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{{Short description|Celtic deity}}
{{Short description|Celtic deity}}
'''Condatis''' ([[Gaulish]]: 'confluence') was an ancient [[Celtic mythology|Celtic deity]] worshipped primarily in northern [[Roman Britain|Britain]] but also in [[Gaul]].
'''Condatis''' ([[Gaulish]]: 'confluence') was an ancient [[Celtic mythology|Celtic deity]] worshipped primarily in northern [[Roman Britain|Britain]] but also in [[Gaul]]. He was associated with the confluences of rivers, in particular within [[County Durham]] in the [[North of England]].
{{efn|name="MacKillop_Intro"|MacKillop – ''Celtic Mythology''...<br>'''Condatis''' ..."A god worshipped in Roman occupied Britain, much associated with the confluence of rivers...His shrines have been found between the Tyne and Tees rivers...His name is commemorated in many place names ...{{sfn|MacKillop|2004|pp=100}} }}
<ref name= Arbre_Celtique>*{{cite web|title= Search result for : Condatis
Condatis is known from several inscriptions in Britain and a single inscription found at Alonnes, Sarthe, France. In each case he is equated with the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]].{{efn|See also: [[Mars (mythology)]]
|url= http://www.arbre-celtique.com/approfondissements/divinites/inventaire-div/div_liste.php?nomdiv=Condatis
* Name and cult epithets
|publisher= L'Arbre Celtique|access-date= 1 January 2023}}</ref>
** Provincial epithets
He was associated with the confluences of rivers, in particular within [[County Durham]] in the [[North of England]].
*** [[Mars (mythology)#Celtic Mars|Celtic Mars]]
{{efn| ''Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'' ( James MacKillop ) < Condatis >
**** Mars Condatis... }}
. . . A god worshipped in Roman occupied Britain, much associated with the confluence of rivers
. . . His shrines have been found between the Tyne and Tees rivers
. . . His name is commemorated in many place names
{{sfn|MacKillop|2004|pp=100}} }}
Condatis is known from several inscriptions in Britain and a single inscription found at Alonnes, Sarthe, France. In each case he is equated with the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]].{{efn| See [[Mars (mythology)]] >
[[Mars (mythology)#Provincial epithets| Provincial epithets]] > Celtic Mars >
* Mars Condatis occurs in several inscriptions from Roman Britain . . . }}


== Name ==
== Name ==
Line 25: Line 19:
<ref>Jones, Barri & Mattingly, David (1990). ''An Atlas of Roman Britain'' (p. 275). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. {{ISBN|1-84217-067-8}}.</ref>
<ref>Jones, Barri & Mattingly, David (1990). ''An Atlas of Roman Britain'' (p. 275). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. {{ISBN|1-84217-067-8}}.</ref>


Roman altar-inscriptions to the [[deity]] ''Condatis'' have been found near Roman forts in [[County Durham]] in the [[North of England]] that may suggest
Roman altar-inscriptions to ''Mars Condates'' have been found near Roman forts in [[County Durham]] in the [[North of England]] that may suggest a 'confluence-deity' [[Cult (religious practice)|cult]] and the possibility that river [[Confluence|confluences]] may have been used as [[Paganism|pagan]] [[sacrifice|ritual sacrifice]] or [[human sacrifice]] sites.{{efn|SPNS – ''Brittonic Language...''<br>'''Aber''' ..."On the possibility that confluences and estuaries may have been
pagan ritual sites...The altar-inscriptions to Condatis found in the Tyne-Tees region may be evidence of a 'confluence-deity' cult in that area
a " confluence-deity " [[Cult (religious practice)| cult]] and the possibility that [[Confluence| river confluence's]] may have been used as [[Paganism| pagan]] [[sacrifice| ritual sacrifice]] sites.
...{{sfn|James|2020|pp=4-5}} }}{{efn|See also: [[Paganism]] ..."Ritual sacrifice was an integral part of ancient Graeco-[[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman religion]] and was regarded as an indication of whether a person was pagan or Christian...}}{{efn|See also: [[Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire]]
{{efn|''Brittonic Language'' ( Alan James ) < aber >
..."Despite official threats...paganism remained widespread into the early fifth century continuing in parts of the empire into the 600s...}}
. . . On the possibility that confluences and estuaries may have been pagan ritual sites, see Jackson (1948) at p. 56, Nicolaisen (1997) at pp. 250-1, and DCML p. 178. The altar-inscriptions to ''Condatis'' found in the Tyne-Tees region may be evidence of a ‘confluence-deity’ cult in that area, see PCB pp. 236-7 . . . {{sfn|James|2019|p=5}} }}
{{efn| See [[Paganism]] > . . . [[sacrifice| Ritual sacrifice]] was an integral part of ancient Graeco-[[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman religion]] and was regarded as an indication of whether a person was pagan or Christian . . . }}
{{efn| See [[Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire]] . . . Despite official threats . . . paganism remained widespread into the early fifth century continuing in parts of the empire into the 600s . . . }}


==Archaeological evidence==
==Archaeological evidence==


===Scotland===
===British Isles===
An example of an altar-inscription to ''Mars Condatis'' has been found at [[Cramond Roman Fort]] in the north-west of [[Edinburgh]], Scotland.
Roman altars with inscriptions to ''Mars Condates'' have been found in the [[River Tees|Tees]] and [[River Wear|Wear]] valleys of [[County Durham]].
{{efn|name="MacKillop_Intro"}} Altars are normally found at the [[confluence]] of rivers – for example, the [[Cong Burn]]–Wear confluence near Chester-le-Street – however others may have been disturbed or removed, especially by [[antiquarian]]s and collectors.
{{efn| ''Cramond Vicus'' ( ROMAN BRITAIN ) The Gods of Roman Cramond
. . . Three of the inscribed stones recovered from [[Cramond Roman Fort| Cramond]] are altarstones
. . . D M CONDATI
. . . “To the god Mercury, from Condatus.”
<ref name= Cramond>*{{cite web|title= The Gods of Roman Cramond |url= https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/cramond/|publisher= ROMAN BRITAIN|access-date= 1 January 2023}}</ref> }}


The inscription ''Mars Condates'' is a [[wikt:conflation#English|conflation]] (joining) of deities:{{efn|Neil Oliver – ''Ancient Britain''...<br>
===England===
..."Twinning of gods and goddesses was a tactic the Romans employed all across the Empire ...{{sfn|Oliver|2012|p=347}} }}
# Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] – god of war and father of Romulus, the founder of Rome.
# [[Gaul|Gaulish]] [[deity]] '''Condatis''' – god of river confluences.


===Altar inscriptions (British Isles)===
The following altar-inscriptions to ''Mars Condatis'' have been found in [[County Durham]] in the [[North of England]].
List of altars with inscriptions to ''Mars Condates'':


{| class=wikitable
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; background:#f0f0f0"
!style="text-align:left"|Reference
|-
!style="text-align:left"|Type
!Place name
!style="text-align:left"|Find location
!Roman fort
!style="text-align:left"|[[Confluence]]
!Find
!style="text-align:left"|Map<br><ref group=help name=Magic_Help>MAGiC MaP – Help
date
# Use ''Table of Contents'' for Colour mapping.
!Find
# There may be intermittent problems with the [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|magic.defra.gov.uk]] website, if so then try again another time.</ref>
location
!style="text-align:left"|[[Latitude]]<br>N – S
!Derived
name {{efn| ''Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'' ( James MacKillop ) < Condatis > . . . His name is commemorated in many place names. . . {{sfn|MacKillop|2004|pp=100}} }}


|- Cramond
!River confluence {{efn| ''Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'' ( James MacKillop ) < Condatis >
|Mars Condates<br>RIB 3500.<ref group=rib>{{cite web |title= RIB 3500. Fragmentary altar dedicated to Mars Condates (?)
. . . A god worshipped in Roman occupied Britain, much associated with the confluence of rivers. . . {{sfn|MacKillop|2004|pp=100}} }}
|url= https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/3500 |website= Roman Inscriptions of Britain |accessdate= 28 September 2024}}</ref>
|Altar<br>fragment
|[[Cramond Roman Fort]],<br>near Edinburgh.<ref group=web>{{cite web| title= Cramond Vicus – The Gods of Roman Cramond.
|url= https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/cramond/ |publisher= Roman Britain |access-date= 28 September 2024}}</ref>
|[[River Almond, Lothian|Almond]]–[[Firth of Forth]].
|<ref group=map>{{cite web |title= MAGiC MaP: Cramond Roman Fort.
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?&xygridref=319090,676800&startScale=10000 |publisher= Defra }}</ref><br><ref group=help name=Magic_Help/>
|676800


|- Chester-le-Street
|-
|Mars Condates<br>RIB 1045.<ref group=rib>{{cite web |title= RIB 1045. Altar dedicated to Mars Condates
|[[Chester-le-Street]]
|url= https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/1045 |website= Roman Inscriptions of Britain |accessdate= 28 September 2024}}</ref>
|[[Concangis|''Concangis'']]
|Altar
|1886 {{efn| ''Roman Inscriptions of Britain'' ( RIB 1045 )
|''[[Concangis]]'' (Roman Fort),<br>[[Chester-le-Street]].
. . . Altar dedicated to Mars Condates
|[[Cong Burn]]–[[River Wear|Wear]].
. . . About 275 m. north of Chester-le-Street fort in alluvial soil beside the Cong Burn, about 365 m. from its confluence with the River Wear.
|<ref group=map>{{cite web |title= MAGiC MaP: Cong Burn – River Wear confluence.
. . . Find date 1886.
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?chosenLayers=moncIndex&xygridref=427950,551570&startScale=10000 |publisher= Defra }}</ref>
<ref name= RIB_1045>*{{cite web|title= RIB 1045 – Altar dedicated to Mars Condates |url= https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/1045|publisher= ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS OF BRITAIN|access-date= 1 January 2023}}</ref> }} {{efn| ''Historic England'' ( Monument Number 24728 )
|551570
. . . A Roman altar was found north of Chester-le-Street fort in 1886 and measured 11" by 21".<ref>*{{cite web|title= Monument Number 24728 Chester-le-Street|url= https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?resourceID=19191&uid=24728|publisher= Historic England|access-date= 1 January 2023}}</ref> }}


|- Coniscliffe
|[[Cong Burn]]<ref>{{cite web|title= MAGiC MaP : Confluence of Cong Burn ( ''Use Table of Contents for Colour Mapping'' )
|Mars Condates<br>RIB 1024.<ref group=rib>{{cite web |title= RIB 1024. Altar dedicated to Mars Condates
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&chosenLayers=moncIndex,lbuildIndex,batIndex&xygridref=427950,551570&startScale=5000
|url= https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/1024 |website= Roman Inscriptions of Britain |accessdate= 28 September 2024}}</ref>
|publisher=Natural England - Magic in the Cloud }}</ref> {{efn
|Altar
| Mapping criteria : See ''Table of Contents'':{{efn| ''Use Table of Contents for Colour Mapping'' }}
|[[High Coniscliffe]] village.{{efn|Found at [[High Coniscliffe]], which lies about 1.6 km. east of Piercebridge.}}<br>[[Piercebridge Roman Fort]],<br>[[Dere Street]]
* Designations > Scheduled Monument (England).
|? [[River Tees]].
* Designations > Listed Buildings (England)
|<ref group=map>{{cite web |title= MAGiC MaP: High Coniscliffe.
}}
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?chosenLayers=moncPIndex&xygridref=422600,515300&startScale=25000 |publisher= Defra }}</ref>
|515300


|- Bowes
|''Concangis'' {{efn| ''Concangis'' from ''Condatis'' ( Con––– ) }}
|Mars Condates<br>RIB 731.<ref group=rib>{{cite web |title= RIB 731. Altar dedicated to Mars Condates
|[[Cong Burn]] – [[River Wear]]
|url= https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/731 |website= Roman Inscriptions of Britain |accessdate= 28 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Altar
|[[Bowes]]
|[[Bowes]] village.{{efn|Found on the north side of the [[Watling Street|main road]] about 180 m. east of [[Lavatrae|Bowes fort]].}}<br>''[[Lavatrae]]'' (Roman Fort),<br>[[Watling Street]] (North).
|[[Lavatrae|''Lavatrae'']]
|? [[River Greta, Durham|River Greta]].
|c.1900{{efn| ''Roman Inscriptions of Britain'' ( RIB 731 )
|<ref group=map>{{cite web |title= MAGiC MaP: Bowes village.
. . . Altar dedicated to Mars Condates
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?chosenLayers=moncIndex&xygridref=399420,513430&startScale=10000 |publisher= Defra }}</ref>
. . . On the north side of the main road about 180 m. east of Bowes fort.
|513430
. . . Find date c.1900.
<ref name= RIB_731>*{{cite web|title= RIB 731 – Altar dedicated to Mars Condates
|url= https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/731|publisher= ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS OF BRITAIN|access-date= 1 January 2023}}</ref> }}


|- Moulton
|Roman road<ref>{{cite web|title= MAGiC MaP : Bowes ( ''Use Table of Contents for Colour Mapping'' )
|Mars Condates<br>Brit.47.1.<ref group=rib>{{cite web |title= Brit.47.1. To the god Mars Condates, Cunobacha set (this) up
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&chosenLayers=moncIndex,lbuildIndex,batIndex&xygridref=399417,513426&startScale=5000
|url= https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/Brit.47.1 |website= Roman Inscriptions of Britain |accessdate= 28 September 2024}}</ref>
|publisher=Natural England - Magic in the Cloud }}</ref>
|Altar
|
|[[Moulton, North Yorkshire]].<br>Find date: 2015
|[[River Greta, Durham|River Greta]]
|Not known
|-
|<ref group=map>{{cite web |title= MAGiC MaP: Moulton, North Yorkshire.
|[[Piercebridge]]
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?&xygridref=423550,503830&startScale=25000 |publisher= Defra }}</ref>
|[[Piercebridge Roman Fort|''Morbium'']]
|503830
|c.1709{{efn| ''Roman Inscriptions of Britain'' ( RIB 1024 )
. . . Altar dedicated to Mars Condates
. . . At Coniscliffe, which lies about 1.6 km. east of Piercebridge.
. . . Find date c.1709.
<ref name= RIB_1024>*{{cite web|title= RIB 1024 – Altar dedicated to Mars Condates
|url= https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/1024|publisher= ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS OF BRITAIN|access-date= 1 January 2023}}</ref> }} {{efn| ''Historic England'' ( Monument Number 23666 )
. . . A Roman altar measuring 8 by 11" was found before 1709 at Coniscliffe.
<ref>*{{cite web|title= Monument Number 23666 Coniscliffe
|url= https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?resourceID=19191&uid=23666
|publisher= Historic England|access-date= 1 January 2023}}</ref> }}


|[[High Coniscliffe]]<ref>{{cite web|title= MAGiC MaP : High Coniscliffe ( ''Use Table of Contents for Colour Mapping'' )
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&chosenLayers=moncIndex,lbuildIndex,batIndex&xygridref=422577,515235&startScale=5000
|publisher=Natural England - Magic in the Cloud }}</ref>

|''Coniscliffe'' {{efn| ''Coniscliffe'' from ''Condatis'' ( Con–––is ) }}
|[[River Tees]]
|}
|}


===France===
===France===
An example of an altar-inscription to ''Condatis'' has been found at [[Allonnes, Sarthe]] in France.
An example of an altar-inscription to ''Condatis'' has been found at [[Allonnes, Sarthe]] in France.
<ref name= Arbre_Celtique/>


==References==
==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
====Web====
{{Reflist|group=web}}
====RIB====
{{Reflist|group=rib}}
====Maps====
{{Reflist|group=map}}
{{Reflist|group=help}}
===Notes for citations===
{{notelist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|year=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}}
*{{cite book|last1= James|first1= Alan G.
*{{cite web |last1= James |first1= Alan G.
|title= The Brittonic Language in the Old North, A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence, Volume 2
|year= 2020 |title= The Brittonic Language in the Old North, A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence, Volume 2
|date= 2019 |publisher= Scottish Place-Name Society
|url= https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf
|url= https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf
|publisher= [[Scottish Place-Name Society]] |access-date= 1 October 2024}}
|website=SPNS – The Brittonic Language in the Old North
*{{cite book |last1= MacKillop |first1= James |author-link= James MacKillop (author)
|access-date= 1 January 2023}}
|year= 2004 |title= Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 0-19-860967-1 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004173361|author-link=Ranko Matasović}}
*{{Cite book|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004173361|author-link=Ranko Matasović}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nègre |first1=Ernest |title=Toponymie générale de la France |date=1990 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-02883-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsNpi7IVulEC |language=fr}}
*{{cite book|last1= MacKillop|first1= James|title= Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
*{{cite book |last1= Oliver |first1= Neil |author-link= Neil Oliver
|date= 2004 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 0-19-860967-1 }}
|year= 2012 |title= A History of Ancient Britain |publisher= [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |isbn= 978-0753828861 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|year=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nègre |first1=Ernest |title=Toponymie générale de la France |date=1990 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-02883-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsNpi7IVulEC |language=fr}}


{{Celtic mythology (ancient)}}
{{Celtic mythology (ancient)}}

Latest revision as of 21:10, 15 October 2024

Condatis (Gaulish: 'confluence') was an ancient Celtic deity worshipped primarily in northern Britain but also in Gaul. He was associated with the confluences of rivers, in particular within County Durham in the North of England. [a] Condatis is known from several inscriptions in Britain and a single inscription found at Alonnes, Sarthe, France. In each case he is equated with the Roman god Mars.[b]

Name

[edit]

The theonym Condatis derives from the stem condāt-, meaning 'confluence', itself from Proto-Celtic *kom-dati-, from an earlier kom-dhh1-ti- ('put with, put together', i.e. 'grouping, reunion').[2][3]

The stem condāt- is also attested in personal names, including Condatus, Condatius, and Condatie, as well as in toponyms such as Condé, Condat, Candé, Conte, Condes, Candes, Cosnes, Condate (the old name of Rennes and Northwich), Condom, Condéon (both from *Condate-o-magos), Cond (< *Condate-dunum), Kontz, Conz (Trier), and Canstatt (Condistat).[4][2]

Cult

[edit]

The cult title is probably related to the place name Condate, often used in Gaul for settlements at the confluence of rivers.[5] The Celtic god Condatis is thought to have functions pertaining to water and healing. [6] [7]

Roman altar-inscriptions to Mars Condates have been found near Roman forts in County Durham in the North of England that may suggest a 'confluence-deity' cult and the possibility that river confluences may have been used as pagan ritual sacrifice or human sacrifice sites.[c][d][e]

Archaeological evidence

[edit]

British Isles

[edit]

Roman altars with inscriptions to Mars Condates have been found in the Tees and Wear valleys of County Durham. [a] Altars are normally found at the confluence of rivers – for example, the Cong Burn–Wear confluence near Chester-le-Street – however others may have been disturbed or removed, especially by antiquarians and collectors.

The inscription Mars Condates is a conflation (joining) of deities:[f]

  1. Roman god Mars – god of war and father of Romulus, the founder of Rome.
  2. Gaulish deity Condatis – god of river confluences.

Altar inscriptions (British Isles)

[edit]

List of altars with inscriptions to Mars Condates:

Reference Type Find location Confluence Map
[help 1] 		Latitude
N – S
Mars Condates
RIB 3500.[rib 1] 		Altar
fragment 		Cramond Roman Fort,
near Edinburgh.[web 1] 		Almond–Firth of Forth. [map 1]
[help 1] 		676800
Mars Condates
RIB 1045.[rib 2] 		Altar Concangis (Roman Fort),
Chester-le-Street. 		Cong Burn–Wear. [map 2] 551570
Mars Condates
RIB 1024.[rib 3] 		Altar High Coniscliffe village.[g]
Piercebridge Roman Fort,
Dere Street 		? River Tees. [map 3] 515300
Mars Condates
RIB 731.[rib 4] 		Altar Bowes village.[h]
Lavatrae (Roman Fort),
Watling Street (North). 		? River Greta. [map 4] 513430
Mars Condates
Brit.47.1.[rib 5] 		Altar Moulton, North Yorkshire.
Find date: 2015 		Not known [map 5] 503830

France

[edit]

An example of an altar-inscription to Condatis has been found at Allonnes, Sarthe in France.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ MacKillop 2004, pp. 100.
  2. ^ a b Delamarre 2003, pp. 123–124.
  3. ^ Matasović 2009, p. 204.
  4. ^ Nègre 1990, pp. 109–112.
  5. ^ Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, p. 80.
  6. ^ Ross, Anne (1967). Pagan Celtic Britain. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-902357-03-4.
  7. ^ Jones, Barri & Mattingly, David (1990). An Atlas of Roman Britain (p. 275). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 1-84217-067-8.
  8. ^ James 2020, pp. 4–5.
  9. ^ Oliver 2012, p. 347.

Web

[edit]
  1. ^ "Cramond Vicus – The Gods of Roman Cramond". Roman Britain. Retrieved 28 September 2024.

RIB

[edit]
  1. ^ "RIB 3500. Fragmentary altar dedicated to Mars Condates (?)". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  2. ^ "RIB 1045. Altar dedicated to Mars Condates". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  3. ^ "RIB 1024. Altar dedicated to Mars Condates". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  4. ^ "RIB 731. Altar dedicated to Mars Condates". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Brit.47.1. To the god Mars Condates, Cunobacha set (this) up". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 28 September 2024.

Maps

[edit]
  1. ^ "MAGiC MaP: Cramond Roman Fort". Defra.
  2. ^ "MAGiC MaP: Cong Burn – River Wear confluence". Defra.
  3. ^ "MAGiC MaP: High Coniscliffe". Defra.
  4. ^ "MAGiC MaP: Bowes village". Defra.
  5. ^ "MAGiC MaP: Moulton, North Yorkshire". Defra.
  1. ^ a b MAGiC MaP – Help
    1. Use Table of Contents for Colour mapping.
    2. There may be intermittent problems with the magic.defra.gov.uk website, if so then try again another time.

Notes for citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b MacKillop – Celtic Mythology...
    Condatis ..."A god worshipped in Roman occupied Britain, much associated with the confluence of rivers...His shrines have been found between the Tyne and Tees rivers...His name is commemorated in many place names ...[1]
  2. ^ See also: Mars (mythology)
    • Name and cult epithets
  3. ^ SPNS – Brittonic Language...
    Aber ..."On the possibility that confluences and estuaries may have been pagan ritual sites...The altar-inscriptions to Condatis found in the Tyne-Tees region may be evidence of a 'confluence-deity' cult in that area ...[8]
  4. ^ See also: Paganism ..."Ritual sacrifice was an integral part of ancient Graeco-Roman religion and was regarded as an indication of whether a person was pagan or Christian...
  5. ^ See also: Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire ..."Despite official threats...paganism remained widespread into the early fifth century continuing in parts of the empire into the 600s...
  6. ^ Neil Oliver – Ancient Britain...
    ..."Twinning of gods and goddesses was a tactic the Romans employed all across the Empire ...[9]
  7. ^ Found at High Coniscliffe, which lies about 1.6 km. east of Piercebridge.
  8. ^ Found on the north side of the main road about 180 m. east of Bowes fort.

Bibliography

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Condatis&oldid=1251379156"