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{{Short description|Bantu language spoken in Central Africa}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|date=June 2011}}
{{Cleanup|date=June 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
}}

{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Kaonde
|name=Kaonde
|nativename=Kiikaonde
|nativename=Kiikaonde
|states=[[Zambia]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]where it is prominently known as kiLuba
|states=[[Zambia]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] where it is predominantly known as Kiluba
|speakers=240,000
|speakers=240,000
|date=1995–2006
|date=1995–2010 census
|ref=e17
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
|fam4=[[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]]
|fam4=[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]
|fam5=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]]
|fam5=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]]
|fam6=[[Luban languages|Luban]]
|fam6=[[Luban languages|Luban]]
|fam7=[[Luba languages]]
|fam7=[[Luba languages]]
|minority={{flag|Zambia}}
|minority=[[Zambia]]
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] (Kaonde alphabet)<br>[[Kaonde Braille]]
|iso3=kqn
|iso3=kqn
|glotto=kaon1241
|glottorefname=Kaonde
|guthrie=L.40 (L.41)
|guthrie=L.40 (L.41)
}}
}}


'''kiiKaonde''', is a [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] language (of the larger [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] family) that is spoken primarily in [[Zambia]] but also in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Kaonde and its dialects are spoken and understood by perhaps 350,000 people or more. It is estimated that approximately 3% of Zambians are native Kaonde speakers. Kaonde speakers overwhelmingly live in the Northwestern and parts of Central regions of Zambia.
'''Kaonde''' (''kiiKaonde'') is a [[Bantu language]] spoken primarily in [[Zambia]] but also in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Kaonde and its dialects are spoken and understood by perhaps 350,000 people or more.{{cn|date=October 2024}}


==Speakers==
Fewer numbers of Kaonde speakers live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, they are not known or identified by the term Kaonde but rather by the term Luba.
It is estimated that approximately 2.3% of Zambians are native Kaonde speakers. Kaonde speakers overwhelmingly live in the Northwestern and parts of Central regions of Zambia. Fewer numbers of Kaonde speakers live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, they are not known or identified by the term Kaonde but rather by the term Luba. In Zambia, Kaonde people occupying the following districts: Solwezi,Mufumbwe,Kasempa,Kalumbila and Mushindamo in the North-Western province, and Mumbwa in the Central province. Kaonde villages can also be found in the northern parts of Kaoma District in the Western Province.


Strictly speaking, the term "Kaonde" refers to a group of people who are identified by a common language known as kiiKaonde. This group of people, like many others in Zambia, was originally part of the Luba Kingdom. They migrated south to area surrounding a stream called Kaonde in river Congo basin. From there, the people migrated into what is now Northwestern Zambia. This group of people called their language kiiKaonde. Speakers of other Bantu languages use the prefix "chi" other than "kii" to refer to this language. Thus non-Kaondes sometimes call the language Chikaonde.
Strictly speaking, the term "Kaonde" refers to a group of people who are identified by a common language known as kiiKaonde. This group of people, like many others in Zambia, was originally part of the Luba Kingdom. They migrated south to area surrounding a stream called Kaonde in river [[Congo Basin]]. From there, the people migrated into what is now Northwestern Zambia. This group of people called their language kiiKaonde. Speakers of other Bantu languages use the prefix "chi" other than "kii" to refer to this language.

Just like any other [[tribe]] in Zambia, Kaondes are ruled by the traditional leaders. The following are the chiefs of the Kaonde people recognised by the government of Zambia: Senior Chief Kapiji Kasongo Kamuyange Mujimanzovu, Senior Chief Kasempa, Chief Kapiji Mpanga, Chief Mumena, Chief Matebo, Chief Ingwe, Chief Mukumbi Kizela, Chief Mushima Mubambe, Chief Mulendema, Chief Mumba, Chief Kaindu, Chief Mukumbi Katotola and Senior Chief Mukumbi Ibaloli ( Originally, Mukumbi Ibaloli is a Lunda)


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
===Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
Like other Bantu languages, Kaonde nouns are grouped into several semantic classes, ranging from those that denote humanbeings to those that denote things. The concord or agreement markers for each class is a prefix attached to verbs and adjectives related to the noun. Tense markers may modify the concord.
Like other Bantu languages, Kaonde nouns are grouped into several [[semantic]] classes, ranging from those that denote human beings to those that denote things. The concord or agreement markers for each class is a prefix attached to verbs and adjectives related to the noun. Tense markers may modify the concord.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 50: Line 61:
| pa (locative "on")|| pa- || none || none
| pa (locative "on")|| pa- || none || none
|-
|-
| ku (locative "at" or "to"|| ku- || none || none
| ku (locative "at" or "to")|| ku- || none || none
|-
|-
| mu (locative "in") || mu- || none || none
| mu (locative "in") || mu- || none || none
|}
|}

=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
Kaonde has personal, demonstrative and relative pronouns. The first and second person pronouns are independent of the noun class system. Third person pronouns are formed using the demonstrative pronouns for the ba noun class. Demonstrative are arranged by noun class and by [[deixis]].
Kaonde has personal, demonstrative and relative pronouns. The first and second person pronouns are independent of the noun class system. Third person pronouns are formed using the demonstrative pronouns for the ba noun class. Demonstrative are arranged by noun class and by [[deixis]].
Line 59: Line 71:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Plural/Formal
! !! Singular !! Plural/Formal
|-
|-
| 1st person || amiwa || -
! 1st person
| amiwa || atweba
|-
|-
| 2nd person || obewa || anweba
! 2nd person
| obewa || anweba
|-
|-
| 3rd person || awe/ao/awa|| abe/abo/aba
! 3rd person
| awe/ao/awa || abe/abo/aba
|}
|}
Sample text in Kaonde


''Mu byambo byanji byalamata bantu bonse, Lesa waambile ne byambo bikwabo pa byo anemeka bumi ne mashi''.


Translation


In a declaration applying to all humans, God revealed more about his evaluation of life and blood
== Basic Vocabulary and Phrases ==
Ee - yes<br />
Ine - no<br />
Muji byepi - How are you<br />
Njitu bulongo / bulongotu - I am fine / just fine<br />
Jizhina jami ne... - My name is...<br />
Shalaipo - goodbye (person leaving)<br />
Kafikaipo - goodbye (person staying)<br />


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
*[http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/k/kaonde.htm A sample paragraph in Kaonde]
*[http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/k/kaonde.htm A sample paragraph in Kaonde]
*{{UDHR|kqn|Kaonde}}
*{{UDHR|kqn|Kaonde}}
*Lubuto Libraries, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621183042/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/67 Kiikaonde Reading Lessons],'' Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
*[http://lubutocollections.org/items/browse?search=Kiikaonde&submit_search=Search Kiikaonde language stories]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Lubuto Library Special Collections
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/kqn OLAC resources in and about the Kaonde language]


{{Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{Languages of Zambia}}
{{Languages of Zambia}}
{{Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Luban languages]]
[[Category:Luban languages]]
[[Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Languages of Zambia]]
[[Category:Languages of Zambia]]
[[Category:Library of Congress Africa Collection related]]


{{Bantu-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 10:57, 15 October 2024

Kaonde
Kiikaonde
Native toZambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is predominantly known as Kiluba
Native speakers
(240,000 cited 1995–2010 census)[1]
Latin (Kaonde alphabet)
Kaonde Braille
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3kqn
Glottologkaon1241
L.40 (L.41)[2]

Kaonde (kiiKaonde) is a Bantu language spoken primarily in Zambia but also in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kaonde and its dialects are spoken and understood by perhaps 350,000 people or more.[citation needed]

Speakers

[edit]

It is estimated that approximately 2.3% of Zambians are native Kaonde speakers. Kaonde speakers overwhelmingly live in the Northwestern and parts of Central regions of Zambia. Fewer numbers of Kaonde speakers live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, they are not known or identified by the term Kaonde but rather by the term Luba. In Zambia, Kaonde people occupying the following districts: Solwezi,Mufumbwe,Kasempa,Kalumbila and Mushindamo in the North-Western province, and Mumbwa in the Central province. Kaonde villages can also be found in the northern parts of Kaoma District in the Western Province.

Strictly speaking, the term "Kaonde" refers to a group of people who are identified by a common language known as kiiKaonde. This group of people, like many others in Zambia, was originally part of the Luba Kingdom. They migrated south to area surrounding a stream called Kaonde in river Congo Basin. From there, the people migrated into what is now Northwestern Zambia. This group of people called their language kiiKaonde. Speakers of other Bantu languages use the prefix "chi" other than "kii" to refer to this language.

Just like any other tribe in Zambia, Kaondes are ruled by the traditional leaders. The following are the chiefs of the Kaonde people recognised by the government of Zambia: Senior Chief Kapiji Kasongo Kamuyange Mujimanzovu, Senior Chief Kasempa, Chief Kapiji Mpanga, Chief Mumena, Chief Matebo, Chief Ingwe, Chief Mukumbi Kizela, Chief Mushima Mubambe, Chief Mulendema, Chief Mumba, Chief Kaindu, Chief Mukumbi Katotola and Senior Chief Mukumbi Ibaloli ( Originally, Mukumbi Ibaloli is a Lunda)

Grammar

[edit]

Nouns

[edit]

Like other Bantu languages, Kaonde nouns are grouped into several semantic classes, ranging from those that denote human beings to those that denote things. The concord or agreement markers for each class is a prefix attached to verbs and adjectives related to the noun. Tense markers may modify the concord.

Singular noun Singular concord Plural noun Plural concord
mu (person) u- ba ba-
mu (thing) u - mi- i-
ki ki- bi bi-
ka ka- tu tu-
n i- ma a-
lu lu- ma a-
bu bu- ma a-
ji ji- ma a-
pa (locative "on") pa- none none
ku (locative "at" or "to") ku- none none
mu (locative "in") mu- none none

Pronouns

[edit]

Kaonde has personal, demonstrative and relative pronouns. The first and second person pronouns are independent of the noun class system. Third person pronouns are formed using the demonstrative pronouns for the ba noun class. Demonstrative are arranged by noun class and by deixis.

Singular Plural/Formal
1st person amiwa atweba
2nd person obewa anweba
3rd person awe/ao/awa abe/abo/aba

Sample text in Kaonde

Mu byambo byanji byalamata bantu bonse, Lesa waambile ne byambo bikwabo pa byo anemeka bumi ne mashi.

Translation

In a declaration applying to all humans, God revealed more about his evaluation of life and blood

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kaonde at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kaonde_language&oldid=1251285752"