Kaonde language: Difference between revisions

Kaonde
Kaonde
Kiikaonde
Native to	Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is predominantly known as Kiluba
Native speakers	(240,000 cited 1995–2010 census)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Southern Bantoid Bantu Luban Luba languages Kaonde; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin (Kaonde alphabet); Kaonde Braille
Official status
Recognised minority; language in	Zambia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kqn
Glottolog	kaon1241
Guthrie code	L.40 (L.41)

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Kaonde (kiiKaonde) is a Bantu language spoken primarily in Zambia but also in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kaonde and its dialects are spoken and understood by perhaps 350,000 people or more.^{[citation needed]}

Speakers

It is estimated that approximately 2.3% of Zambians are native Kaonde speakers. Kaonde speakers overwhelmingly live in the Northwestern and parts of Central regions of Zambia. Fewer numbers of Kaonde speakers live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, they are not known or identified by the term Kaonde but rather by the term Luba. In Zambia, Kaonde people occupying the following districts: Solwezi,Mufumbwe,Kasempa,Kalumbila and Mushindamo in the North-Western province, and Mumbwa in the Central province. Kaonde villages can also be found in the northern parts of Kaoma District in the Western Province.

Strictly speaking, the term "Kaonde" refers to a group of people who are identified by a common language known as kiiKaonde. This group of people, like many others in Zambia, was originally part of the Luba Kingdom. They migrated south to area surrounding a stream called Kaonde in river Congo Basin. From there, the people migrated into what is now Northwestern Zambia. This group of people called their language kiiKaonde. Speakers of other Bantu languages use the prefix "chi" other than "kii" to refer to this language.

Just like any other tribe in Zambia, Kaondes are ruled by the traditional leaders. The following are the chiefs of the Kaonde people recognised by the government of Zambia: Senior Chief Kapiji Kasongo Kamuyange Mujimanzovu, Senior Chief Kasempa, Chief Kapiji Mpanga, Chief Mumena, Chief Matebo, Chief Ingwe, Chief Mukumbi Kizela, Chief Mushima Mubambe, Chief Mulendema, Chief Mumba, Chief Kaindu, Chief Mukumbi Katotola and Senior Chief Mukumbi Ibaloli ( Originally, Mukumbi Ibaloli is a Lunda)

Grammar

Nouns

Like other Bantu languages, Kaonde nouns are grouped into several semantic classes, ranging from those that denote human beings to those that denote things. The concord or agreement markers for each class is a prefix attached to verbs and adjectives related to the noun. Tense markers may modify the concord.

Singular noun	Singular concord	Plural noun	Plural concord
mu (person)	u-	ba	ba-
mu (thing)	u -	mi-	i-
ki	ki-	bi	bi-
ka	ka-	tu	tu-
n	i-	ma	a-
lu	lu-	ma	a-
bu	bu-	ma	a-
ji	ji-	ma	a-
pa (locative "on")	pa-	none	none
ku (locative "at" or "to")	ku-	none	none
mu (locative "in")	mu-	none	none

Pronouns

Kaonde has personal, demonstrative and relative pronouns. The first and second person pronouns are independent of the noun class system. Third person pronouns are formed using the demonstrative pronouns for the ba noun class. Demonstrative are arranged by noun class and by deixis.

	Singular	Plural/Formal
1st person	amiwa	atweba
2nd person	obewa	anweba
3rd person	awe/ao/awa	abe/abo/aba

Sample text in Kaonde

Mu byambo byanji byalamata bantu bonse, Lesa waambile ne byambo bikwabo pa byo anemeka bumi ne mashi.

Translation

In a declaration applying to all humans, God revealed more about his evaluation of life and blood

References

^ Kaonde at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online

External links

A sample paragraph in Kaonde
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kaonde
Lubuto Libraries, Kiikaonde Reading Lessons, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
Kiikaonde language stories^{[permanent dead link‍]}, Lubuto Library Special Collections
OLAC resources in and about the Kaonde language

[e18-1] Kaonde at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[Guthrie-2] Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Bantu language spoken in Central Africa}}
+{{Multiple issues|
 {{Cleanup|date=June 2011}}
+{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
+}}
 {{Infobox language
 |name=Kaonde
 |nativename=Kiikaonde
-|states=[[Zambia]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] where it is predominently known as kiLuba
+|states=[[Zambia]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] where it is predominantly known as Kiluba
 |speakers=240,000
-|date=1995–2010 censusus
+|date=1995–2010 census
 |ref=e18
 |familycolor=Niger-Congo
@@ Line 22: / Line 27: @@
 }}
-'''kiiKaonde''', is a [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] language (of the larger [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] family) that is spoken primarily in [[Zambia]] but also in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Kaonde and its dialects are spoken and understood by perhaps 350,000 people or more.  It is estimated that approximately 2.3% of Zambians are native Kaonde speakers.  Kaonde speakers overwhelmingly live in the Northwestern and parts of Central regions of Zambia.
+'''Kaonde''' (''kiiKaonde'') is a [[Bantu language]] spoken primarily in [[Zambia]] but also in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Kaonde and its dialects are spoken and understood by perhaps 350,000 people or more.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
+==Speakers==
-Fewer numbers of Kaonde speakers live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, they are not known or identified by the term Kaonde but rather by the term Luba.
+It is estimated that approximately 2.3% of Zambians are native Kaonde speakers. Kaonde speakers overwhelmingly live in the Northwestern and parts of Central regions of Zambia. Fewer numbers of Kaonde speakers live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, they are not known or identified by the term Kaonde but rather by the term Luba. In Zambia, Kaonde people occupying the following districts: Solwezi,Mufumbwe,Kasempa,Kalumbila and Mushindamo in the North-Western province, and Mumbwa in the Central province. Kaonde villages can also be found in the northern parts of Kaoma District in the Western Province.
-Strictly speaking, the term "Kaonde" refers to a group of people who are identified by a common language known as kiiKaonde. This group of people, like many others in Zambia, was originally part of the Luba Kingdom. They migrated south to area surrounding a stream called Kaonde in river Congo basin. From there, the people migrated into what is now Northwestern Zambia. This group of people called their language kiiKaonde. Speakers of other Bantu languages use the prefix "chi" other than "kii" to refer to this language. Thus non-Kaondes sometimes call the language Chikaonde.
+Strictly speaking, the term "Kaonde" refers to a group of people who are identified by a common language known as kiiKaonde. This group of people, like many others in Zambia, was originally part of the Luba Kingdom. They migrated south to area surrounding a stream called Kaonde in river [[Congo Basin]]. From there, the people migrated into what is now Northwestern Zambia. This group of people called their language kiiKaonde. Speakers of other Bantu languages use the prefix "chi" other than "kii" to refer to this language.
+Just like any other [[tribe]] in Zambia, Kaondes are ruled by the traditional leaders. The following are the chiefs of the Kaonde people recognised by the government of Zambia: Senior Chief Kapiji Kasongo Kamuyange Mujimanzovu, Senior Chief Kasempa, Chief Kapiji Mpanga, Chief Mumena, Chief Matebo, Chief Ingwe, Chief Mukumbi Kizela, Chief Mushima Mubambe, Chief Mulendema, Chief Mumba, Chief Kaindu, Chief Mukumbi Katotola and Senior Chief Mukumbi Ibaloli ( Originally, Mukumbi Ibaloli is a Lunda)
 == Grammar ==
-===Nouns ===
+=== Nouns ===
-Like other Bantu languages, Kaonde nouns are grouped into several semantic classes, ranging from those that denote humanbeings to those that denote things. The concord or agreement markers for each class is a prefix attached to verbs and adjectives related to the noun. Tense markers may modify the concord.
+Like other Bantu languages, Kaonde nouns are grouped into several [[semantic]] classes, ranging from those that denote human beings to those that denote things. The concord or agreement markers for each class is a prefix attached to verbs and adjectives related to the noun. Tense markers may modify the concord.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
@@ Line 53: / Line 61: @@
 | pa (locative "on")|| pa- || none || none
 |-
-| ku (locative "at" or "to"|| ku- || none || none
+| ku (locative "at" or "to")|| ku- || none || none
 |-
 | mu (locative "in") || mu- || none || none
 |}
 === Pronouns ===
 Kaonde has personal, demonstrative and relative pronouns. The first and second person pronouns are independent of the noun class system. Third person pronouns are formed using the demonstrative pronouns for the ba noun class. Demonstrative are arranged by noun class and by [[deixis]].
@@ Line 62: / Line 71: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! Person !! Singular !! Plural/Formal
+!  !! Singular !! Plural/Formal
 |-
-| 1st person || amiwa || -
+! 1st person
+| amiwa || atweba
 |-
-| 2nd person || obewa || anweba
+! 2nd person
+| obewa || anweba
 |-
-| 3rd person || awe/ao/awa|| abe/abo/aba
+! 3rd person
+| awe/ao/awa || abe/abo/aba
 |}
+Sample text in Kaonde
+''Mu byambo byanji byalamata bantu bonse, Lesa waambile ne byambo bikwabo pa byo anemeka bumi ne mashi''.
-== Basic vocabulary and phrases ==
-Ee - yes<br />
-Ine - no<br />
-Muji byepi - How are you<br />
-Njitu bulongo / bulongotu - I am fine / just fine<br />
-Jizhina jami ne... - My name is...<br />
-Shalaipo - goodbye (person leaving)<br />
-Kafikaipo - goodbye (person staying)<br />
-Mulale bulongo-goodnight<br />
-Nasanta bingi- Thank you very much<br />
-Nakolwa - I am sick<br />
+Translation
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
+In a declaration applying to all humans, God revealed more about his evaluation of life and blood
-==External links==
+== References ==
+{{reflist}}
+== External links ==
 *[http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/k/kaonde.htm A sample paragraph in Kaonde]
 *{{UDHR|kqn|Kaonde}}
-*Lubuto Libraries, ''[http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/67 Kiikaonde Reading Lessons],'' Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
+*Lubuto Libraries, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621183042/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/67 Kiikaonde Reading Lessons],'' Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
-*[http://lubutocollections.org/items/browse?search=Kiikaonde&submit_search=Search Kiikaonde language stories], Lubuto Library Special Collections
+*[http://lubutocollections.org/items/browse?search=Kiikaonde&submit_search=Search Kiikaonde language stories]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Lubuto Library Special Collections
 *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/kqn OLAC resources in and about the Kaonde language]
 {{Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
 {{Languages of Zambia}}
-{{Narrow Bantu languages|J-M}}
+{{Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Luban languages]]
 [[Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
 [[Category:Languages of Zambia]]
 [[Category:Library of Congress Africa Collection related]]
-{{Bantu-lang-stub}}

v t e Languages of Zambia
Official language	English
Regional languages	Bemba Kaonde Lozi Lunda Luvale Nyanja Tonga Tumbuka
Indigenous languages	Bwile Chokwe Ila Kuhane Kunda Kwangwa Lala-Bisa Lamba Lenje Luyana Mambwe-Lungu Mbamba Bay Mbowe Mbukushu Mbunda Mwanga Nkangala Nkoya Nsenga Shanjo Shona Soli Tabwa Wanda Yao
Sign languages	Zambian Sign Language
Immigrant languages	English French Punjabi Spanish German Italian Hindi Hebrew Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian Danish Dutch

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