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Coordinates: 23°41′20″N 84°14′56″E / 23.68889°N 84.24889°E / 23.68889; 84.24889
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| photo =
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| photo_caption =
| map = India Jharkhand
| map = India Jharkhand#India
| map_width = 225
| map_width = 225
| label = Palamau Tiger Reserve
| label = Palamu Tiger Reserve
| label_position = right
| label_position = right
| location = [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| location = [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Daltonganj]]
| nearest_city = [[Latehar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23|41|20|N|84|14|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|23|41|20|N|84|14|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = 1129.93&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><ref name ='hindu'>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article864841.ece |title=Just six tigers left in Palamau Tiger Reserve |date=November 2, 2010 |accessdate=November 2, 2010 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107023011/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article864841.ece|archivedate=7 November 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>
| area = 1129.93&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><ref name ='hindu'>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article864841.ece |title=Just six tigers left in Palamu Tiger Reserve |date=November 2, 2010 |accessdate=November 2, 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107023011/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article864841.ece|archivedate=7 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
| established = November, 1973
| established = November, 1973
| visitation_num =
| visitation_num =
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}}
}}


The '''Palamau Tiger Reserve''' is one of the nine original tiger reserves in India<ref name="tribal situation">{{Cite book|author1=Prasad, R. R. |author2=Jahagirdar, M. P. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1993|title=Tribal Situation in Forest Villages: Changing subsistence strategies and adaptation|publisher=Discovery Publishing House |location=New Delhi, India|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p2xhzj7YWLcC&pg=PA47 47]|isbn=978-81-7141-234-1}}</ref> and the only one in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. It forms part of [[Betla National Park]] and Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary.
The '''Palamau Tiger Reserve''' is one of the nine original [[tiger reserve]]s in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]<ref name="tribal situation">{{Cite book|author1=Prasad, R. R. |author2=Jahagirdar, M. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993|title=Tribal Situation in Forest Villages: Changing subsistence strategies and adaptation|publisher=Discovery Publishing House |location=New Delhi, India|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p2xhzj7YWLcC&pg=PA47 47]|isbn=978-81-7141-234-1}}</ref> and the only one in this state. It forms part of [[Betla National Park]] and Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary.
As of 2022, the reserve is reported to be largely under [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency|Naxal control]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maoist-movement-in-core-area-of-kanha-tiger-reserve-security-posts-to-be-set-up-101653576154009.html | title=Maoist movement in core area of Kanha tiger reserve; security posts to be set up | date=26 May 2022 }}</ref>


== Formation ==
== Formation ==
The area in [[Latehar District]] in Jharkhand was set aside as protected in 1974 under the Indian Forests Act. Before the formation of the reserve, the area was used for cattle grazing and camping; it was acutely prone to forest fire.<ref name="tribal situation"/> In 1974, the area was set up as the Palamau Tiger Reserve.
The area in [[Latehar District]] in Jharkhand was set aside as protected in 1974 under the Indian Forests Act. Before the formation of the reserve, the area was used for cattle grazing and camping; it was acutely prone to forest fire.<ref name="tribal situation"/> In 1973, the area was set up as the Palamu Tiger Reserve.


== Area ==
== Area ==
The tiger reserve has a total area of {{Convert|1129.93|sqkm|sqmi|0}} with a core area of 414.93&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a buffer area of 650&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name='hindu' /><ref name="TF-PTR">{{Cite news|title=Tiger Foundation for Palamu reserve in the offing|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=25 July 2012|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-25/ranchi/32847839_1_anil-k-mishra-palamu-tiger-reserve-tiger-foundation|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AyGWWFk8|archivedate=26 September 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref>
The tiger reserve has a total area of {{Convert|1129.93|sqkm|sqmi|0}} with a core area of 414.93&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a buffer area of 650&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name='hindu' /><ref name="TF-PTR">{{Cite news|title=Tiger Foundation for Palamu reserve in the offing|date=25 July 2012|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-25/ranchi/32847839_1_anil-k-mishra-palamu-tiger-reserve-tiger-foundation|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130126050642/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-25/ranchi/32847839_1_anil-k-mishra-palamu-tiger-reserve-tiger-foundation|archivedate=26 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Ramandag, Latoo and Kujurum forest villages are in the core area. Most of the villages are small; one village, Meral, consisted in 1993 of just {{convert|99|acre|m2}} of land, 9 families and 78 people.<ref name="tribal situation"/> In 1993 there were 45 villages in the buffer area and about 60 more in the periphery of the reserve.
Ramandag, Latoo and Kujurum forest villages are in the core area. Most of the villages are small; one village, Meral, consisted in 1993 of just {{convert|99|acre|m2}} of land, 9 families and 78 people.<ref name="tribal situation"/> In 1993 there were 45 villages in the buffer area and about 60 more in the periphery of the reserve.


{{As of|2012}}, that number had grown to 136 villages that fall under the "buffer area" regulations of the Palamau Tiger Reserve.<ref name="TF-PTR" /> Only seven of the villages were in existence in 1923.<ref name="tribal situation"/> The villagers have no legal claim to lands that were settled after 1974 when the buffer area for the reserve was created.<ref name="TF-PTR" />
{{As of|2012}}, that number had grown to 136 villages that fall under the "[[Buffer zone|buffer area]]" regulations of the Palamu Tiger Reserve.<ref name="TF-PTR" /> Only seven of the villages were in existence in 1923.<ref name="tribal situation"/> The villagers have no legal claim to lands that were settled after 1973 when the buffer area for the reserve was created.<ref name="TF-PTR" />


== Wildlife ==
== Wildlife ==
The [[tiger]] population is extremely scarce and counting them has become particularly difficult due to [[Naxalite]] activities that have increased since 1990. {{As of|2012}}, the count, using DNA to prevent over-counting, is one male and five female tigers.<ref name="One male">{{Cite news|title=Palamu Tiger Reserve's lone male tiger counting its days|newspaper=Times of India|date=24 July 2012|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/ranchi/32827288_1_palamu-tiger-reserve-ptr-officials-prey-base|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AyHuuuH8|archivedate=26 September 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="No plan">{{Cite news|title=PTR may lose central funds|newspaper=Times of India|author=Mishra, Alok K. N.|date=15 September 2012|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/ranchi/33862315_1_ptr-palamu-tiger-reserve-tiger-conservation |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AyH3lzfJ|archivedate=26 September 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref>
The [[tiger]] population is extremely scarce and counting them has become particularly difficult due to [[Naxalite]] activities that have increased since 1990. {{As of|2012}}, the count, using [[DNA]] to prevent over-counting, is one male and five female tigers.<ref name="One male">{{Cite news|title=Palamu Tiger Reserve's lone male tiger counting its days|date=24 July 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Palamu-Tiger-Reserves-lone-male-tiger-counting-its-days/articleshow/15115486.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520082032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/ranchi/32827288_1_palamu-tiger-reserve-ptr-officials-prey-base|archive-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="No plan">{{Cite news|title=PTR may lose central funds|author=Mishra, Alok K. N.|date=15 September 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/PTR-may-lose-central-funds/articleshow/16403061.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518133649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/ranchi/33862315_1_ptr-palamu-tiger-reserve-tiger-conservation|archive-date=18 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>


The initial count in 1974 when the tiger reserve was created was 50 tigers,<ref name="No plan" /> but some claim that this was an over-count without adequate controls.<ref name='hindu' /> By 2005 the number of tigers was down to 38.<ref name="No plan" /> The census in 2007 found only 17 tigers.<ref name="No plan" /> The 2009 tiger census based on DNA analysis indicated that there were just six tigers in the reserve. The forest department claimed that, since the core area was almost inaccessible due to difficult terrain and the Naxalite presence, the census may not have found all the tigers.<ref name='hindu' /> No new tigers have been found in the years since<ref name="No plan" /> and decreased game and hunting opportunities suggest that these are the only six.<ref name="One male" />
The initial count in 1973 when the tiger reserve was created was 50 tigers,<ref name="No plan" /> but some claim that this was an over-count without adequate controls.<ref name='hindu' /> By 2005 the number of tigers was down to 38.<ref name="No plan" /> The census in 2007 found only 17 tigers.<ref name="No plan" /> The 2009 tiger census based on DNA analysis indicated that there were just six tigers in the reserve. The forest department claimed that, since the core area was almost inaccessible due to difficult terrain and the Naxalite presence, the census may not have found all the tigers.<ref name='hindu' /> No new tigers have found till 2012<ref name="No plan" /> and decreased game and hunting opportunities suggest that these are the only six.<ref name="One male" /> In 2017, a tiger was spotted by tourist.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tiger spotted at Betla National Park after 2 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/tiger-spotted-at-betla-national-park-after-2-yrs/articleshow/57299806.cms|website=Timesofindia|date=23 February 2017|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> In 2018, All India Tiger count recorded no tiger in reserve.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Survey indicates tiger presence in Palamau Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/survey-indicates-tiger-presence-in-palamau-tiger-reserve-in-jharkhand-1577785-2019-08-06|website=India Today|date=6 August 2019|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> In 2021, a tiger was spotted in camera trap and footprints of tigress was found.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tiger Spotted In Jharkhand's Palamu Reserve, The First Time Since Early 2020|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/tiger-spotted-in-jharkhand-palamu-reserve-the-first-time-since-early-2020-553844.html|website=Indiatimes|date=12 November 2021|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tigress Creates Panic In Villages Near Jharkhand’s Palamu Forest|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tigress-creates-panic-in-villages-near-jharkhands-palamu-forest-3941258.html|website=News18|date=8 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>


As of 1989, 65 [[elephant]]s were believed to reside in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Asian Elephant: ecology and management|author=Sukumar, R.|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=95MoRwdQlcYC&pg=PA15 15]|isbn=978-0-521-36080-7}}</ref>
As of 1989, 65 [[elephant]]s were believed to reside in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Asian Elephant: ecology and management|author=Sukumar, R.|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=95MoRwdQlcYC&pg=PA15 15]|isbn=978-0-521-36080-7}}</ref>


Apart from [[tiger]]s and [[elephant]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[gaur]]s, [[sambar (deer)|sambar]]s and [[Free-ranging dog|wild dogs]] live in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palamau Tiger Reserve|url=http://jharkhand.gov.in/depts/fores/PalaWeb/english.htm|publisher=Jharkhand Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202030751/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/depts/fores/PalaWeb/english.htm|archivedate=2 February 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref> (For a more exhaustive list see article about [[Betla National Park]].) Though the [[North Koel River]] runs through the reserve, the animals depend on man-made holes for water, making them easily accessible to humans.<ref name='Land of the people'>{{Cite book|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=weK7KuCvNiQC&pg=PA216 216]|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories in 36 volumes, volume 12 Jharkhand |author1=Bhatt, Shankarlal C. |author2=Bhargava, Gopal K. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2006 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House (Kalpaz Publications)|location=Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-7835-368-5}}</ref>
Apart from [[tiger]]s and [[elephant]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[gaur]]s, [[sambar (deer)|sambar]]s and [[Free-ranging dog|wild dogs]] live in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palamu Tiger Reserve|url=http://jharkhand.gov.in/depts/fores/PalaWeb/english.htm|publisher=Jharkhand Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202030751/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/depts/fores/PalaWeb/english.htm|archivedate=2 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Over 140 species of birds (including [[peafowl]]) have been sighted in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite book|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fQB3Fkc3Tl4C&pg=PA122 122]|title=Encyclopaedia of India|author=Bansal, Sunita Pant|year=2005|location=New Delhi, India|publisher=Smriti Books|isbn=978-81-87967-71-2}}</ref>
Over 140 species of birds (including [[peafowl]]) have been sighted in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite book|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fQB3Fkc3Tl4C&pg=PA122 122]|title=Encyclopaedia of India|author=Bansal, Sunita Pant|year=2005|location=New Delhi, India|publisher=Smriti Books|isbn=978-81-87967-71-2}}</ref>


Two white vultures were spotted by the officials of Palamau Tiger Reserve in Chainpur in 2013.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Rare-vultures-sighted-in-Palamu-after-a-decade/articleshow/26486725.cms Rare vultures sighted in Palamu after a decade], The Times of India</ref> They were seen on the sand bed of River North Koel, said sources. This is the first time in 10 years that a vulture has been sighted in Palamau.
Two white vultures were spotted by the officials of Palamu Tiger Reserve in Chainpur in 2013.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Rare-vultures-sighted-in-Palamu-after-a-decade/articleshow/26486725.cms Rare vultures sighted in Palamu after a decade], The Times of India</ref> They were seen on the sand bed of River North Koel, said sources. This is the first time in 10 years that a [[Indian vulture|vulture]] has been sighted in Palamu.


==Issues==
==Issues==
*Increased pressure from human activities, including illegal settlement and poaching, has reduced the number of tigers and the ability of the reserve to support more tigers.<ref name="TF-PTR" /><ref name="One male" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sniffer dogs to check sale of deer meat in Palamu Tiger Reserve|newspaper=Times of India|date=5 September 2012|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-05/ranchi/33614407_1_deer-meat-sniffer-dogs-palamu-tiger-reserve|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AyN0UHZK|archivedate=26 September 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref>
*Increased pressure from human activities, including illegal settlement and poaching, has reduced the number of tigers and the ability of the reserve to support more tigers.<ref name="TF-PTR" /><ref name="One male" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sniffer dogs to check sale of deer meat in Palamu Tiger Reserve|date=5 September 2012|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-05/ranchi/33614407_1_deer-meat-sniffer-dogs-palamu-tiger-reserve|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130126101819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-05/ranchi/33614407_1_deer-meat-sniffer-dogs-palamu-tiger-reserve|archivedate=26 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Funding has been a continuing problem.<ref name="TF-PTR" /> Since there is not an adequate management plan for the reserve, it continues to be so.<ref name="No plan" />
*Funding has been a continuing problem.<ref name="TF-PTR" /> Since there is not an adequate management plan for the reserve, it continues to be so.<ref name="No plan" />
*Staff shortage is big problem. Monitoring, protection and conservation work is not applied in all region of this reserve.
*Staff shortage is big problem. Monitoring, protection and conservation work is not applied in all region of this reserve.
*Naxalites existence along with difficult terrain makes proper surveillance and implementation of conservation measures tough.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Palamu district]]
*[[Palamu district]]
*[[Latehar district]]
*[[Palamu Fort]]
*[[Palamu Fort]]
*[[Betla National Park]]


==References==
==References==
Line 58: Line 58:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://projecttiger.nic.in/palamau.htm Project Tiger homepage for Palamau Tiger Reserve]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100207155503/http://projecttiger.nic.in/palamau.htm Project Tiger homepage for Palamu Tiger Reserve]


{{Palamu Division topics}}
{{Palamu Division topics}}
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Bihar]]

Latest revision as of 19:55, 15 October 2024

Palamau Tiger Reserve
Map showing the location of Palamau Tiger Reserve
Map showing the location of Palamau Tiger Reserve
Palamu Tiger Reserve
Map showing the location of Palamau Tiger Reserve
Map showing the location of Palamau Tiger Reserve
Palamu Tiger Reserve
LocationJharkhand, India
Nearest cityLatehar
Coordinates23°41′20″N 84°14′56″E / 23.68889°N 84.24889°E / 23.68889; 84.24889
Area1129.93 km2[1]
EstablishedNovember, 1973

The Palamau Tiger Reserve is one of the nine original tiger reserves in Jharkhand, India[2] and the only one in this state. It forms part of Betla National Park and Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary. As of 2022, the reserve is reported to be largely under Naxal control.[3]

Formation

[edit]

The area in Latehar District in Jharkhand was set aside as protected in 1974 under the Indian Forests Act. Before the formation of the reserve, the area was used for cattle grazing and camping; it was acutely prone to forest fire.[2] In 1973, the area was set up as the Palamu Tiger Reserve.

Area

[edit]

The tiger reserve has a total area of 1,129.93 square kilometres (436 sq mi) with a core area of 414.93 km2 and a buffer area of 650 km2.[1][4]

Ramandag, Latoo and Kujurum forest villages are in the core area. Most of the villages are small; one village, Meral, consisted in 1993 of just 99 acres (400,000 m2) of land, 9 families and 78 people.[2] In 1993 there were 45 villages in the buffer area and about 60 more in the periphery of the reserve.

As of 2012, that number had grown to 136 villages that fall under the "buffer area" regulations of the Palamu Tiger Reserve.[4] Only seven of the villages were in existence in 1923.[2] The villagers have no legal claim to lands that were settled after 1973 when the buffer area for the reserve was created.[4]

Wildlife

[edit]

The tiger population is extremely scarce and counting them has become particularly difficult due to Naxalite activities that have increased since 1990. As of 2012, the count, using DNA to prevent over-counting, is one male and five female tigers.[5][6]

The initial count in 1973 when the tiger reserve was created was 50 tigers,[6] but some claim that this was an over-count without adequate controls.[1] By 2005 the number of tigers was down to 38.[6] The census in 2007 found only 17 tigers.[6] The 2009 tiger census based on DNA analysis indicated that there were just six tigers in the reserve. The forest department claimed that, since the core area was almost inaccessible due to difficult terrain and the Naxalite presence, the census may not have found all the tigers.[1] No new tigers have found till 2012[6] and decreased game and hunting opportunities suggest that these are the only six.[5] In 2017, a tiger was spotted by tourist.[7] In 2018, All India Tiger count recorded no tiger in reserve.[8] In 2021, a tiger was spotted in camera trap and footprints of tigress was found.[9][10]

As of 1989, 65 elephants were believed to reside in the reserve.[11]

Apart from tigers and elephants, leopards, gaurs, sambars and wild dogs live in the reserve.[12]

Over 140 species of birds (including peafowl) have been sighted in the reserve.[13]

Two white vultures were spotted by the officials of Palamu Tiger Reserve in Chainpur in 2013.[14] They were seen on the sand bed of River North Koel, said sources. This is the first time in 10 years that a vulture has been sighted in Palamu.

Issues

[edit]
  • Increased pressure from human activities, including illegal settlement and poaching, has reduced the number of tigers and the ability of the reserve to support more tigers.[4][5][15]
  • Funding has been a continuing problem.[4] Since there is not an adequate management plan for the reserve, it continues to be so.[6]
  • Staff shortage is big problem. Monitoring, protection and conservation work is not applied in all region of this reserve.
  • Naxalites existence along with difficult terrain makes proper surveillance and implementation of conservation measures tough.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Just six tigers left in Palamu Tiger Reserve". The Hindu. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d Prasad, R. R. & Jahagirdar, M. P. (1993). Tribal Situation in Forest Villages: Changing subsistence strategies and adaptation. New Delhi, India: Discovery Publishing House. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-7141-234-1.
  3. ^ "Maoist movement in core area of Kanha tiger reserve; security posts to be set up". 26 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Tiger Foundation for Palamu reserve in the offing". The Times of India. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.
  5. ^ a b c "Palamu Tiger Reserve's lone male tiger counting its days". The Times of India. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Mishra, Alok K. N. (15 September 2012). "PTR may lose central funds". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014.
  7. ^ "Tiger spotted at Betla National Park after 2 years". Timesofindia. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  8. ^ "Survey indicates tiger presence in Palamau Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand". India Today. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  9. ^ "Tiger Spotted In Jharkhand's Palamu Reserve, The First Time Since Early 2020". Indiatimes. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Tigress Creates Panic In Villages Near Jharkhand's Palamu Forest". News18. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  11. ^ Sukumar, R. (1989). The Asian Elephant: ecology and management. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-36080-7.
  12. ^ "Palamu Tiger Reserve". Jharkhand Government. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009.
  13. ^ Bansal, Sunita Pant (2005). Encyclopaedia of India. New Delhi, India: Smriti Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-81-87967-71-2.
  14. ^ Rare vultures sighted in Palamu after a decade, The Times of India
  15. ^ "Sniffer dogs to check sale of deer meat in Palamu Tiger Reserve". The Times of India. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.
[edit]
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