dispatched his son [[Tusun Pasha]] with a force of two thousand men, who left [[Taif]] in late October or early November. During the march between Taif and Turuba, they encountered the hostile tribes of [[Otaibah]], Nasira and [[Banu Sa'd]], who were originally neutral but began attacking the Ottomans after the capture and exile of [[Ghalib ibn Musa'id]]. Tusun engaged with these tribes, which wasted his supplies and provisions. He chased them into the mountains and reduced half of them to subjugation. By the time he arrived in Turuba, he only had enough supplies and provisions for three days.<ref name="auto"/>
+The Ottomans immediately attacked the town, but the Saudis held firm and repulsed the attack, being animated by the speeches and exhortations of Ghaliyya, while the Ottomans were already exhausted by previous combat with the hostile tribes. Tusun ordered a second attack on the next day but the Ottoman soldiers openly refused his orders. His officers reported that the troops were exhausted and urged a retreat towards Taif. The Saudis, aware of what was happening, began chasing them as soon as they retreated and attacked them during their march, killing many of them and forcing them to abandon their baggage and guns.<ref name="auto"/>
+The Ottomans lost seven hundred men during the retreat and many more died from lack of water and supplies. The army was saved from destruction by a hundred cavalry. The Saudis were unable to withstand the cavalry charge and retreated back to Turuba.<ref name="auto"/> The battle had lasted four days.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>{{Verify source|date=October 2023|reason=The text was previously written in an unclear way and has been copy-edited, but please confirm that the sources say this exactly.}}
-The Ottomans immediately attacked the town, but the Saudis held firm and repulsed the attack, being animated by the speeches and exhortations of Ghaliyya, while the Ottomans were already exhausted by previous combat with the hostile tribes. Tusun ordered a second attack on the next day but the Ottoman soldiers openly refused his orders. His officers reported that the the troops were exhausted and urged a retreat towards Taif. The Saudis, aware of what was happening, began chasing them as soon as they retreated and attacked them during their march, killing many of them and forcing them to abandon their baggage and guns.<ref name="auto"/>
-The Ottomans lost seven hundred men during the retreat and many more died from lack of water and supplies. The army was saved from destruction by a hundred cavalry. The Saudis were unable to withstand the cavalry charge and retreated back to Turuba.<ref name="auto"/> The battle had lasted four days.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>{{Needs verification|date=October 2023|reason=The text was previously written in an unclear way and has been copy-edited, but please confirm that the sources say this exactly.}}
 ==Aftermath==
-The Saudis returned again to harassing the Pasha's caravans and began cutting the lines of communication between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], weakening the Ottoman position and gaining advantage for the Saudis.<ref>[[Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai|Abd al Rahman al Rafai]], The era of Muhammad Ali, p. 131[https://archive.org/details/hamlaenglish_gmail_20180320_1349/page/n131/mode/1up]</ref>
+The Saudis returned again to harassing the Pasha's caravans and began cutting the lines of communication between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], weakening the Ottoman position and gaining advantage for the Saudis.<ref>[[Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai|Abd al Rahman al Rafai]], The era of Muhammad Ali, p. 131 [https://archive.org/details/hamlaenglish_gmail_20180320_1349/page/n131/mode/1up]</ref>
 == References ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 39: @@
 {{coord missing|Saudi Arabia}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Turubah, 1813}}
 [[Category:Battles of the Wahhabi War]]
-[[Category:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire]]
+[[Category:Battles in 1813]]
-[[Category:Battles involving Saudi Arabia]]
-[[Category:Conflicts in 1813]]
 [[Category:1813 in the Ottoman Empire]]
-[[Category:19th century in Saudi Arabia]]
+[[Category:19th century in the Arabian Peninsula]]