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{{short description|Fort in New Delhi}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Siri Fort''', in the city of [[New Delhi]], was built during the rule of [[Alauddin Khalji]], second ruler of [[Khalji Dynasty]], of [[Delhi Sultanate]] to defend the city from the onslaught of the [[Mongols]]. It was the second of the seven cities of medieval Delhi built around 1303 (stated to be the first entirely constructed by [[Turkic peoples|Turks]]), which at present is seen only in ruins with a few remnants due to its poor quality construction as compared to previous fort constructions in India (pictured).<ref name="Arch">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vT0KAQAAIAAJ|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|last=Sharma|first=Y.D.|work=Siri Fort & A- Siri|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=2001|location=New Delhi|pages=22, 83–84|access-date=2009-04-24}}</ref><ref name="athens">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/athens/papers/wsa3/WSA3_5_Mohan.pdf|title=Historical Information System for Surveying Monuments and Spatial Data Modeling for Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Delhi|pages=5/16 & 5/17|access-date=2009-05-15|author=Madan Mohan}}</ref>{{Infobox military installation
|name = Siri Fort
|name = Siri Fort
|partof = [[South Delhi]]
|partof = [[South Delhi]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|image = [[Image:Siri Fort wall at Panchsheel Park.jpg|300px]]
|image = Siri Fort wall at Panchsheel Park.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption = Southern Gate Ruins of the Siri Fort near Panchsheel Park
|caption = Southern Gate Ruins of the Siri Fort near Panchsheel Park
|country = [[India]]
|map_type = India
|map_type = India
|latitude = 28.325828
|longitude = 77.132405
|map_size = 200
|map_size = 200
|map_caption =
|map_caption =
|type = [[Afghanistan|Afghan]]-[[Saljuq]]-styled [[Fort]]
|type = [[Afghanistan|Afghan]]-[[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk]]-styled [[Fort]]
|coordinates =
|coordinates = {{coord|28.5524|77.2235|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|code =
|code =
|built = c. 1303
|built = September 1303
|builder = [[Khilji Dynasty]]
|builder = [[Khalji Dynasty]]
|materials = Stone
|materials = Stone and Bricks
|height =
|height =
|used =
|used =
|demolished =1540 - 1545
|demolished =1540–1545
|condition = Ruin
|condition = Ruin
|ownership =
|ownership =
Line 32: Line 35:
|caption2 = Siri Fort [[defensive wall|wall]] and Tohfe Wala Gumbad dome near the village of Shahpur Jat.
|caption2 = Siri Fort [[defensive wall|wall]] and Tohfe Wala Gumbad dome near the village of Shahpur Jat.
}}
}}
Near the Siri Fort ruins modern auditoriums, the [[Asian Games]] Village Complex and residential and commercial establishments fill the modern landscape between the Khel Gaon Marg and the Aurobindo Marg in the heart of [[South Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web
'''Siri Fort''', in the city of [[New Delhi]], was built during the rule of [[Alauddin Khilji|Ala-ud-Din Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] to defend the city from the onslaught of the Mongols.<ref name=speak>{{cite book
|last=Aitken
|first=Bill
|title=Speaking Stones: World Cultural Heritage Sites in India
|origyear=2002
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lu5jGGQ8fJkC&pg=PA21&dq=delhi+continuously+inhabited&sig=ACfU3U1Z52ojRmD1-ZS2QeQlb8UlGZeBhA
|accessdate=2009-05-25
|work=The other Delhis
|page=23
|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited
|isbn=8187780002
|pages=264 pages
|chapter=
|chapterurl=
|year=2001
|quote= ''Century passed before the first complete Muslim City of Delhi was built by Allauddin Khilji (AD 1296-1316). Having repelled Mongol riders, Allauddin walled his camp just north of Qila Rai Pithora and peopled it. Local legend in fact, traces the name of Siri to the 8000 heads – the Hindustani word for head is “Sir” – of defeated Mongols that were supposed to be embedded in the city walls.''}}</ref><ref name =lalkot>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.tabor.me.uk/Places/SevenCities/Lalkot.pdf
|format=pdf|title=Lal Kot and Siri
|accessdate=2009-05-07
|last = Hedger-Gourlay
|first = Fiona
coauthors = Lindy Ingham, Jo Newton, Emma Tabor and Jill Worrell
|date= 2006-09-13}}</ref><ref name=fact>{{Cite web
|url= http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/siri-fort.html
|title= Siri Fort - The Fort of Ala-Ud-Din Khilji
|accessdate=2009-05-10}}</ref>
It was the second of the seven cities of medieval Delhi built around 1303 (stated to be the first entirely constructed by [[Muslims]]), which at present is seen only in ruins with a few remnants (pictured)<ref name=Arch>{{Cite book
|title= Delhi and its Neighbourhood
|pages=161
|last = Sharma
|first = Y.D.
|work= Siri Fort & A- Siri
|pages= 22, 83-84
|accessdate=2009-04-24
|publisher=Archeological Survey of India
|location=New Delhi
|year=2001
|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780}}</ref><ref name=athens>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/wsa3/WSA3_5_Mohan.pdf
|format=pdf
|title=Historical Information System for Surveying Monuments and Spatial Data Modeling for Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Delhi
|accessdate=2009-05-15
|pages=5/16 & 5/17
|author=Madan Mohan}}</ref>

In the back drop of the Siri Fort ruins, modern auditoriums, Asiad Games Village Complex and residential and commercial establishments have been created now between the Khel Gaon Marg and the Auro Bindo Marg in the heart of [[South Delhi]].<ref name =sport>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,319797/684/record.html
|title= Siri Fort Sports Complex
|accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.gamesmonitor.org.uk/node/488.
|url=http://www.gamesmonitor.org.uk/node/488.
|title= Delhi’s Date with the Common Wealth Games 2010
|title= Delhi's Date with the Common Wealth Games 2010
|accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|access-date=2009-05-11}}</ref>
|url=http://www.asklaila.com/listing/Delhi-NCR/Shahpur+Jat/Siri+Fort/Xy7xTg2N/.
|title=Siri Fort
|acccessdate=2009-05-09}}</ref>


==History==
== History ==
[[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin]] is the best known of the [[Khalji dynasty]] because he extended his dominion to [[Southern India]] and established the second city of Delhi, Siri.<ref name = Mohan/> He created Siri between 1297 and 1307 to defend against [[Mongol]] invasions of India and Delhi. In response, he built Siri Fort, mimicked massive Turkish ones. The Fort served as the seat of his power during his campaigns to enlarge his territory. Due to frequent Mongol invasions of [[West Asia]], the Seljuqs took [[right to asylum|asylum]] in Delhi. The craftsmen of [[Seljuq dynasty]] are credited with this era's architectural monuments in Delhi.<ref name=fact /><ref name =gajra>{{Cite book|author= S. Gajrani|title= History, Religion and Culture of India|date= February 2004|page =44|publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn= 9788182050594|access-date=2009-05-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5J6bO8qQ7YC&dq=History+of+Siri+Fort&pg=PA60}}</ref>


In 1303, Targhi, a [[Mongol]] general, [[Mongol invasion of India, 1303|besieged the Siri fort]] when Alauddin retreated during the [[Mongols|Mongol]] expedition into India. Targhi could not penetrate the fortifications of the Siri Fort and he finally retreated to his Kingdom in [[Central Asia]]. Subsequently, Alauddin's forces defeated Mongols decisively at [[Battle of Amroha|Amroha]] (1306).
Among the six rulers of [[Khalji dynasty]], Allauddin is best known because he extended his dominion to [[Southern India]] and then created the second city of Delhi, Siri. He created Siri between 1297 and 1307 to defend against [[Mongol]] invasions of India and Delhi. He created a massive fortification by building the Siri Fort mimiking the crafty Turkish fortifications. The Fort served as the seat of his administration during all his campaigns to enlarge his territory. Due to frequent Mongol invasions of [[West Asia]] [[Saljuq]]s had also taken [[asylum]] in Delhi. The craftsmen of [[Seljuq dynasty]] are credited with this era's architectural monuments in Delhi. <ref name=fact/><ref name =gajra>{{Cite book|author= S. Gajrani|title= History, Religion and Culture of India|page =44|accessdate=2009-05-09|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=E5J6bO8qQ7YC&pg=PA60&dq=History+of+Siri+Fort&lr=&ei=AOoESparGofmkATSh_UG#PPA44,M1}}</ref>


Siri, which is now a part of New Delhi, was later linked to the fortifications of [[Jahanpanah]]. Siri was then also known as "Darul Khilafat" or ‘’Seat of Califate’’<ref name=seat>{{Cite book|author=Anon|title= Dictionary of Islamic architecture : Delhi, the capital of India|access-date=2009-05-19|work= Siri Jahapanah|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&dq=Jahanpanah&pg=PA62|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year=1997|isbn=9788120612822}}</ref> In 1398 AD, [[Timur]]lane, the Mongol ruler who invaded Delhi, wrote in his memoirs, " the Siri is around the city. Its buildings are lofty. They are surrounded by fortifications built of stone and brick, and they are very strong – from the fort of Siri to that of [[Qutb Minar complex|Old Delhi]], which is a considerable distance – there runs a strong wall built of stone and cement. The part called Jahanpanah is situated in the midst of the inhabited city. The fortifications of the three cities (old Delhi, Siri and [[Tughlaqabad]]) have thirty gates. Jahanpanah has thirteen gates, Siri has seven gates. The fortifications of the old Delhi have ten gates, some opening to the exterior and some towards the interior of the city."
Targhi, the [[Mongol]] [[ruler]] besieged the Siri fort whem Ala-ud-din Khalji retreated to it. Targhi could not penetrate the fortifications of the Siri Fort and he finally retreated to his Kingdom in [[Central Asia]]. But this attack forced Allauddin to strengthen his defenses at the borders which enabled him to keep the Mongols away &ndash; Ali Beg and Tartaq and their army &ndash; after they attacked and plundered [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Amroha]]. Alauddin deputed his twogenerals Ghazi Malik and [[Malik Kafur]] to repel the Mongol attack. The Mongol army was soundly beaten before they could return to Central Asia with their plunder; All the generals and soldiers of the Mongol army were captured and brought to Siri where they were trampled to death by elephants and decapitated. The Mongols tried to attack one last time in 1306 AD but Ghazi Malik (who was the [[Governor]] of Punjab) annihilated the entire attacking Mongol army (believed to be 50,000 strong). Subsequent ruthless attacks by Allauddin’s army, deep into Mongol territory in [[Kandahar]], [[Ghazni]] and [[Kabul]] in [[Afghanistan]] ensured that Mongols would never attack India again. His military strategies were thus aimed at building an [[Indian Empire]], which he had mostly succeeded. He consolidated his territory, ruled with military might for 20 years and was considered the “first real Emperor of India”.<ref name=india>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/history/khiljis.html|title= The Khiljis|accessdate=2009-05-10}}</ref>

Siri, which is now a part of New Delhi, was later linked to the fortifications of [[Jahanpanah]]. Siri was then also known as “Darul Khilafat” or ‘’Seat of Califate’’<ref name=seat>{{Cite book|author=Anon|title= Dictionary of Islamic architecture : Delhi, the capital of India|pages=180|accessdate=2009-05-19|work= Siri Jahapanah|page=62|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=Jahanpanah&source=bl&ots=E37lh8p0Bm&sig=KtfFF2HjzXK8d8rYd8JiUUsNH4A&hl=en&ei=8I0SSueeL5eVkAWZrr2QDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year=1997|isbn=8120612825, 9788120612822}}</ref> In 1398 AD, [[Timur|Timurlane]], the Mongol ruler who invaded Delhi, wrote in his memoirs, “ the Siri is a round city. Its buildings are lofty. They are surrounded by fortifications built of stone and brick, and they are very strong---from the fort of Siri to that of [[Old Delhi]], which is a considerable distance---there runs a strong wall built of stone and cement. The part called Jahanpanah is situated in the midst of the inhabited city. The fortifications of the three cities (old Delhi, Siri and [[Tughlaqabad]]) have thirty gates. Jahanpanah has thirteen gates, Siri has seven gates. The fortifications of the Old Delhi have ten gates, some opening to the exterior and some towards the interior of the city.”


==Legend==
==Legend==
According to the legend of Ala-ud-din’s war exploits against the Mongol army, the name Siri given to the Fort was attributed to the gruesome reason that the foundation of the fort was built on the severed heads (‘Siri’ in Hindi means “head”) of about 8,000 [[Mongol]] soldiers killed in the war. <ref name=speak/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2841233.cms|title= Siri wall to woo tourists soon|accessdate=2009-05-25|author= richi.verma |publisher=Times of India|date=2008-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/history-wiki/1982-forts-delhi.html|title= Siri Fort|accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref> <ref name=Lucy>{{Cite book|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|pages=308|author=Lucy Peck|work= Siri Fort Humayun|pages=35, 44-45|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/407368/ITI-Siri-Fort|title=Siri Fort|accessdate=2009-05-25}}</ref>
According to the legend of Ala-ud-din’s war exploits, the name Siri given to the Fort was because the foundation of the fort was built on the severed heads (‘Sir’ in Hindustani means "head") of about 8,000 [[Mongol]] soldiers killed in the war.<ref name="speak">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu5jGGQ8fJkC&dq=delhi+continuously+inhabited&pg=PA21|title=Speaking Stones: World Cultural Heritage Sites in India|last=Aitken|first=Bill|work=The other Delhis|publisher=[[Eicher Goodearth Limited]]|year=2001|isbn=81-87780-00-2|page=23|quote=Century passed before the first complete Muslim City of Delhi was built by Allauddin Khalji (AD 1296-1316). Having repelled Mongol riders, Allauddin walled his camp just north of Qila Rai Pithora and peopled it. Local legend in fact, traces the name of Siri to the 8000 heads – the Hindustani word for head is “Sir” – of defeated Mongols that were supposed to be embedded in the city walls.|access-date=2009-05-25|orig-year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Siri-wall-to-woo-tourists-soon/articleshow/2841233.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-06/delhi/27752656_1_excavation-qila-rai-pithora-asi|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-23|title= Siri wall to woo tourists soon|access-date=2009-05-25|author=Richi Verma |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2008-03-06}}</ref><ref name=Lucy35>{{Cite book|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|author=Lucy Peck|work= Siri Fort Humayun|pages=35, 44–45|publisher=Roli Books |location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm}}</ref>

Another version of the legend, mentioned under history section above, refers to the war crimes committed by Allauddin in which Mongol army generals and soldiers who were defeated and captured in the war were brought to Siri and were trampled to death by elephants and their severed heads hung on the walls of the Siri Fort.<ref name=india/><ref name=Lucy/>


==Structure==
==Structure==
[[File:View of Masjid in Siri Fort.JPG|thumb|right|200px|View of Tohfe Wala Masjid in Siri Fort area near Jamrudpur village]]
[[File:View of Masjid in Siri Fort.JPG|thumb|right|200px|View of Tohfe Wala Masjid in Siri Fort area near [[Shahpur Jat]] village.]]
Siri Fort was built {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} to the north-east of the [[Qutab Minar]] on an old camp near Delhi.<ref name=fact>{{Cite web|url=http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/siri-fort.html|title= Siri Fort - The Fort of Ala-Ud-Din Khalji|access-date=2009-05-10}}</ref> The first city is considered to be built by Muslims, it was in an oval shape; its ruins are presently seen in an area of about {{convert|1.7|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name = Mohan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/wsa3/WSA3_5_Mohan.pdf|title=Historical Information System for Surveying Monuments and Spatial Data Modeling for Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Delhi|access-date=2009-05-15|pages=5/16 & 5/17|author=Madan Mohan}}</ref>
Siri Fort was built at a place {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} to the north&ndash;east of the [[Qutab Minar]] in a flat terrain where armed forces used to camp, attacking or defending Delhi.<ref name=fact>{{Cite web|url=http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/siri-fort.html|title= Siri Fort - The Fort of Ala-Ud-Din Khilji|accessdate=2009-05-10}}</ref> Considered as the first city to be originally built by the Muslims, it was in an oval shape but its ruins are presently seen in an area of about {{convert|1.7|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/wsa3/WSA3_5_Mohan.pdf|format=pdf|title=Historical Information System for Surveying Monuments and Spatial Data Modeling for Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Delhi|accessdate=2009-05-15|pages=5/16 & 5/17|author=Madan Mohan}}</ref>Allauddin, the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty, laid the foundation for the City of Siri in 1303 AD. The structures built in Siri were stated to have had a fine imprint of the enthusiasm of the rulers of Khalji dynasty (particularly, the first three out of six Rulers of the Dynasty) with Allauddin's deep interests in architecture and his achievements supported by the imported skills of the artists of Saljuqs richly contributing to the efforts to build the new city.<ref name=Arch/> It is said that Allauddin's prolific building activity involved engagement of 70,000 workers in his service. The city when built with an oval plan was best described as presenting an embodiment of richness with palaces and other structures. There were seven gates for entry and exit but at present only the Southeastern gate exists. The fort once considered the pride of the city for its palace of thousand pillars called the Hazar Sutan, built outside the fort limits, and had marble floors and other stone works decoration. Its Darwaza (door) was also stated to have been beautifully decorated. In the ruins now seen in its eastern part there are remnants of flame shaped battlements in stretches loop holes for arrows, and bastions, which were considered unique new additions of that period. In the nearby Shahpur Jat village (pictured), some dilapidated structures of the period are seen. Tohfewala Gumbad Masjid (pictured) is one such structure whose ruins in the form of domed central apartment and its sloping wall is witness to the architectural style of the Khaljis.<ref name=Arch/>Apart from building the Siri Fort, the citadel around it and the water supply system with a reservoir at [[Hauz Khas]] for providing water supply to Siri, his new city, Ala-ud-din also expanded the building activity around the religious city of the first city complex of [[Qutb complex]] by making additions to the Quwwatul-Islam Mosque (made it double its original size), additions to the Qutub Minar itself (Nagari inscriptions on the tower attribute to this tower as ''"Vijaya sthamba"'' or victory tower of Ala-ud-din) and a grandiose plan of constructing a new [[Minar]] (tower) bigger (double) that of the [[Qutub Minar]]. This plan was left half completed, as may be seen from the ruins at the site, due to the death of Allauddin in 1316.<ref name=Arch/><ref name=fact/><ref name=Lucy>{{Cite book|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|pages=308|author=Lucy Peck|work= Siri Fort and Humayun|pages=45,146-148|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|accessdate=}}</ref>
The destruction of the Fort is attributed more to the local rulers who removed the stones, bricks and other artifacts of the fort for their own buildings.In particular, [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1540-1545), of [[Pashtun]] Afghan decent from [[Eastern India]] (Bihar) who had defeated [[Humayun]] at the battle of Chausa and had become the Emperor from 1540 to 1545 of the short lived [[Sur Dynasty]], took away material from Siri to build his own city.<ref name=fact/><ref name=Lucy/>


Allauddin, the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty, laid the foundation for the City of Siri in 1303 AD. The structures built in Siri were stated to have had a fine imprint of the enthusiasm of the rulers of Khalji dynasty (particularly, the first three out of six Rulers of the Dynasty) with Allauddin's deep interests in architecture and his achievements supported by the imported skills of the artists of Seljuqs richly contributing to the efforts to build the new city.<ref name=Arch/> Legend states that Allauddin's prolific building involved engagement of 70,000 workers. The city was built with an oval plan with palaces and other structures. There were seven gates for entry and exit, but at present only the south-eastern gate exists.
The battered walls of the fort had a wider base on the outside. A protected passage was provided within the battered walls (now seen in ruins as pictured).<ref name=Lucy/>


The fort was once considered the pride of the city for its palace of a thousand pillars called the ''Hazar Sutan''. The palace was built outside the fort limits, and had marble floors and other stone decoration. Its ''Darwaza'' (door) is supposed to have been beautifully decorated. In eastern part of the ruins there are remnants of flame-shaped battlements, loop holes for arrows, and bastions, which were considered unique new additions of that period.
The rest of the structures remained unexplored by [[Archeologist]]s and these have been unknowingly buried when the Asiad Village Complex was built in 1982 for the [[1982 Asian Games|Asiad 1982]].<ref>{{Cite book|author= Patrick Horton| coauthors=, Richard Plunkett and Hugh Finlay|title=Delhi|accessdate=2009-05-07|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&pg=PA129&dq=Siri+Fort|page =232|publisher =Lonely Planet|year=2002|isbn=1864502975, 9781864502978}}</ref>


In the nearby Shahpur Jat village (pictured), some dilapidated structures of the period are seen. ''Tohfewala Gumbad Masjid'' (pictured) is one such structure whose ruins show the form of domed central apartment and sloping wall characteristic of Khaljis architecture.<ref name=Arch/>
[[ASI]] has now launched an excavation programme, since December 2008, to unearth some portions of the wall concealed for centuries which will enable exposing the entire wall providing a continuous link with the earlier excavated stretches of the wall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:nRCVfKUR800J:mail.architexturez.net/%2B/In-Enaction/archive/msg04302.shtml+Siri+Fort&cd=95&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in|title= ASI excavates unseen Siri Fort wall|accessdate=2009-=05=23}}</ref>

Apart from building the Siri Fort, the citadel around it and the water supply system with a reservoir at [[Hauz Khas Complex]] (in present
==Asiad village complex==
[[Hauz Khas]] locality) for providing water supply to Siri, his new city, Ala-ud-din also expanded the building activity around the religious city of the first city complex of [[Qutb complex]] by making additions to the Quwwatul-Islam Mosque, which doubled its original size, additions to the Qutub Minar itself (Nagari inscriptions on the tower attribute to this tower as ''"Vijaya sthamba"'' or victory tower of Ala-ud-din) and a grandiose plan of constructing a new [[Minar]] (tower) bigger (double) that of the [[Qutub Minar]]. This plan was left half completed, as may be seen from the ruins at the site, due to the death of Allauddin in 1316.<ref name=fact/><ref name=Arch/><ref name=Lucy>{{Cite book|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|author=Lucy Peck|work= Siri Fort and Humayun|pages=45,146–148|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm}}</ref>

The destruction of the Fort is attributed to the local rulers who removed the fort's stones, bricks and other artifacts for their own buildings. In particular, [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1540–1545), of [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] Afghan descent from [[East India|Eastern India]] (Bihar), took away material from Siri to build his own city.<ref name=fact/><ref name=Lucy/>

The [[Batter (walls)|battered]] walls of the fort had a wider base on the outside. A protected passage was provided within the battered walls (now seen in ruins as pictured).<ref name=Lucy/>

===Excavation===
The rest of the structures remained unexplored by archaeologists and these were unknowingly buried when the [[Asian Games Village (New Delhi)|Asiad Village Complex]] was built in 1982 for the [[1982 Asian Games|Asiad 1982]].<ref>{{Cite book|author= Patrick Horton |author2=Richard Plunkett |author3=Hugh Finlay|title=Delhi|access-date=2009-05-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&dq=Siri+Fort&pg=PA129|page =232|publisher =Lonely Planet|year=2002|isbn=9781864502978}}</ref>[[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] has now launched an excavation programme, since December 2008, to unearth some portions of the wall concealed for centuries which will enable exposing the entire wall providing a continuous link with the earlier excavated stretches of the wall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mail.architexturez.net/+/In-Enaction/archive/msg04302.shtml |title=ASI excavates unseen Siri Fort wall |access-date=2009-05-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705080613/http://mail.architexturez.net/+/In-Enaction/archive/msg04302.shtml |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

==Siri Fort Sports Complex==
{|class="wikitable" align="right" width="40%" style="font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;"
{|class="wikitable" align="right" width="40%" style="font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;"
|+Siri Fort Asia Village complex
|+Siri Fort Asia Village complex
|width="40%" align="center" valign="center"|[[image:Siri Fort Sports Complex und Gulmohar Park vom Final aus gesehen.jpg|175px]]
|width="40%" align="center" valign="center"|[[File:Siri Fort Sports Complex und Gulmohar Park vom Final aus gesehen.jpg|175px]]
|width="40%" align="center" valign="center"|[[image:Siri Forts Sports complex.JPG|175px]]
|width="40%" align="center" valign="center"|[[File:Siri Forts Sports complex.JPG|175px]]
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{{main|Siri Fort Sports Complex}}
Near the ruins of the ancient fort city, the Asian Village Complex, popularly known as the Siri Fort Complex, was developed during the Asiad 1982 (the [[1982 Asian Games]]) sports event. The complex was developed in the land around the Siri Fort ruins for the sports event involved. Among these buildings are a large sports complex of courts for tennis, badminton and basketball, a swimming pool, a golf course, gymnasium, aerobics centre, jogging tracks, cricket grounds, large auditoriums, upscale residential buildings, deluxe food joints and commercial establishments. This complex is now under further refurbishing and expansion for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], amidst protests and court interventions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,319797/684/record.html|title= Siri Fort Sports Complex|access-date=2009-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamesmonitor.org.uk/node/488.|title= Delhi's Date with the Common Wealth Games 2010|access-date=2009-05-11}}</ref>


;Restoration works
[[File:2010cg_logo.png|thumb|right|200px|[[2010 Commonwealth Games]]]]
As part of beautifying the ancient monuments before the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), the custodians of heritage monuments in Delhi, have begun restoration works of several structures which includes the Siri Fort walls. According to their evaluation of three stretches of the fort walls, the first stretch nearer to the Asiad Village is in good shape, the second stretch next to the Panchsheel Park would need conservation actions costing Rs 50 lakhs (US$100,000) and the third stretch next to the Asiad village needs conservation measures costing Rs 5 lakhs (US$10,000). In addition, the stretch adjoining Panchsheel Park, which has been evaluated as in a bad shape, has also been identified for undertaking restoration works at a cost of Rs 30 lakhs (US$60,000).<ref name=asi>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf|title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments|work=Siri Fort Wall|page=50|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi Circle|year=2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011160921/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-11}}</ref>
In the backdrop of the ruins of the ancient fort city, the Asian Village Complex, popularly known as the Siri Fort Complex, was developed during the Asiad 1982 (the [[1982 Asian Games]]) sports event. The complex developed in the vast acres of land around the Siri Fort ruins for the sports event involved large sports complex of courts for tennis, badminton and basketball, a swimming pool, a golf course, gymnasium, aerobics centre, jogging tracks, and cricket grounds. Very large auditoriums, upscale residential buildings with lush green lawns surrounded by reserved wooded forest area, deluxe food joints and commercial establishments. This complex is now under further refurbishing and expansion for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], amidst protests and court interventions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,319797/684/record.html|title= Siri Fort Sports Complex|accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamesmonitor.org.uk/node/488.|title= Delhi’s Date with the Common Wealth Games 2010|accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref>
;Restoration works
The [[Archeological Survey of India]] (ASI) who are the custodians of heritage monuments in Delhi have, as part of giving a face lift to the ancient monuments before the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], embarked on restoration works of several monuments which includes the Siri Fort walls. According to their evaluation of three stretches of the fort walls, the first stretch nearer to the Asiad Village is in good shape, the second stretch next to the Panchsheel Park would need conservation actions costing Rs 50 lakhs (US $ 100,000) and the third stretch next to the Asiad village needs conservation measures costing Rs 5 lakhs (US $ 10,000). In addition, the stretch adjoining Panchsheel Park, which has been evaluated as in a bad shape, has also been identified for undertaking restoration works at a cost of Rs 30 lakhs (US $60,000).<ref name=asi>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf|format=pdf|title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments|pages =71|work= Siri Fort Wall|page= 50|publisher=Archeological Survey of India, Delhi Circle|year2006}}</ref>


;The Location
;Visitor information
The Fort is located at the southern end of [[Hauz Khas]] and is {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Delhi. It is approachable from Panchseel road in [[South Delhi]]. The road from Moolchand to Chirag Delhi passes through the middle of the fort precincts.<ref name=Arch/>An auditorium complex (three auditoriums) within the Siri Fort area run by the Government of India has a combined seating capacity of over 2,500. It is a prestigious entertainment centre in New Delhi where film festivals, dance performances, plays and music recitals are organized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asklaila.com/listing/Delhi-NCR/Shahpur+Jat/Siri+Fort/Xy7xTg2N/.|title=Siri Fort|acccessdate=2009-05-09}}</ref>
The Fort is located at the southern end of [[Hauz Khas]] and is {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Delhi. It is approachable from Panchseel road in [[South Delhi]]. The road from Moolchand to Chirag Delhi passes through the middle of the fort precincts.<ref name=Arch/> [[Siri Fort Auditorium]] complex (four auditoriums) within the Siri Fort area run by the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], Government of India has a combined seating capacity of over 2,500.<ref>{{cite web |title=Details of Sirifort Auditorium - I, II, III & IV |url=http://dff.nic.in/detailsiriauditorium.asp |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> It is a prestigious entertainment centre in New Delhi where film festivals, dance performances, plays and music recitals are organized.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Ruins_of_Siri_Fort_wall,_New_Delhi,_India_-_20090517.jpg|Ruins of the Siri Fort wall
<gallery>
File:Ruions of Siri Fort wall.JPG|Ruins of the Siri Fort wall
File:Siri Fort auditorium.JPG|Siri Fort Auditorium
File:Siri Fort auditorium.JPG|Siri Fort Auditorium
File:Siri Fort wall at Panchsheel Park1.jpg|Closeup view of flanking wall of the gate
File:Siri Fort wall at Panchsheel Park1.jpg|Closeup view of flanking wall of the gate
File:Siri Fort wall at Panchsheel Park2.jpg|Fort wall ruins in the park
File:Siri Fort wall at Panchsheel Park2.jpg|Fort wall ruins in the park
</gallery>
</gallery>

==See also==

* Capital forts/palaces in Delhi, oldest first
** [[Purana Qila]], earliest Hindu rulers
*** [[Purana Qila#Indraprastha|Indraprastha]], earlier than 1000 BCE
*** [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Edicts & additions by Ashoka the Great]] (r. 268 to 232 BCE) of Maurya Empire

** [[Anangpur]], by Anangpal I of Tomara dynasty (r. 736-1152 CE)

** [[Qila Rai Pithora]]
*** Lal Kot, by Tomara dynasty (1152-1177 CE) as capital
*** Qila Rai Pithora, the Lal Kot expended by Prithviraj Chauhan (also called Rai Pithora, r. 1177–92 CE) of Chauhan dynasty

** Siri Fort, by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), second ruler of Khalji Dynasty

** [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], by Ghiyassudin Tughluq (r. 1320-25 CE) of Tughluq dynasty

** [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], by Feroz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351-88 CE) of Tughluq dynasty

** [[Salimgarh Fort]], in 1546 CE by Salim Shah Suri (r. 1545-54 CE), son of Sher Shah Suri

** [[Red fort]], built in 1639-48 CE by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra to Delhi

** [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], built in 1912-29 by colonial British raj

* [[History of Delhi]]
** [[Anangpur#Paleo|Paleolithic sites in & around Tughlaqabad Fort]]
** [[Baolis of Mehrauli#Stepwells|Stepwells of Delhi]]


==References==
==References==
{{commons category|Siri Fort}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|33em}}

{{Delhi|state=collapsed}}
{{Delhi|state=collapsed}}
{{Forts in India}}
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate| ]]

[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:Mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1303]]
[[Category:Sultanates]]
[[Category:Forts in Delhi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Khalji dynasty]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Delhi]]
[[Category:1303 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

Latest revision as of 20:18, 15 October 2024

Siri Fort, in the city of New Delhi, was built during the rule of Alauddin Khalji, second ruler of Khalji Dynasty, of Delhi Sultanate to defend the city from the onslaught of the Mongols. It was the second of the seven cities of medieval Delhi built around 1303 (stated to be the first entirely constructed by Turks), which at present is seen only in ruins with a few remnants due to its poor quality construction as compared to previous fort constructions in India (pictured).[1][2]

Siri Fort
Part of South Delhi
New Delhi, India in India
Southern Gate Ruins of the Siri Fort near Panchsheel Park
Siri Fort wall and Tohfe Wala Gumbad dome near the village of Shahpur Jat.
Siri Fort is located in India
Siri Fort
Siri Fort
Coordinates28°33′09″N 77°13′25″E / 28.5524°N 77.2235°E / 28.5524; 77.2235
TypeAfghan-Seljuk-styled Fort
Site information
Controlled byIndian Government
Open to
the public		Yes
ConditionRuin
Site history
BuiltSeptember 1303
Built byKhalji Dynasty
MaterialsStone and Bricks
Demolished1540–1545
Battles/warsMongol siege of Delhi

Near the Siri Fort ruins modern auditoriums, the Asian Games Village Complex and residential and commercial establishments fill the modern landscape between the Khel Gaon Marg and the Aurobindo Marg in the heart of South Delhi.[3]

History

[edit]

Alauddin is the best known of the Khalji dynasty because he extended his dominion to Southern India and established the second city of Delhi, Siri.[4] He created Siri between 1297 and 1307 to defend against Mongol invasions of India and Delhi. In response, he built Siri Fort, mimicked massive Turkish ones. The Fort served as the seat of his power during his campaigns to enlarge his territory. Due to frequent Mongol invasions of West Asia, the Seljuqs took asylum in Delhi. The craftsmen of Seljuq dynasty are credited with this era's architectural monuments in Delhi.[5][6]

In 1303, Targhi, a Mongol general, besieged the Siri fort when Alauddin retreated during the Mongol expedition into India. Targhi could not penetrate the fortifications of the Siri Fort and he finally retreated to his Kingdom in Central Asia. Subsequently, Alauddin's forces defeated Mongols decisively at Amroha (1306).

Siri, which is now a part of New Delhi, was later linked to the fortifications of Jahanpanah. Siri was then also known as "Darul Khilafat" or ‘’Seat of Califate’’[7] In 1398 AD, Timurlane, the Mongol ruler who invaded Delhi, wrote in his memoirs, " the Siri is around the city. Its buildings are lofty. They are surrounded by fortifications built of stone and brick, and they are very strong – from the fort of Siri to that of Old Delhi, which is a considerable distance – there runs a strong wall built of stone and cement. The part called Jahanpanah is situated in the midst of the inhabited city. The fortifications of the three cities (old Delhi, Siri and Tughlaqabad) have thirty gates. Jahanpanah has thirteen gates, Siri has seven gates. The fortifications of the old Delhi have ten gates, some opening to the exterior and some towards the interior of the city."

Legend

[edit]

According to the legend of Ala-ud-din’s war exploits, the name Siri given to the Fort was because the foundation of the fort was built on the severed heads (‘Sir’ in Hindustani means "head") of about 8,000 Mongol soldiers killed in the war.[8][9][10]

Structure

[edit]
View of Tohfe Wala Masjid in Siri Fort area near Shahpur Jat village.

Siri Fort was built 5 km (3.1 mi) to the north-east of the Qutab Minar on an old camp near Delhi.[5] The first city is considered to be built by Muslims, it was in an oval shape; its ruins are presently seen in an area of about 1.7 km2 (0.7 sq mi).[4]

Allauddin, the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty, laid the foundation for the City of Siri in 1303 AD. The structures built in Siri were stated to have had a fine imprint of the enthusiasm of the rulers of Khalji dynasty (particularly, the first three out of six Rulers of the Dynasty) with Allauddin's deep interests in architecture and his achievements supported by the imported skills of the artists of Seljuqs richly contributing to the efforts to build the new city.[1] Legend states that Allauddin's prolific building involved engagement of 70,000 workers. The city was built with an oval plan with palaces and other structures. There were seven gates for entry and exit, but at present only the south-eastern gate exists.

The fort was once considered the pride of the city for its palace of a thousand pillars called the Hazar Sutan. The palace was built outside the fort limits, and had marble floors and other stone decoration. Its Darwaza (door) is supposed to have been beautifully decorated. In eastern part of the ruins there are remnants of flame-shaped battlements, loop holes for arrows, and bastions, which were considered unique new additions of that period.

In the nearby Shahpur Jat village (pictured), some dilapidated structures of the period are seen. Tohfewala Gumbad Masjid (pictured) is one such structure whose ruins show the form of domed central apartment and sloping wall characteristic of Khaljis architecture.[1]

Apart from building the Siri Fort, the citadel around it and the water supply system with a reservoir at Hauz Khas Complex (in present Hauz Khas locality) for providing water supply to Siri, his new city, Ala-ud-din also expanded the building activity around the religious city of the first city complex of Qutb complex by making additions to the Quwwatul-Islam Mosque, which doubled its original size, additions to the Qutub Minar itself (Nagari inscriptions on the tower attribute to this tower as "Vijaya sthamba" or victory tower of Ala-ud-din) and a grandiose plan of constructing a new Minar (tower) bigger (double) that of the Qutub Minar. This plan was left half completed, as may be seen from the ruins at the site, due to the death of Allauddin in 1316.[5][1][11]

The destruction of the Fort is attributed to the local rulers who removed the fort's stones, bricks and other artifacts for their own buildings. In particular, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), of Pashtun Afghan descent from Eastern India (Bihar), took away material from Siri to build his own city.[5][11]

The battered walls of the fort had a wider base on the outside. A protected passage was provided within the battered walls (now seen in ruins as pictured).[11]

Excavation

[edit]

The rest of the structures remained unexplored by archaeologists and these were unknowingly buried when the Asiad Village Complex was built in 1982 for the Asiad 1982.[12]ASI has now launched an excavation programme, since December 2008, to unearth some portions of the wall concealed for centuries which will enable exposing the entire wall providing a continuous link with the earlier excavated stretches of the wall.[13]

Siri Fort Sports Complex

[edit]
Siri Fort Asia Village complex
Siri Fort encircled by Sports Complex and Gulmohar Park Siri Fort Sports Complex
Main article: Siri Fort Sports Complex

Near the ruins of the ancient fort city, the Asian Village Complex, popularly known as the Siri Fort Complex, was developed during the Asiad 1982 (the 1982 Asian Games) sports event. The complex was developed in the land around the Siri Fort ruins for the sports event involved. Among these buildings are a large sports complex of courts for tennis, badminton and basketball, a swimming pool, a golf course, gymnasium, aerobics centre, jogging tracks, cricket grounds, large auditoriums, upscale residential buildings, deluxe food joints and commercial establishments. This complex is now under further refurbishing and expansion for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, amidst protests and court interventions.[14][15]

Restoration works

As part of beautifying the ancient monuments before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the custodians of heritage monuments in Delhi, have begun restoration works of several structures which includes the Siri Fort walls. According to their evaluation of three stretches of the fort walls, the first stretch nearer to the Asiad Village is in good shape, the second stretch next to the Panchsheel Park would need conservation actions costing Rs 50 lakhs (US$100,000) and the third stretch next to the Asiad village needs conservation measures costing Rs 5 lakhs (US$10,000). In addition, the stretch adjoining Panchsheel Park, which has been evaluated as in a bad shape, has also been identified for undertaking restoration works at a cost of Rs 30 lakhs (US$60,000).[16]

The Location

The Fort is located at the southern end of Hauz Khas and is 13 km (8.1 mi) from Delhi. It is approachable from Panchseel road in South Delhi. The road from Moolchand to Chirag Delhi passes through the middle of the fort precincts.[1] Siri Fort Auditorium complex (four auditoriums) within the Siri Fort area run by the Directorate of Film Festivals, Government of India has a combined seating capacity of over 2,500.[17] It is a prestigious entertainment centre in New Delhi where film festivals, dance performances, plays and music recitals are organized.

[edit]
  • Ruins of the Siri Fort wall
    Ruins of the Siri Fort wall
  • Siri Fort Auditorium
    Siri Fort Auditorium
  • Closeup view of flanking wall of the gate
    Closeup view of flanking wall of the gate
  • Fort wall ruins in the park
    Fort wall ruins in the park

See also

[edit]
    • Anangpur, by Anangpal I of Tomara dynasty (r. 736-1152 CE)
    • Qila Rai Pithora
      • Lal Kot, by Tomara dynasty (1152-1177 CE) as capital
      • Qila Rai Pithora, the Lal Kot expended by Prithviraj Chauhan (also called Rai Pithora, r. 1177–92 CE) of Chauhan dynasty
    • Siri Fort, by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), second ruler of Khalji Dynasty
    • Salimgarh Fort, in 1546 CE by Salim Shah Suri (r. 1545-54 CE), son of Sher Shah Suri
    • Red fort, built in 1639-48 CE by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra to Delhi

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siri Fort.
  1. ^ a b c d e Sharma, Y.D. (2001). Delhi and its Neighbourhood. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 22, 83–84. Retrieved 24 April 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Madan Mohan. "Historical Information System for Surveying Monuments and Spatial Data Modeling for Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Delhi" (PDF). pp. 5/16 & 5/17. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
  3. ^ "Delhi's Date with the Common Wealth Games 2010". Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  4. ^ a b Madan Mohan. "Historical Information System for Surveying Monuments and Spatial Data Modeling for Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Delhi" (PDF). pp. 5/16 & 5/17. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
  5. ^ a b c d "Siri Fort - The Fort of Ala-Ud-Din Khalji". Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  6. ^ S. Gajrani (February 2004). History, Religion and Culture of India. Gyan Publishing House. p. 44. ISBN 9788182050594. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
  7. ^ Anon (1997). Dictionary of Islamic architecture : Delhi, the capital of India. Asian Educational Services. p. 62. ISBN 9788120612822. Retrieved 19 May 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Aitken, Bill (2001) [2002]. Speaking Stones: World Cultural Heritage Sites in India. Eicher Goodearth Limited. p. 23. ISBN 81-87780-00-2. Retrieved 25 May 2009. Century passed before the first complete Muslim City of Delhi was built by Allauddin Khalji (AD 1296-1316). Having repelled Mongol riders, Allauddin walled his camp just north of Qila Rai Pithora and peopled it. Local legend in fact, traces the name of Siri to the 8000 heads – the Hindustani word for head is "Sir" – of defeated Mongols that were supposed to be embedded in the city walls. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Richi Verma (6 March 2008). "Siri wall to woo tourists soon". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  10. ^ Lucy Peck (2005). Delhi - A thousand years of Building. New Delhi: Roli Books. pp. 35, 44–45. ISBN 81-7436-354-8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b c Lucy Peck (2005). Delhi - A thousand years of Building. New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 45, 146–148. ISBN 81-7436-354-8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Patrick Horton; Richard Plunkett; Hugh Finlay (2002). Delhi. Lonely Planet. p. 232. ISBN 9781864502978. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  13. ^ "ASI excavates unseen Siri Fort wall". Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  14. ^ "Siri Fort Sports Complex". Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  15. ^ "Delhi's Date with the Common Wealth Games 2010". Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  16. ^ "Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments" (PDF). Siri Fort Wall. Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi Circle. 2006. p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2011.
  17. ^ "Details of Sirifort Auditorium - I, II, III & IV". Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
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