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{{Short description|India's premier nuclear research centre}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
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{{Infobox research institute
{{Infobox research institute
|name = Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
|name = Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
|native_name = इंदिरा गांधी परमाणु अनुसंधान केंद्र
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = hi
|image = File:Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Logo.png
|image = File:Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Logo.png
|latin_name =
|latin_name =
|motto =
|motto =
|established = 1971
|established = {{start date and age|1971}}
|type = Nuclear research centre
|type = Nuclear research centre
|budget = {{INRConvert|8450|m}} per annum
|budget = {{INRConvert|8450|m}} per annum
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|vice_chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|dean =
|director = A. K. Bhaduri
|director = B. Venkatraman


|head_label =
|head_label =
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|province =
|province =
|country = [[India]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = <!-- Use {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
|coor = {{coord|12.5238|80.1569|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
|zipcode =603102
|zipcode =603102
|campus =
|campus =
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}}
}}


'''Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research''' '''(IGCAR)''' is one of [[India]]'s premier [[Nuclear physics|nuclear research]] centres. It is the second largest establishment of the [[Department of Atomic Energy, India|Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE), next to [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)]], located at [[Kalpakkam]], 80&nbsp;km south of [[Chennai]], India.<ref name="About IGCAR">{{Cite web|url = http://www.igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/igc.htm|title = About IGCAR|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033214/http://www.igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/igc.htm|archive-date = 24 September 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> It was established in 1971 as an exclusive centre dedicated to the pursuit of fast reactor science and technology, due to the vision of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.<ref name=IGCnewsOct04 /> Originally, it was called as '''Reactor Research Centre (RRC)'''. It was renamed as '''Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research''' '''(IGCAR)''' by the then Prime Minister of India, '''Rajiv Gandhi''' in December 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.frontline.in/enwiki/static/html/fl1726/17261240.htm|title = A mission at Kalpakkam: Frontline article}}</ref> The centre is engaged in broad-based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research and advanced engineering directed towards the development of Fast Breeder Reactor technology, in India.<ref name="About IGCAR"/>
'''Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research''' ('''IGCAR''') is one of [[India]]'s premier [[Nuclear physics|nuclear research]] centres. It is the second largest establishment of the [[Department of Atomic Energy, India|Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE), next to [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)]], located at [[Kalpakkam]], 80&nbsp;km south of [[Chennai]], India.<ref name="About IGCAR">{{Cite web|url = http://www.igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/igc.htm|title = About IGCAR|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033214/http://www.igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/igc.htm|archive-date = 24 September 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> It was established in 1971 as an exclusive centre dedicated to the pursuit of fast reactor science and technology, due to the vision of [[Vikram Sarabhai]].<ref name=IGCnewsOct04 /> Originally, it was called '''Reactor Research Centre''' ('''RRC'''). It was renamed to '''Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research''' ('''IGCAR''') by the then Prime Minister of India [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in December 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.frontline.in/enwiki/static/html/fl1726/17261240.htm|title = A mission at Kalpakkam: Frontline article}}</ref> The centre is engaged in broad-based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research and advanced engineering directed towards the development of [[fast breeder reactor]] technology in India.<ref name="About IGCAR"/>

The present Director of IGCAR is '''A. K. Bhaduri'''. He has taken over as Director with effect from 1 July 2016, following the superannuation of Dr. S. A. V. Satya Murty.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/satya-murty-is-next-igcar-director/article7601563.ece|title = Dr. A.K. Bhaduri is next IGCAR director}}</ref>


==History==
==History==


The fast reactor related research in India, originated at BARC, Mumbai. Later, RRC was established at Kalpakkam with the same mandate.<ref name=IGCnewsOct04 /> The Central Workshop, Safety Research Laboratory and Materials Sciences Laboratory were constructed in 1975–1976. Soon, the Radio-Chemistry Lab and Electronics and Instrumentation Lab were constructed.
The fast reactor related research in India, originated at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]], Mumbai. Later, RRC was established at [[Kalpakkam]] with the same mandate.<ref name=IGCnewsOct04 /> The Central Workshop, Safety Research Laboratory and Materials Sciences Laboratory were constructed in 1975–1976. Soon, the Radio-Chemistry Lab and Electronics and Instrumentation Lab were constructed.


The centre houses a Fast Breeder Test Reactor ([[FBTR]]), which attained its first criticality in October 1985.<ref name=IGCnewsOct04 />
The center houses a [[Fast Breeder Test Reactor|Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)]], which attained its first criticality in October 1985.<ref name=IGCnewsOct04 />


A few years later, in 1994, SQUID, ASIC and Diamond Anvil Cells were developed. In the same year, High-Power Physics and Engineering Experiments were undertaken in the FBTR.
A few years later, in 1994, [[SQUID]], [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]] and [[Diamond anvil cell|Diamond Anvil Cells]] were developed. In the same year, High-Power Physics and Engineering Experiments were undertaken in the [[Fast Breeder Test Reactor|FBTR]].


In 1996, [[KAMINI]] reactor reached criticality. State-of-the-art Neutronic Channels were commissioned for FBTR in 1999.
In 1996, [[KAMINI]] reactor reached criticality. State-of-the-art Neutronic Channels were commissioned for FBTR in 1999.
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A Boron-Enrichment Plant was commissioned in April 2001.
A Boron-Enrichment Plant was commissioned in April 2001.


A BARC Training School<ref name=IGCnewsOct04>{{Cite web |url = http://www.igcar.ernet.in/lis/nl62/igc62.pdf |title = IGC newsletter |date = October 2004 |volume = 62 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033217/http://www.igcar.ernet.in/lis/nl62/igc62.pdf |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref> was started in 2006. In 2009, FBTR was operated at a maximum power level of 18.6 MWt with 55 sub-assemblies for 1732 hours.
A BARC Training School<ref name=IGCnewsOct04>{{Cite web |url = http://www.igcar.ernet.in/lis/nl62/igc62.pdf |title = IGC newsletter |date = October 2004 |volume = 62 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033217/http://www.igcar.ernet.in/lis/nl62/igc62.pdf |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref> was started in 2006. In 2009, FBTR was operated at a maximum power level of 18.6 MWt with 55 sub-assemblies for 1732 hours.


== List of Directors ==
== List of directors ==
[[File:The Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, Dr. Baldev Raj delivering the National Science Day Lecture, in New Delhi on February 28, 2012.jpg|thumb|Baldev Raj delivering the National Science Day Lecture, in New Delhi on February 28, 2012]]
⚫
* Placid Rodriguez: 1 December 1992 – 31 October 2000
* Shri Narayanan Srinivasan
⚫
* S. B. Boje: 1 November 2000 – 31 April 2004
Director (1979 to 1985)
* Baldev Raj: 1 May 2004 – 30 April 2011
* Prof. Chokkanathapuram Venkataraman Sundaram
* S. C. Chetal: 1 May 2011 – 31 January 2013
Director (1985 to 1990)
* P. R. Vasudeva Rao: 1 February 2013 – 31 August 2015
* Shri Shrikant Ramakrishna Paranjpe
⚫
* S. A. V. Satya Murty: 1 September 2015 – 31 June 2016
Director (1990 to November 1992)
* A. K. Bhaduri: 1 July 2016–Present
* Dr. Placid Rodriguez
⚫
Director (December 1992 to October 2000)
* Shri Shivram Baburao Bhoje
⚫
Director (November 2000 to April 2004)
* Dr. Baldev Raj
Director (November 2004 to April 2011)
* Shri Subhash Chander Chetal
Director (May 2011 to Jan 2013)
*Dr. Polur Ranga Rao Vasudeva Rao
Director (Feb 2013 to August 2015)
*Dr. Srinivasula Ananta Venkata Satya Murty
⚫
Director (September 2015 to June 2016)
*Dr. Arun Kumar Bhaduri
Director (July 2016 to September 2021)
*Dr. B Venkatraman
Director (October 2021 till date)


== Commercial Reactors ==
== Commercial reactors ==
{{main|Madras Atomic Power Station}}
{{main|Madras Atomic Power Station}}
The facility houses two [[PHWR]]s that generate 220MWe each that operate for commercial purposes. These are managed independently by the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]].<ref name="globalsecurity1">{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/kalpakkam.htm |title=Kalpakkam Reprocessing Plant – India Special Weapons Facilities |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=22 June 2012}}</ref>
The facility houses two [[PHWR]]s that generate 220MWe each that operate for commercial purposes. These are managed independently by the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]].<ref name="globalsecurity1">{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/kalpakkam.htm |title=Kalpakkam Reprocessing Plant – India Special Weapons Facilities |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref>


== Research Reactors ==
== Research reactors ==


There are three research reactors at IGCAR.
There are three research reactors at IGCAR.


*[[FBTR]] is a liquid metal cooled [[fast breeder test reactor]], maintained by Reactor Operation and Maintenance Group (ROMG).
*[[FBTR]] is a liquid metal cooled [[fast breeder test reactor]], maintained by Reactor Operation and Maintenance Group (ROMG).
*[[KAMINI]] 30&nbsp;kW(t) reactor, starred in 1996, uses [[Uranium 233]] fuel transformed from [[Thorium]] in the FBTR.
*[[KAMINI]] 30&nbsp;kWt reactor, starred in 1996, uses [[Uranium 233]] fuel transformed from [[Thorium]] in the FBTR.
*[[Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor]], a 500MWe fast breeder reactor using Mixed Oxide (Uranium oxide + Plutonium oxide) fuel based on the [[Sodium-cooled fast reactor]] design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/09/07/stories/2005090704781300.htm |title=Kalpakkam PFBR to be completed ahead of schedule |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=22 June 2012}}</ref>
*[[Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor]], a 500MWe fast breeder reactor using Mixed Oxide (Uranium oxide + Plutonium oxide) fuel based on the [[Sodium-cooled fast reactor]] design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/09/07/stories/2005090704781300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201070722/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/09/07/stories/2005090704781300.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 February 2008 |title=Kalpakkam PFBR to be completed ahead of schedule |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=7 September 2005 |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref>


In addition, the Research Facility also built the 100MWe reactor for India's first nuclear submarine the [[Arihant class submarine]] project and operated it on land for testing purposes since it attained criticality in December 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112502201400.htm |title=ATV project: India crosses major milestone |publisher=Hindu.com |accessdate=22 June 2012}}</ref> The submarine launched on 26 July 2009 has this reactor.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rajat Pandit, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-17/india/28203215_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-atv-project-ins-arihant |title=India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 July 2009 |accessdate=22 June 2012}}</ref>
In addition, the Research Facility also built the 100MWe reactor for India's first nuclear submarine the [[Arihant class submarine]] project and operated it on land for testing purposes since it attained criticality in December 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112502201400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127030831/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112502201400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=ATV project: India crosses major milestone |date=2005-11-25 |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> The submarine launched on 26 July 2009 has this reactor.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rajat Pandit, TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-launch-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/4787167.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024074752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-17/india/28203215_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-atv-project-ins-arihant |url-status=live |archive-date=24 October 2012 |title=India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine |date=17 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref>


== Reprocessing Plant ==
== Reprocessing plant ==
The Kalpakkam Atomic Reprocessing Plant [KARP] facility has been estimated to have a capacity to reprocess 100 tonnes of spent fuel [[plutonium]] per annum.it incorporates a number of innovative features such as hybrid maintenance concept in hot cells using servo-manipulators and engineered provisions for extending the life of the plant. This plant will cater to the needs of reprocessing fuels from MAPS as well as [[FBTR]]. It has mastered the technology of reprocessing highly irradiated mixed carbide fuel for the first time in the world.
The Kalpakkam Atomic Reprocessing Plant [KARP] facility has been estimated to have a capacity to reprocess 100 tonnes of spent fuel [[plutonium]] per annum. It incorporates a number of innovative features such as hybrid maintenance concept in hot cells using servo-manipulators and engineered provisions for extending the life of the plant. This plant will cater to the needs of reprocessing fuels from MAPS as well as [[FBTR]]. It has mastered the technology of reprocessing highly irradiated mixed carbide fuel for the first time in the world.
<ref name="globalsecurity1"/>
<ref name="globalsecurity1"/>


==Fast Reactor Fuel Reprocessing at IGCAR ==
==Fast reactor fuel reprocessing at IGCAR ==


Reprocessing Development Laboratory was designed in early seventies and the commissioning of inactive facilities was carried
Reprocessing Development Laboratory was designed in early seventies and the commissioning of inactive facilities was carried
out in 1976. The plutonium handling facilities were cleared for operation in 1980. The reprocessing of irradiated thorium rods which was carried out during the period 1989 to 1992 in the concrete shielded cells, was the first major radioactive operation. The [[Uranium 233|U-233]] recovered during the operation was used in fabricating the fuel for the KAlpakkam MINI reactor (KAMINI). U-233 was also useful for the fuel development programme for carrying out the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor test fuel irradiation experiments in Fast Breeder Test Reactor. Apart from this, the operation aided in validating the equipment and design of system as well as the manpower training. Later a hot cell facility for reprocessing of Fast Breeder Test Reactor fuel was conceived which had the necessary features for delivering the product with all the uncertainties in the dissolution of irradiated fuel and process flowsheet. Added to this was the need for the deployment of the yet to be proven designs of centrifuge and centrifugal extractors without which the success of the PUREX process for fast reactor fuel reprocessing would be doubtful. With these minimal inputs, the hot cell facility, Lead Mini Cell (LMC) was created, which was later rechristened as CORAL (COmpact Reprocessing facility for Advanced fuels in Lead cells). Based on the dissolution experiments carried out on unirradiated single pellets and systematic studies related to the third phase formation, the flow sheet, prepared earlier for the oxide fuel was modified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/oct11-vol-90.pdf |title=October 2011 – Volume 90 |publisher=igcar.ernet.in |accessdate=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030730/http://www.igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/oct11-vol-90.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
out in 1976. The plutonium handling facilities were cleared for operation in 1980. The reprocessing of irradiated thorium rods which was carried out during the period 1989 to 1992 in the concrete shielded cells, was the first major radioactive operation. The [[Uranium 233|U-233]] recovered during the operation was used in fabricating the fuel for the KAlpakkam MINI reactor (KAMINI). U-233 was also useful for the fuel development programme for carrying out the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor test fuel irradiation experiments in Fast Breeder Test Reactor. Apart from this, the operation aided in validating the equipment and design of system as well as the manpower training. Later a hot cell facility for reprocessing of Fast Breeder Test Reactor fuel was conceived which had the necessary features for delivering the product with all the uncertainties in the dissolution of irradiated fuel and process flowsheet. Added to this was the need for the deployment of the yet to be proven designs of centrifuge and centrifugal extractors without which the success of the PUREX process for fast reactor fuel reprocessing would be doubtful. With these minimal inputs, the hot cell facility, Lead Mini Cell (LMC) was created, which was later rechristened as CORAL (COmpact Reprocessing facility for Advanced fuels in Lead cells). Based on the dissolution experiments carried out on unirradiated single pellets and systematic studies related to the third phase formation, the flow sheet, prepared earlier for the oxide fuel was modified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/oct11-vol-90.pdf |title=October 2011 – Volume 90 |publisher=igcar.ernet.in |access-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030730/http://www.igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/oct11-vol-90.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Activities==
==Activities==


'''Chemistry Group''': Presently there are 4 subdivisions: Fuel Chemistry Division (FChD), Materials Chemistry Division (MCD), and Chemical Facilities Division (CFD). Facilities include Far-IR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, Fluorimeter RF-5000, Impedance Spectrometer and Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Alpha Spectrometer, Liquid Scintillation Counter, High Purity Germanium Detector, Neutron Counter ED-XRF, HPLC, SFC, Ion Chromatography, Gas Chromatography etc.Among various achievements of the Group, Radioisotope production<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Saha | first1 = Debasish | last2 = Vadivu | first2 = E. Senthil | last3 = Kumar | first3 = R. | last4 = Subramani | first4 = C. R. Venkata | year = 2013 | title = Separation of bulk Y from 89Y(n,p) produced 89Sr by extraction chromatography using TBP coated XAD-4 resin | journal = Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry | volume = 298 | issue = 2| pages = 1309–1314 | doi = 10.1007/s10967-013-2514-y | s2cid = 96062404 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Saha | first1 = Debasish | last2 = Vithya | first2 = J. | last3 = Kumar | first3 = G. V. S. Ashok | last4 = Swaminathan | first4 = K. | last5 = Kumar | first5 = R. | last6 = Subramani | first6 = C. R. Venkata | last7 = Rao | first7 = P. R. Vasudeva | year = 2013 | title = Feasibility studies for production of 89Sr in the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) | journal = Radiochim. Acta | volume = 101 | issue = 10| pages = 667–673 | doi = 10.1524/ract.2013.2055 | s2cid = 136100483 }}</ref> for medicinal importance is the ongoing important projects and has societal impact.
'''Chemistry Group''': Presently there are 4 subdivisions: Fuel Chemistry Division (FChD), Materials Chemistry Division (MCD), and Chemical Facilities Division (CFD). Facilities include Far-IR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, Fluorimeter RF-5000, Impedance Spectrometer and Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Alpha Spectrometer, Liquid Scintillation Counter, High Purity Germanium Detector, Neutron Counter ED-XRF, HPLC, SFC, Ion Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, etc. Among various achievements of the Group, Radioisotope production<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Saha | first1 = Debasish | last2 = Vadivu | first2 = E. Senthil | last3 = Kumar | first3 = R. | last4 = Subramani | first4 = C. R. Venkata | year = 2013 | title = Separation of bulk Y from 89Y(n,p) produced 89Sr by extraction chromatography using TBP coated XAD-4 resin | journal = Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry | volume = 298 | issue = 2| pages = 1309–1314 | doi = 10.1007/s10967-013-2514-y | s2cid = 96062404 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Saha | first1 = Debasish | last2 = Vithya | first2 = J. | last3 = Kumar | first3 = G. V. S. Ashok | last4 = Swaminathan | first4 = K. | last5 = Kumar | first5 = R. | last6 = Subramani | first6 = C. R. Venkata | last7 = Rao | first7 = P. R. Vasudeva | year = 2013 | title = Feasibility studies for production of 89Sr in the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) | journal = Radiochim. Acta | volume = 101 | issue = 10| pages = 667–673 | doi = 10.1524/ract.2013.2055 | s2cid = 136100483 }}</ref> for medicinal importance is the ongoing important projects and has societal impact.


'''Electronics, Instrumentation and Radiological Safety Group''':
'''Electronics, Instrumentation and Radiological Safety Group''':
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* Hydraulic testing of Subassembly and Core components for FBR.
* Hydraulic testing of Subassembly and Core components for FBR.
* Vibration and noise analysis of fast reactor components
* Vibration and noise analysis of fast reactor components
* Design, development and Analysis of various types of Electromagnetic devices used in FBR’s
* Design, development and Analysis of various types of Electromagnetic devices used in FBR's
* Development of High Flux Rod heaters and high watt density immersion heaters for liquid sodium heating
* Development of High Flux Rod heaters and high watt density immersion heaters for liquid sodium heating
* Testing of FFLM and core flow monitoring mechanisms
* Testing of FFLM and core flow monitoring mechanisms
* Design and development of Integrated Cold Trap and Integrated Plugging Indicator for future FBR’s
* Design and development of Integrated Cold Trap and Integrated Plugging Indicator for future FBR's
* Development and fabrication of sodium sensors for level, flow and leak detection
* Development and fabrication of sodium sensors for level, flow and leak detection
* Development of Under Sodium Ultra Sonic scanner for under sodium viewing in FBR’s
* Development of Under Sodium Ultra Sonic scanner for under sodium viewing in FBR's
* Process development of boron and separation technologies
* Process development of boron and separation technologies
* Setting up of Ambient Temperature Electro Refiner (ATER) facility
* Setting up of Ambient Temperature Electro Refiner (ATER) facility
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==Staff==
==Staff==


The Centre has a staff strength of 2514 including 1243 Engineers and Scientists.
The centre has a staff strength of 2514 including 1243 Engineers and Scientists.


==Budget==
==Budget==


The annual outlay of the Centre is around 8450 Million INR towards its Research & Development activities and plan.
The annual outlay of the centre is around 8450 Million INR towards its Research & Development activities and plan.


==Collaborations==
==Collaborations==
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professor in Applied Mechanics. The first project was on simulation of thermal shock on the control plug mockup and the second was
professor in Applied Mechanics. The first project was on simulation of thermal shock on the control plug mockup and the second was
on simulation of thermal striping in the core structure. An MoU was established on 19 July 1997 for the formation of ‘IGCAR- IITM
on simulation of thermal striping in the core structure. An MoU was established on 19 July 1997 for the formation of ‘IGCAR- IITM
Cell’ with Prof. R. Natarajan (then Director, IIT-M) as chairman and late Dr. Placid Rodriguez as Co-Chairman. Prof. K.V.S. Rama Rao
Cell’ with Prof. R. Natarajan (then Director, IIT-M) as chairman and late Dr. Placid Rodriguez as co-chairman. Prof. K.V.S. Rama Rao
was Dean, ICSR during that period. In the first cell meeting held on 26 February 1997, seven projects were identified. Based on the
was Dean, ICSR during that period. In the first cell meeting held on 26 February 1997, seven projects were identified. Based on the
decisions taken in the meeting, four projects with a funding to the tune of eighty eight lakhs were sanctioned. In the past thirteen years,
decisions taken in the meeting, four projects with a funding to the tune of eighty eight lakhs were sanctioned. In the past thirteen years,
twenty five meetings of the IGCAR-IITM cell have been conducted. Already twenty nine projects have been completed with the funds to the tune of 40.5&nbsp;million and fifteen projects are in progress with a funding of 34&nbsp;million.
twenty five meetings of the IGCAR-IITM cell have been conducted. Already twenty nine projects have been completed with the funds to the tune of 40.5&nbsp;million and fifteen projects are in progress with a funding of 34&nbsp;million.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igcar.ernet.in/dirdesk/apr10-vol-84.pdf |title=April 2010 – Volume 84 |publisher=igcar.ernet.in |accessdate=19 September 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igcar.ernet.in/dirdesk/apr10-vol-84.pdf |title=April 2010 – Volume 84 |publisher=igcar.ernet.in |access-date=19 September 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, has entered into a collaboration with the IIT Kharagpur to carry out research related to the design and development of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs). A dedicated IGCAR-IITKGP R&D cell has been set up in the premises of IIT Kharagpur under the Advanced Technology Development Centre's Structural Reliability Research Facility of IIT KGP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/igcar-iit-kgp-collaboration-to-support-indias-indigenous-nuclear-program/articleshow/67688452.cms|title=IGCAR-IIT KGP collaboration to support India's indigenous nuclear programme|last=Basu|first=Somdatta|date=25 January 2019|work=The Times of India|accessdate=25 January 2019|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, has entered into a collaboration with the IIT Kharagpur to carry out research related to the design and development of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs). A dedicated IGCAR-IITKGP R&D cell has been set up in the premises of IIT Kharagpur under the Advanced Technology Development Centre's Structural Reliability Research Facility of IIT KGP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/igcar-iit-kgp-collaboration-to-support-indias-indigenous-nuclear-program/articleshow/67688452.cms|title=IGCAR-IIT KGP collaboration to support India's indigenous nuclear programme|last=Basu|first=Somdatta|date=25 January 2019|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 January 2019|location=Kolkata}}</ref>


==Training School==
==Training school==
IGCAR has a BARC Training School where young science post graduates and engineering graduates are trained in multiple disciplines for a period of one year.<ref name=IGCnewsOct04 />
IGCAR has a BARC Training School where young science post graduates and engineering graduates are trained in multiple disciplines for a period of one year.<ref name=IGCnewsOct04 />


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== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.igcar.gov.in/ IGCAR]
*{{Official|https://www.igcar.gov.in/}}


{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}


{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}
{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}


[[Category:Atomic Energy Commission of India]]
[[Category:Atomic Energy Commission of India]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1971]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1971]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1971]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1971]]

Latest revision as of 19:17, 15 October 2024

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
इंदिरा गांधी परमाणु अनुसंधान केंद्र
Established1971; 53 years ago (1971)
Research typeNuclear research centre
Budget₹8,450 million (US$100 million) per annum
Field of research
Atomic Energy, Material Physics, Nano-Sciences, Electronics and Instrumentation, Reactor Engineering, Metallurgy
DirectorB. Venkatraman
Staff2511
LocationKalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
12°31′26″N 80°09′25″E / 12.5238°N 80.1569°E / 12.5238; 80.1569
603102
Operating agency
Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India
Websitewww.igcar.gov.in

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) is one of India's premier nuclear research centres. It is the second largest establishment of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), next to Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), located at Kalpakkam, 80 km south of Chennai, India.[1] It was established in 1971 as an exclusive centre dedicated to the pursuit of fast reactor science and technology, due to the vision of Vikram Sarabhai.[2] Originally, it was called Reactor Research Centre (RRC). It was renamed to Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) by the then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi in December 1985.[3] The centre is engaged in broad-based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research and advanced engineering directed towards the development of fast breeder reactor technology in India.[1]

History

[edit]

The fast reactor related research in India, originated at BARC, Mumbai. Later, RRC was established at Kalpakkam with the same mandate.[2] The Central Workshop, Safety Research Laboratory and Materials Sciences Laboratory were constructed in 1975–1976. Soon, the Radio-Chemistry Lab and Electronics and Instrumentation Lab were constructed.

The center houses a Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), which attained its first criticality in October 1985.[2]

A few years later, in 1994, SQUID, ASIC and Diamond Anvil Cells were developed. In the same year, High-Power Physics and Engineering Experiments were undertaken in the FBTR.

In 1996, KAMINI reactor reached criticality. State-of-the-art Neutronic Channels were commissioned for FBTR in 1999.

A Boron-Enrichment Plant was commissioned in April 2001.

A BARC Training School[2] was started in 2006. In 2009, FBTR was operated at a maximum power level of 18.6 MWt with 55 sub-assemblies for 1732 hours.

List of directors

[edit]
Baldev Raj delivering the National Science Day Lecture, in New Delhi on February 28, 2012
  • Shri Narayanan Srinivasan

Director (1979 to 1985)

  • Prof. Chokkanathapuram Venkataraman Sundaram

Director (1985 to 1990)

  • Shri Shrikant Ramakrishna Paranjpe

Director (1990 to November 1992)

  • Dr. Placid Rodriguez

Director (December 1992 to October 2000)

  • Shri Shivram Baburao Bhoje

Director (November 2000 to April 2004)

  • Dr. Baldev Raj

Director (November 2004 to April 2011)

  • Shri Subhash Chander Chetal

Director (May 2011 to Jan 2013)

  • Dr. Polur Ranga Rao Vasudeva Rao

Director (Feb 2013 to August 2015)

  • Dr. Srinivasula Ananta Venkata Satya Murty

Director (September 2015 to June 2016)

  • Dr. Arun Kumar Bhaduri

Director (July 2016 to September 2021)

  • Dr. B Venkatraman

Director (October 2021 till date)

Commercial reactors

[edit]
Main article: Madras Atomic Power Station

The facility houses two PHWRs that generate 220MWe each that operate for commercial purposes. These are managed independently by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India.[4]

Research reactors

[edit]

There are three research reactors at IGCAR.

In addition, the Research Facility also built the 100MWe reactor for India's first nuclear submarine the Arihant class submarine project and operated it on land for testing purposes since it attained criticality in December 2004.[6] The submarine launched on 26 July 2009 has this reactor.[7]

Reprocessing plant

[edit]

The Kalpakkam Atomic Reprocessing Plant [KARP] facility has been estimated to have a capacity to reprocess 100 tonnes of spent fuel plutonium per annum. It incorporates a number of innovative features such as hybrid maintenance concept in hot cells using servo-manipulators and engineered provisions for extending the life of the plant. This plant will cater to the needs of reprocessing fuels from MAPS as well as FBTR. It has mastered the technology of reprocessing highly irradiated mixed carbide fuel for the first time in the world. [4]

Fast reactor fuel reprocessing at IGCAR

[edit]

Reprocessing Development Laboratory was designed in early seventies and the commissioning of inactive facilities was carried out in 1976. The plutonium handling facilities were cleared for operation in 1980. The reprocessing of irradiated thorium rods which was carried out during the period 1989 to 1992 in the concrete shielded cells, was the first major radioactive operation. The U-233 recovered during the operation was used in fabricating the fuel for the KAlpakkam MINI reactor (KAMINI). U-233 was also useful for the fuel development programme for carrying out the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor test fuel irradiation experiments in Fast Breeder Test Reactor. Apart from this, the operation aided in validating the equipment and design of system as well as the manpower training. Later a hot cell facility for reprocessing of Fast Breeder Test Reactor fuel was conceived which had the necessary features for delivering the product with all the uncertainties in the dissolution of irradiated fuel and process flowsheet. Added to this was the need for the deployment of the yet to be proven designs of centrifuge and centrifugal extractors without which the success of the PUREX process for fast reactor fuel reprocessing would be doubtful. With these minimal inputs, the hot cell facility, Lead Mini Cell (LMC) was created, which was later rechristened as CORAL (COmpact Reprocessing facility for Advanced fuels in Lead cells). Based on the dissolution experiments carried out on unirradiated single pellets and systematic studies related to the third phase formation, the flow sheet, prepared earlier for the oxide fuel was modified.[8]

Activities

[edit]

Chemistry Group: Presently there are 4 subdivisions: Fuel Chemistry Division (FChD), Materials Chemistry Division (MCD), and Chemical Facilities Division (CFD). Facilities include Far-IR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, Fluorimeter RF-5000, Impedance Spectrometer and Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Alpha Spectrometer, Liquid Scintillation Counter, High Purity Germanium Detector, Neutron Counter ED-XRF, HPLC, SFC, Ion Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, etc. Among various achievements of the Group, Radioisotope production[9][10] for medicinal importance is the ongoing important projects and has societal impact.

Electronics, Instrumentation and Radiological Safety Group:

Electronics, Instrumentation and Radiological Safety Group consists of Instrumentation & Control Group and Radiological Safety & Environmental Group, Computer Division and Security Electronics Section.

Major activities of this group include:

  • Development of Full Scope, Replica type PFBR Operator Training Simulator, providing & management of Computing & Data Communication Facilities
  • Design & Development of Electronic Instrumentation & Control systems for Nuclear Reactors.
  • Design & Development of Innovative Instruments at low cost.
  • Carryout Research and Services in Radiological Safety, Quality Assurance and Environmental Safety

Engineering Services Group: Includes Central Workshop, Electrical Services and Civil Engineering Section.

Fast Reactor Technology Group: Some activities include

  • Operation of Large Component Test Rig for sodium testing of critical PFBR components such as Transfer Arm, Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine, Failed Fuel Location Modules and Absorber Rod Drive Mechanisms (ARDMs).
  • Testing of 5.5MWt 19 tube model PFBR Steam Generator (SG) in Steam generator test Facility to optimise the design of Steam Generator for FBRs
  • Sodium water reaction studies in SOWART rig to assess the damage on SG materials on sodium water reaction, performance evaluation PFBR of sodium leak detectors in LEENA facility, Simulation of thermal transients and evaluation of its effects on critical reactor components in Thermal Shock Test Facility
  • Experiments in SADHANA facility simulating passive decay heat removal of PFBR SGDHR system.
  • Development and testing of fast reactor components in air, water and sodium
  • Carrying out experiments in water for design qualification and validation of thermal hydraulics codes
  • Hydraulic testing of Subassembly and Core components for FBR.
  • Vibration and noise analysis of fast reactor components
  • Design, development and Analysis of various types of Electromagnetic devices used in FBR's
  • Development of High Flux Rod heaters and high watt density immersion heaters for liquid sodium heating
  • Testing of FFLM and core flow monitoring mechanisms
  • Design and development of Integrated Cold Trap and Integrated Plugging Indicator for future FBR's
  • Development and fabrication of sodium sensors for level, flow and leak detection
  • Development of Under Sodium Ultra Sonic scanner for under sodium viewing in FBR's
  • Process development of boron and separation technologies
  • Setting up of Ambient Temperature Electro Refiner (ATER) facility
  • Flow induced vibration testing of 7 Subassembly cluster

Metallurgy and Materials Group: This group works consists of the

Materials Science Group: This group consists of

  • Material Physics Division
  • Surface and Nano-Science Division
  • Condensed Matter Physics Division
  • SQUID MEG Project

Nuclear & Safety Engineering Group: The objectives of the N&SEG are

  • To study the Radiological and Engineering Safety in Fast Breeder Reactor Systems and related Fuel Cycle Facilities
  • Radiological Monitoring and Health Physics Programme in different Radioactive Facilities at IGCAR
  • To carry out Industrial Safety Surveillance in all the facilities of the Centre
  • To study the Environmental Aspects

Reactor Engineering Group

Reactor Operation & Maintenance Group: The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), the flagship of this centre and Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI) come under this group. Reactor Operation and Maintenance Group consists of Reactor Operation Division (ROD), Reactor Maintenance Division (RMD), Technical Services Division (TSD) and Training & Human Resources Development Division (THRDD). Quality Assurance and Industrial Safety Section (QA&IS) and Liaison Cell are also coming under this group. Operation and maintenance of both FBTR & KAMINI reactors, planning and conducting irradiation programmes, reactor physics tests and engineering tests, manpower planning & training for FBTR and PFBR (BHAVINI), maintenance of chemical parameters of the coolants, periodic safety revaluation are carried out by ROMG.

Reprocessing Group: It is pursuing research and development of equipment and processes. It is also running a pilot plant for FBTR Fuel processing, constructing demo plant for FBTR and PFBR fuel reprocessing and designing the PFBR reprocessing plant.

Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle Facility

Strategic & Human Resources Planning Section

Staff

[edit]

The centre has a staff strength of 2514 including 1243 Engineers and Scientists.

Budget

[edit]

The annual outlay of the centre is around 8450 Million INR towards its Research & Development activities and plan.

Collaborations

[edit]

The interaction with IIT-M started in 1995 through two collaborative projects, which were initiated with late Dr. R.S. Alwar, eminent professor in Applied Mechanics. The first project was on simulation of thermal shock on the control plug mockup and the second was on simulation of thermal striping in the core structure. An MoU was established on 19 July 1997 for the formation of ‘IGCAR- IITM Cell’ with Prof. R. Natarajan (then Director, IIT-M) as chairman and late Dr. Placid Rodriguez as co-chairman. Prof. K.V.S. Rama Rao was Dean, ICSR during that period. In the first cell meeting held on 26 February 1997, seven projects were identified. Based on the decisions taken in the meeting, four projects with a funding to the tune of eighty eight lakhs were sanctioned. In the past thirteen years, twenty five meetings of the IGCAR-IITM cell have been conducted. Already twenty nine projects have been completed with the funds to the tune of 40.5 million and fifteen projects are in progress with a funding of 34 million. [11]

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, has entered into a collaboration with the IIT Kharagpur to carry out research related to the design and development of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs). A dedicated IGCAR-IITKGP R&D cell has been set up in the premises of IIT Kharagpur under the Advanced Technology Development Centre's Structural Reliability Research Facility of IIT KGP.[12]

Training school

[edit]

IGCAR has a BARC Training School where young science post graduates and engineering graduates are trained in multiple disciplines for a period of one year.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "About IGCAR". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e "IGC newsletter" (PDF). October 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
  3. ^ "A mission at Kalpakkam: Frontline article".
  4. ^ a b John Pike. "Kalpakkam Reprocessing Plant – India Special Weapons Facilities". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  5. ^ "Kalpakkam PFBR to be completed ahead of schedule". Hinduonnet.com. 7 September 2005. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ^ "ATV project: India crosses major milestone". The Hindu. 25 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 November 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  7. ^ Rajat Pandit, TNN (17 July 2009). "India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  8. ^ "October 2011 – Volume 90" (PDF). igcar.ernet.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  9. ^ Saha, Debasish; Vadivu, E. Senthil; Kumar, R.; Subramani, C. R. Venkata (2013). "Separation of bulk Y from 89Y(n,p) produced 89Sr by extraction chromatography using TBP coated XAD-4 resin". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 298 (2): 1309–1314. doi:10.1007/s10967-013-2514-y. S2CID 96062404.
  10. ^ Saha, Debasish; Vithya, J.; Kumar, G. V. S. Ashok; Swaminathan, K.; Kumar, R.; Subramani, C. R. Venkata; Rao, P. R. Vasudeva (2013). "Feasibility studies for production of 89Sr in the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)". Radiochim. Acta. 101 (10): 667–673. doi:10.1524/ract.2013.2055. S2CID 136100483.
  11. ^ "April 2010 – Volume 84" (PDF). igcar.ernet.in. Retrieved 19 September 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ Basu, Somdatta (25 January 2019). "IGCAR-IIT KGP collaboration to support India's indigenous nuclear programme". The Times of India. Kolkata. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
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